晚期非小细胞肺癌的化疗与靶向治疗新进展

肺癌在很多国家已成为癌症死亡的首要疾病，多数患者诊断时已为晚期。晚期非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）是指有远处转移的NSCLC，除少数单发脑转移或肾上腺转移的患者手术或放疗能延长患者生存期外，多数患者失去了根治手术与根治放疗的机会，治疗以化疗与靶向治疗为主。     

骨骼肌转移癌临床特点分析

目的探讨骨骼肌转移癌的临床表现、影像学特点、治疗及预后,避免与原发的软组织肉瘤相混淆,提高治疗效果。方法7例骨骼肌转移癌患者,原发部位明确5例,分别为纵膈低分化鳞癌、肝癌、肺癌、肾癌、结肠癌各1例;原发部位不明确2例,病理结果为小细胞末分化癌。首发症状：伴有疼痛的软组织肿物5例,仅有肿物不伴疼痛2例。发病部位：大腿3例、上臂3例、臀部1例。单发转移1例,伴肺转移的多发转移6例。6例患者术前局部行强化MRI检查,另1例行强化CT检查。结果MRI表现为骨骼肌内软组织肿物,伴明显强化,其中2例患者周缘明显强化,伴中心坏死。6例行局部手术切除治疗,1例放弃治疗。诊断骨骼肌转移癌后3—19个月死亡。结论骨骼肌转移癌临床罕见,易被误诊为软组织肉瘤。好发于肢体的近心端。治疗以手术治疗为主,可辅以放射治疗。患者预后差。     

FDG PET-CT显像在肺癌治疗后随访中的初步应用

采用FDG PET-CT显像对36例肺癌治疗患者进行6个月～3a疗效随访观察。结果发现12例有远处转移,6例在原发肿瘤病灶区域复发。同期CT检查,发现远处转移8例,局部复发2例。认为FDG PET-CT显像对监测治疗后肺癌的复发或转移有较大的临床应用价值。     

能谱CT成像对非小细胞肺癌患者淋巴结转移的诊断价值分析

目的分析能谱CT成像对非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)患者淋巴结转移的诊断价值。方法选取2016年8月—2018年8月在河北工程大学附属医院就诊的NSCLC患者58例,均行能谱CT成像检查。比较所有患者转移病灶与非转移病灶淋巴结短径,并比较所有患者转移病灶与非转移病灶淋巴结、原发病灶能谱曲线斜率(λ_(Hu))及其λ_(Hu)比值、标准化碘(水)密度(NIC)及其NIC比值、标准化水(碘)密度(NWC)及其NWC比值、标化有效原子序数(Neff-Z)及其Neff-Z比值;以手术及病理学检查结果为"金标准",绘制四格表以分析能谱CT成像对NSCLC患者淋巴结转移的诊断价值,并绘制ROC曲线以分析淋巴结和原发病灶λ_(Hu)比值、NIC比值在判断NSCLC患者淋巴结转移中的价值。结果 (1)NSCLC患者转移病灶淋巴结短径长于非转移病灶(P0.01);绘制四格表发现,能谱CT成像诊断NSCLC患者淋巴结转移的灵敏度为90.00%,特异度为60.00%,准确率为69.47%。(2)NSCLC患者转移病灶淋巴结λ_(Hu)、淋巴结和原发病灶λ_(Hu)比值低于非转移病灶,原发病灶λ_(Hu)高于非转移病灶(P0.05);ROC曲线显示,淋巴结和原发病灶λ_(Hu)比值诊断NSCLC患者淋巴结转移的曲线下面积(AUC)为0.791〔95%CI(0.737,0.823)〕,最佳临界值为1.35,灵敏度为88.6%,特异度为72.7%。(3)NSCLC患者转移病灶淋巴结NIC、淋巴结和原发病灶NIC比值低于非转移病灶,原发病灶NIC高于非转移病灶(P0.05);ROC曲线显示,淋巴结和原发病灶NIC比值诊断NSCLC患者淋巴结转移的AUC为0.751〔95%CI(0.717,0.811)〕,最佳临界值为1.25,灵敏度为85.1%,特异度为73.4%。(4)NSCLC患者转移病灶与非转移病灶淋巴结、原发病灶NWC及其NWC比值比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。(5)NSCLC患者转移病灶与非转移病灶淋巴结、原发病灶Neff-Z比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05),而转移病灶淋巴结和原发病灶Neff-Z比值低于非转移病灶(P0.05)。结论能谱CT成像诊断NSCLC患者淋巴结转移的灵敏度较高,而能谱CT参数淋巴结和原发病灶λ_(Hu)比值、NIC比值在判断NSCLC患者淋巴结转移中有一定参考、应用价值,有利于提高临床判断NSCLC患者淋巴结转移的准确性。     

