Management of macular holes that develop after retinal detachment repair

PURPOSE: To study the characteristics and management of macular holes that develop after prior rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RD) repair. DESIGN: Retrospective, interventional, consecutive case series. METHODS: The setting was a clinical practice. The case records of all of our patients (n = 12) who developed a new full-thickness macular hole after prior RD repair over an 8-year period were examined. Patients who developed a macular hole after prior RD repair were offered either surgical repair of the macular hole or continued observation. For eyes that underwent macular hole repair, main outcome measures included macular attachment status and postoperative visual acuity. RESULTS: Twelve full-thickness macular holes were detected in a series of 2,380 eyes (0.5% prevalence), which had undergone surgery for prior primary RD. Ten macular holes developed after scleral buckling surgery, two after pneumatic retinopexy, and none were seen after primary vitrectomy. The fovea had been detached in 11 of the 12 eyes at the time of RD. The median time to macular hole diagnosis after RD repair was 3.4 months (range, 0.3-161 months). Eight of the eight eyes (100%) undergoing surgical repair achieved macular reattachment with a median of 3.5 lines of visual improvement at a median of 14.8 months of follow-up. Seven of these eight eyes had an improvement in visual acuity of at least 3 Snellen lines, and four of the eight had at least 20/40 visual acuity postoperatively. Four eyes with macular holes were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Macular holes developed in less than 1% of eyes that had previously undergone repair of rhegmatogenous RD. In our series, these atypical holes were seen predominantly after macula-off detachments, most commonly occurring after scleral buckling procedures. They were effectively repaired using conventional pars plana vitrectomy with long-acting gas tamponade and a variety of adjuvant therapies. A good visual outcome is possible with this approach.     

The results of surgery on macular holes associated with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment

PURPOSE: Macular holes can occur as a secondary phenomenon with or after otherwise successful repair of uncomplicated macula-off rhegmatogenous retinal detachments with peripheral breaks. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the anatomical and visual outcomes of vitrectomy surgery to close the macular holes in these situations. METHODS: A retrospective record review was completed for patients with a retinal detachment with peripheral breaks and a macular hole or those patients developing macular holes within 2 weeks of successful primary external buckling surgery for macula-off retinal detachment. In those patients with a concurrent macular hole and retinal detachment, a primary vitrectomy was carried out to close the macular hole and reattach the retina. In those patients who developed a macular hole after successful primary external buckling surgery, a secondary vitrectomy was then carried out to close the macular hole. RESULTS: The authors reviewed the records of 10 patients. All had a preoperative visual acuity of 20/400 or worse. After surgery, one patient achieved a best-corrected visual acuity of 20/40; six patients achieved a best-corrected visual acuity of 20/80; and three patients achieved a best-corrected visual acuity of 20/120. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that macular hole surgery is worthwhile for these patients and can provide satisfactory results in terms of visual improvement.     

黄斑裂孔合并周边裂孔视网膜脱离的临床分析

目的：为分析黄斑孔合并周边裂孔视网膜脱离病例病情特点、治疗方法及预后的影响因素。方法：对５７只眼选用单纯气液交换,环扎加压,或玻璃体切割联合眼内注气手术方法,部分病例予以激光辅助治疗。结果：患眼视网膜总复位率达８６％（４９／５７）,一次手术复位３８只眼（占６７％）。视力提高３６只眼（占６３％）,未变１０只眼,下降３只眼,激光治疗眼视力恢复无影响。结论：严重ＰＶＲ、术前病程长、高度近视、后极部裂孔、并发脉络膜脱离是影响手术成功的重要因素。术前检查不遗漏裂孔,选择合适的手术方式,及时封闭裂孔,预防膜增殖是成功的关键。     

The role of vitrectomy in the treatment of retinal detachment with macular holes]

The authors discuss the pathogenesis and the method of treatment of a retinal detachment with a macular hole basing on personal material and a review of foreign literature. Personal material consists of 11 eyes in 10 patients operated upon in the University Ophthalmic Department in Munich in the period November 1988--April 1990. In all the cases the primary method of treatment based on vitrectomy performed through the pars plana with a gas tamponade. In 4 cases a reoperation with silicon oil tamponade was necessary. Anatomical reattachment of the retina was achieved in 9 among 11 treated eyes. In 10 cases the visual acuity was 1/50 or better. Five among them showed the visual acuity at last 0.1.     