肺癌并不同肺叶单发小结节病灶的外科治疗

正肺癌目前已经成为全球和国内发病率最高的恶性肿瘤[1-2]。临床上,肺癌并肺内小结节性病灶的病例并不少见,若为多发小结节病灶,转移癌可能性较大;单发小结节,良恶性质在手术前并不容易判断,其中系同期多原发肺癌者也有所增加。而小结节病灶的性质,和肿瘤分期、治疗策略以及预后密切相关。因此,临床上对肺癌并肺内小结节性病灶的诊治越来越重视[3-5]。但是,对于肺癌并不同肺叶单发小结节病灶的临床治疗的研究报告还不多,其外科治疗策略的选     

手术联合放疗治疗脑转移瘤52例报告

1996年4月～2005年4月．我们采用手术联合放疗治疗脑转移瘤52例．效果较好。现报告如下。临床资料：脑转移瘤患者52例中，男22例，女30例；年龄29～71岁，平均51岁；病程2周～2a。原发病灶为肺癌28例，乳腺癌6例．食管癌1例，恶性黑色素瘤2例、绒毛膜癌2例，原发灶性质不明13例。肿瘤单发者42例，多发者10例。     

骨髓转移癌28例临床分析

目的:探讨骨髓转移癌的常见病因、临床特点及治疗方法。方法:回顾性研究经骨穿明确诊断的病例。结果:28例患者符合纳入标准。明确找到原发灶19例(67.9%),不明病灶9例(32.1%)。骨痛17例(60.7%);贫血12例(42.9%);出血患者9例;碱性磷酸酶升高者14例(50%)。6例行放化疗或者手术干预,其中2例经化疗或者放疗骨痛改善。结论:骨髓转移癌的原发病灶常见于胃癌、前列腺癌、肺癌、卵巢癌;骨痛并贫血、出血和碱性磷酸酶升高患者需警惕骨髓转移癌的存在;原发灶部位明确的患者早期根据部位治疗可延长存活时间,未明病灶有条件者可试用病变局部小剂量放疗或化疗,对缓解症状及延长生存期可能有一定帮助。     

PET/CT显像在肺癌胰腺转移中的应用价值

目的评估肺癌胰腺转移瘤的CT表现及FDG代谢程度。方法对24例经确诊的肺癌胰腺转移瘤病例进行分析。所有患者都接受18F-FDG PET/CT显像,病灶FDG代谢程度增高(SUVmax2.5),则被视为阳性转移灶。结果 24例肺癌胰腺转移瘤中,腺癌10例(41.7%),鳞癌8例(33.3%),小细胞癌6例(25%)。16例为单发病灶,7例为多发病灶,1例为弥漫性病灶。病灶SUVmax:3.68~13.76不等,平均值为7.08,其中SUVmax≤5的5例、5SUVmax10的15例、SUVmax≥10的4例,病灶SUVmax 5~10之间发生率与其他区间差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 PET/CT在发现肺癌胰腺转移诊断正确率较高。     

少见部位转移为首发症状的肺癌3例临床分析

目的 提高对少见部位转移为首发症状的肺癌患者的诊治水平.方法 对3例已经明确诊断的少见部位转移为首发症状的肺癌患者的临床资料进行分析,并结合文献复习.结果 3例肺癌患者转移的首发症状分别为视物不清——肺腺癌脉络膜转移,多饮、多尿、烦渴——肺腺癌垂体转移,背部肿块——肺鳞癌骨骼肌转移,均为临床少见部位转移.脉络膜转移癌的诊断主要依靠临床症状和影像学检查,影像学包括眼部超声、眼底荧光造影、眼眶CT或核磁,必要时行细针活检.垂体转移肿瘤鞍区MRI呈哑铃样改变,中老年新出现的中枢性尿崩症,应该寻找可能的原发肿瘤.脊柱旁骨骼肌转移表现为疼痛的肿块,诊断可行肌肉超声和MRI确定肿瘤的大小,确诊需行细针穿刺.结论 临床上应加强对少见部位转移为首发症状的肺癌的认识,详细询问病史并结合临床检查及病理,才能获得正确诊断及治疗.     

放疗联合羟喜树碱或替莫唑胺治疗小细胞肺癌脑转移的疗效

目的 探讨羟喜树碱(HCPT)或替莫唑胺(TMZ)联合放疗治疗小细胞肺癌脑转移的疗效和不良反应.方法 将40例小细胞肺癌脑转移患者,随机分为HCPT组21例和TMZ组19例,两组患者均接受全脑放疗和同步化疗,全脑照射基础剂量为30 Gy,残留病灶≤3个并且残留病灶＞1 cm时,缩野对局部病灶改适形追加剂量20 Gy;残留病灶＞3个或残留病灶≤1 cm时,继续全脑追加剂量10 Gy,HCPT组在放疗期间给予HCPT 6 mg/m2,TMZ组放疗期间给予TMZ 130 mg·m-2·d-1.结果 HCPT组总有效率76.2％,TMZ组73.7％;两组有效率比较无统计学差异(P＞0.05).两组1、2年生存率无统计学差异.不良反应两组比较无显著性差异(P＞0.05).结论 放疗联合HCPT治疗小细胞肺癌脑转移疗效基本等同于放疗联合TMZ,是一种安全、经济、高效的治疗手段.     

Colon carcinoma metastatic to the thigh—An unusual site of metastasis

Metastasis from colorectal carcinoma occurs by either lymphatic or hematogenous spread. The pattern of metastasis in patients with colorectal malignancy has been characterized by numerous clinical, surgical, and autopsy studies. The most common sites of colorectal metastasis are the liver and lung. Only two previous instances of colorectal carcinoma metastatic to skeletal muscle have been reported. The present report documents the third case of colorectal cancer metastatic to skeletal muscle and reviews the typical pattern of distant metastasis from colorectal carcinoma.     

Skeletal muscle metastasis from esophageal cancer: a report of two cases and a review of the literature

Skeletal muscle metastases from carcinoma are very rare. This report describes two cases of skeletal muscle metastasis from esophageal cancer as the first distant metastasis. Case 1, a 58-year-old man with stage IVa upper thoracic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (SqCC), underwent chemoradiotherapy (CRT) and a subtotal esophagectomy with a three-field lymph node dissection. After the operation, he complained of a painful mass in his forearm, which was diagnosed to be metastatic SqCC by a biopsy. Local radiation therapy and systemic chemotherapy were performed, but he died 7 months after the first CRT. Case 2, a 61-year-old woman with stage IVa middle thoracic SqCC, underwent CRT. ¹⁸F-Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) after the CRT showed a hot spot in the right gluteus maximus muscle, and it was diagnosed to be metastatic SqCC by a biopsy. Although additional treatment was performed, she died 6 months after the first visit. A short review of the literature concerning skeletal muscle metastasis from esophageal cancer was conducted.     

Psoas muscle metastases in non-small cell lung cancer

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death in the U.S. and often spreads via lymphatics or through hematogenous metastasis to the brain, bone and adrenal glands. Isolated metastases to skeletal muscle, including the psoas muscles, are very uncommon. The present report is a case series of three patients with psoas metastases from non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and a review of the relevant literature. Three patients presented with psoas muscle metastases from NSCLC detected on diagnostic imaging. All patients were treated with radiotherapy to the psoas muscle, and two patients were treated with curative intent on an oligometastatic paradigm. Radiotherapy to the psoas muscle was effective and well tolerated.     

Discordant findings of skeletal metastasis between tc 99M MDP bone scans and F18 FDG PET/CT imaging for advanced breast and lung cancers--two case reports and literature review

Traditionally, Tc 99m methyl diphosphate (MDP) bone scintigraphy provides high-sensitivity detection of skeletal metastasis from breast and lung cancers in regular follow-up. Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT), based on the glucose metabolism of malignant cells, plays a role in describing tumor growth, proliferation of neoplasm and the extent of metastasis. In general, concordant findings of skeletal metastasis are seen on both types of image, especially in cases of breast and lung cancer. However, there were extremely discordant findings of skeletal metastasis between bone scans and F 18 FDG PET/CT imaging in two cases among 300 consecutive F 18 FDG PET/CT follow-up exams of patients with malignancies, during the past year, in our center. Both cases, one of breast cancer and one of lung cancer, had negative bone scintigraphic findings, but a diffusely high grade of F 18 FDG avid marrow infiltration in the axial spine, leading to the diagnosis of stage IV disease in both cases. Owing to variant genetic aberrance of malignance, F 18 FDG PET/CT reveals direct evidence of diffuse, rapid neoplasm metabolism in the bone marrow of the spine, but not of secondary osteoblastic reactions in vivo . F 18 FDG PET/CT should always be employed in the follow-up of patients with malignancies.     