内界膜剥除治疗周边裂孔合并黄斑孔的视网膜脱离

目的探讨内界膜剥除对周边裂孔合并黄斑孔的视网膜脱离的疗效及并发症。方法15例（15眼）周边裂孔合并黄斑孔的视网膜脱离，行玻璃体手术，吲哚青绿染色内界膜剥除，长效气体填充。观察术后视网膜复位、黄斑裂孔闭合、视力等情况。结果平均随访13月。14眼1次手术视网膜复位，一次手术的成功率93．33％，OCT检查13眼黄斑裂孔完全闭合；1眼黄斑与脉络膜贴服紧密，黄斑孔完全闭合率86．67％。术后视力均有不同程度的提高。并发症有一过性高眼压、白内障等。结论内界膜剥除治疗周边裂孔合并黄斑孔的视网膜脱离是有效的方法。     

Epiretinal membranous tissue in retinal detachment due to macular holes in highly myopic eyes

Objective: To determine the frequency of occurrence of epiretinal membranous tissue in retinal detachment due to macular hole and to evaluate the efficacy of vitreous surgery including removal of the membrane.Design: Noncomparative case series.Participants: Eighteen highly myopic eyes with retinal detachment due to macular holes. Results: Epiretinal membranous tissue was removed from 7 eyes (39%) and retinal reattachment was obtained in 14 eyes (78%) after the initial vitreous surgery. Of 4 eyes that required reoperation, 2 eyes achieved reattachment after a long term of internal tamponade. Histological examination of an epiretinal membrane from one case revealed that it was composed of glial cells, connective tissue, and fragments of inner limiting membrane. An intraoperative use of autologous serum as a tissue adhesive for macular holes had no effect on surgical success.Conclusion: The first therapeutic choice for this disease should be vitreous surgery with removal of the epiretinal membrane when practical, though the membrane cannot always be identified in every case.     

Cataracts, bilateral macular holes, and rhegmatogenous retinal detachment induced by lightning

PURPOSE: To report ocular injuries, including a unilateral rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, induced by lightning. METHOD: Case report. A 30-year-old man was injured by lightning. RESULTS: The patient developed a severe decrease in visual acuity in both eyes, an afferent pupillary defect in his left eye, bilateral cataracts, posterior vitreous detachments, macular holes, and an inferotemporal retinal detachment with an associated flap retinal tear in his left eye. CONCLUSIONS: This is a case of bilateral cataracts, posterior vitreous detachments, macular holes, and a unilateral retinal detachment associated with lightning. We postulate that the heating of the retinal surface, the concussive forces on the eye, and a sudden lateral contraction of the attached vitreous resulted in bilateral posterior vitreous detachments and a unilateral peripheral retinal break.     

Macular holes following vitrectomy for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment: epiretinal proliferation and spontaneous closure of macular holes

Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology - To describe the characteristics and management of full-thickness macular holes (MHs) that develop after pars plana vitrectomy for...     

超声诊断视网膜裂孔伴视网膜脱离

目的 探讨超声诊断视网膜裂孔伴视网膜脱离的方法。方法 选取1999年11月～2000年7月眼科超声检查视网膜脱离伴明确裂孔的连续临床病例48眼,每眼均经过各个方位的超声探测。结果 当连续性脱离视网膜光带中有明显中断,且断端间距大于1mm时,可诊断为视网膜裂孔。马蹄形裂孔中18眼在孔前缘有玻璃体牵引,4眼PVD刚好至后缘,8眼在前后缘均有牵孔;黄斑裂孔中6眼在黄斑处有玻璃体牵引,6眼有完全PVD。巨大裂孔中2眼无明显PVD,大量皮质在裂孔中;1眼后缘有明显牵引。结论 应用超声可以诊断部分视网膜裂孔,视网膜裂孔周围多有玻璃体牵引,手术时应特别注意对此部位的处理,超声诊断对于视网膜脱离术前检查有帮助和补充的作用。     