Factors affecting the prognosis in patients with primary lung cancer and brain metastases

Brain metastases are frequent features during the course of patients with lung carcinoma. The aim of this study was to investigate prognostic factors for patients with brain metastasis from lung cancer. Eighty-eight patients with brain metastasis from lung cancer were enrolled in the study. Eighty-two of cases were male, six were female and the mean age was 57.5 +/- 10.4 years. The most common symptoms were headache (32.9%) and dizziness (32.9%). Fifty-two (59.1%) patients had solitary brain metastasis and the most frequent metastasing site was parietal lobe (34.1%). The median survival times were 3 months after diagnosis of lung carcinoma and 1.5 months after diagnosis of brain metastasis. Although the absence of brain metastasis at the moment of diagnosis, metachronous metastasis, central localization of the tumour, chemotherapy administration and surgical treatment of brain metastasis are good prognostic factors affecting survival after the diagnosis of lung carcinoma, the positive factors affecting survival after brain metastasis are central localization of tumour, chemotherapy administration and surgical treatment of brain metastasis. In conclusion, performing the combination of cranial radiotherapy, chemotherapy, surgical therapy and supporting therapy should be evaluated in all appropriate patients with brain metastasis from lung cancer.     

ISOLATED INTRAMUSCULAR DISTANT METASTASIS AS AN INITIAL MANIFESTATION OF RECTAL CANCER

We describe a case of intramuscular metastasis in the thigh as an initial manifestation of rectal cancer, and review the previously reported 11 cases of skeletal distant metastasis from colorectal cancer. The patient was a 44‐year‐old man suffering from an increasingly painful mass in his left thigh. Magnetic resonance imaging showed an irregularly accentuated mass within the quadriceps femoral muscle, measuring 9 × 4 cm in size. The patient underwent an en bloc wide resection of the tumor, which was confirmed to be metastatic cancer which was diffusely positive for cytokeratin on immunohistochemistry. Further investigations revealed 3 cm‐sized primary rectal cancer with multiple liver metastases. Despite giving adjuvant chemotherapy, the patient died 6 months after the surgery. We should keep in mind that intramuscular metastasis may rarely occur as an initial manifestation of colorectal cancer when we encounter a patient with an undiagnosed intramuscular mass.     

Orbital metastasis as the presenting symptom of extensive stage small cell lung cancer

Detailed herein are two cases of small cell lung cancer first presenting with orbital metastasis. Orbital metastasis from solid tumors is a rare entity. The predominating primaries in Western countries are breast and lung tumors; hepatocellular and gastric malignancies lead in Japanese series. Clinical symptoms and findings reflect the mass effect and the degree of extra-ocular muscle invasion. Treatment is guided by the cancer type and the tumor histology. The prognosis is grim, and with the exception of rare cases secondary to hormone-responsive tumors, the majority of patients succumb to their disease within a year of diagnosis.     

Large cell carcinoma of the lung metastatic to nuchal muscle

Abstract Clinically apparent hematogenous skeletal muscle metastases from lung cancer are extremely rare. We present a 72-year-old man with a large cell lung carcinoma metastatic to nuchal muscle. Cervical computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed the presence of a well-defined mass in the left splenius capitis muscle. A percutaneous needle biopsy was performed to establish a diagnosis. Localized skeletal muscle swelling may rarely prove to be metastases in patients with lung cancer, but should be investigated in the case of muscle swelling.     

Clinical features of intradural spinal cord metastases in primary lung cancer]

We retrospectively investigated the clinical features of 9 consecutive cases of intradural spinal cord metastasis from primary lung cancer treated at our hospital between April 1999 and March 2002. During those three years, spinal cord metastasis was diagnosed in seven of 49 (14.3%) cases with small cell carcinoma and only two of 284 (0.7%) cases with non-small cell carcinoma. Eight of the 9 cases had concomitant brain metastasis that preceded spinal cord metastasis and had received brain irradiation. The other patient without brain metastasis had also received prophylactic cranial irradiation. The interval from brain irradiation to the diagnosis of spinal cord metastasis ranged from 116 to 708 days (median 183 days). The most common initial symptom was muscle weakness of the lower extremities in five cases. Seven of the patients rapidly developed transverse myelopathy within two weeks. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with contrast enhancement demonstrated intramedullary tumors in seven cases and intradural extramedullary tumors in two cases. Spinal cord metastasis was often multifocal, and in each case lumbar enlargement was commonly involved. Radiation therapy with or without concurrent chemotherapy produced both neurologic improvement and a tumor response shown on MRI in 4 patients. Heightened awareness of the increasing incidence and background risk factors of this unusual complication could lead to earlier diagnosis and more effective treatment for neurologic palliation.