Epiretinal membranous tissue in retinal detachment due to macular holes in highly myopic eyes]

OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency of occurrence of epiretinal membranous tissue in retinal detachment due to macular hole and to evaluate the efficacy of vitreous surgery including removal of the membrane. DESIGN: Noncomparative case series. PARTICIPANTS: Eighteen highly myopic eyes with retinal detachment due to macular holes. RESULTS: Epiretinal membranous tissue was removed from 7 eyes (39%) and retinal reattachment was obtained in 14 eyes (78%) after the initial vitreous surgery. Of 4 eyes that required reoperation, 2 eyes achieved reattachment after a long term of internal tamponade. Histological examination of an epiretinal membrane from one case revealed that it was composed of glial cells, connective tissue, and fragments of inner limiting membrane. An intraoperative use of autologous serum as a tissue adhesive for macular holes had no effect on surgical success. CONCLUSION: The first therapeutic choice for this disease should be vitreous surgery with removal of the epiretinal membrane when practical, though the membrane can not always be identified in every case.     

Retinal detachment due to macular holes in highly myopic eyes. Prognostic factors

PURPOSE: To evaluate the prognostic value of axial length and epiretinal membrane (ERM) separation during vitrectomy for retinal detachment due to macular hole in high myopia. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Thirty-two consecutive highly myopic eyes (31 patients) with retinal detachment due to a macular hole were retrospectivly studied. All eyes underwent pars plana vitrectomy with gas tamponade (C3F8). An epiretinal membrane was removed in 9 cases. The 32 cases were divided into 3 groups: anatomical success after the initial surgery (group 1, 15 cases); anatomical success after two surgical procedures without silicone oil (group 2, 5 cases), and silicone oil tamponade (group 3, 12 cases). RESULTS: Retinal reattachment occurred in 15 cases (46.8%) after the initial surgery. The difference of axial length between the 3 groups was not significant. The rate of anatomical success without silicone oil was 88.8% (8/9 cases) when an ERM was peeled and the number of peelings was significantly higher (p=0,04) in group 1 than in group 3. CONCLUSION: The axial length was not a pronostic factor of silicone oil tamponade in this study. The success rate was higher when an ERM was peeled. However, considering the technical difficulty in removing the ERM completely, gas tamponade seems to be the better initial treatment.     

Optical coherence tomographic findings of macular holes and retinal detachment after vitrectomy in highly myopic eyes

PURPOSE: Macular holes cause retinal detachments in highly myopic eyes. Because degenerative macular changes often coexist, biomicroscopic evaluation of macular hole status after retinal reattachment is sometimes difficult. We studied macular holes with retinal detachment after vitrectomy using optical coherence tomography and evaluated the anatomic status of the hole and factors associated with anatomic success. DESIGN: Retrospective, nonrandomized, comparative study. PATIENTS: Sixteen eyes that underwent vitrectomy for retinal detachment associated with a macular hole were included. Internal limiting membrane peeling with indocyanine green was performed in 14 eyes; the epiretinal membrane was peeled with a diamond-dusted membrane scraper alone in two eyes. All retinas reattached postoperatively. The follow-up period at the optical coherence tomography examination was at least 6 months. METHODS: Optical coherence tomography was performed vertically and horizontally, and the presence of a persistent macular hole was determined. Other information was obtained from patient records. RESULTS: The macular holes closed in seven of 16 eyes (44%). Age, sex, axial length, preoperative best-corrected visual acuity, duration of symptoms, preoperative refractive error, and the preoperative area of the retinal detachment were not significantly correlated with hole closure. Improved postoperative best-corrected visual acuity (P <.05) was significantly associated with macular hole closure, and more frequent visual improvement (P =.06) was of borderline significance. CONCLUSIONS: The success rate was lower than those obtained in eyes without myopia or in myopic macular holes without retinal detachments. Macular hole closure may predict improved visual outcome for patients with retinal detachment and macular holes. Optical coherence tomography detects persistent macular holes in highly myopic eyes with retinal detachment.