冠状动脉内支架的临床应用

目的:探讨太动脉内支架治疗冠心病的作用.方法:冠心病患282例放置了398个冠脉内支架,其中Denove支架198例,Bail-out支架84例,放置血管,左冠前降支231个,左冠回旋支39个,右冠动脉128个,结果:住院期间无急性血栓形成或严重出血性并发症,随访20天至1年亦无血栓形成,除1例病人有活动后胸闷外,其余患心绞痛消失,能正常生活和工作.结论:冠脉内支架置入术是一种安全有效的介入性治疗,对于提高PTCA成功率,改善预后有重要意义.     

冠状动脉内支架植入术应用体会(附二例无保护左主干内支架植入)

自1996年6月至1997年8月对38例冠心病患者施行冠状动脉内支架植入术，男35例，女3例，平均年龄60．3±7．5岁。病变血管共42支，A型病变6支，B1型11支，B2型14支，C型11支，包括2例左主干病变。Denovo植入25例，Suboptimal植入14例，Restenosis植入3例，共植入9种支架合计46只。支架全部植入成功，血管直径由术前的0．47±0．51mm增至术后的3．07±0．30mm（P＜0.001），血管平均直径狭窄程度由术前80％～100％降至术后的10％～-10％。平均随访7．3±4．2个月，均无急性或亚急性支架血栓发生，4例（10．5％）在术后6～9个月出现心绞痛症状。     

冠状动脉内Palmaz—Schatz支架植入术70例分析

为评价冠状动脉内Ｐａｌｍａｚ－Ｓｃｈａｔｚ支架的临床效果，我们回顾性总结分析了７０例冠心病患者７４支冠状动脉血管８０个Ｐａｌｍａｚ－Ｓｃｈａｔｚ支架植入的临床成功率、并发症及远期疗效。结果：ＤｅＮｏｖｏ支架植入６３个，Ｓｕｂｏｐｔｉｍａｌ支架植入１１个，Ｂａｉｌ－ｏｕｔ支架植入４个，再狭窄病变支架植入２个。左前降支３７处病变植入４１个支架，左回旋支１１处病变植入１１个支架，右冠状动脉２５处病变植入     

冠状动脉内支架临床应用的初步报告

本文报道７例冠状动脉内支架临床应用情况，４例Ｇｉａｎｔｕｒｃｏ－Ｒｏｕｂｉｎ支架用于经皮冠状动脉胶内成形术（ＰＴＣＡ）并发冠状动脉急性闭塞或濒临闭塞，其中１例于右冠状动脉内植入２个支架；２例Ｐａｌｍａｚ－Ｓｃｈａｔｚ支架及１例Ｇｉａｎｔｕｒｃｏ－Ｒｏｕｂｉｎ支架用于预防ＰＴＣＡ后再狭窄。７例支架植入均获成功，１例术后股动脉穿刺部位出血，２例腹股沟局部血肿，无其它并发症。     

冠状动脉内Palmaz－Schatz支架植入术70例分析

为评价冠状动脉内Ｐａｌｍａｚ－Ｓｃｈａｔｚ支架的临床效果，我们回顾性总结分析了７０例冠心病患者７４支冠状动脉血管８０个Ｐａｌｍａｚ－Ｓｃｈａｔｚ支架植入的临床成功率、并发症及远期疗效。结果：ＤｅＮｏｖｏ支架植入６３个，Ｓｕｂｏｐｔｉｍａｌ支架植入１１个，Ｂａｉｌ－ｏｕｔ支架植入４个，再狭窄病变支架植入２个。左前降支３７处病变植入４１个支架，左回旋支１１处病变植入１１个支架，右冠状动脉２５处病变植入２７个支架，１处病变植入１个支架。支架植入的成功率为９８．７％。术中１例ＳＶＧ支架植入术中近端血管血栓形成。住院期间无亚急性支架血栓形成或严重出血性并发症。术后３～２４个月３０例患者共３３个支架接受冠状动脉造影随访，６例６个支架节段血管有再狭窄，再狭窄率为１８．７％。结果提示：冠脉内Ｐａｌｍａｚ－Ｓｃｈａｔｚ支架是一种安全有效的介入性治疗技术，其成功率高，并发症率低，并可能有降低或延缓血管再狭窄发生的作用     

冠状动脉内支架植入术60例临床分析

目的 探讨冠脉内支架术的临床效果及小C臂X光机的可行性。方法 对1998年5月～2001年6月间在小C臂X光机下60例冠脉内支架植入的患者进行回顾性分析,评定手术成功率、并发症及远期疗效。结果60例患者植入83个支架:De　Novo支架植入68个,Suboptimal11个,Bail-out2个。成功81个:前降支45处病变植入40个支架,右冠脉29处病变植入27个支架,左回旋支16处病变16个支架;支架植入的成功率98.9％。本组无急性或亚急性血栓形成、严重出血并发症。随访1～36个月,5例再发心绞痛冠脉造影证实,2例原支架植入处再狭窄,另3例无再狭窄,系多支血管病变,其中1例发生心源性猝死。结论 冠脉内支架手术成功率高,并发症低;有效抗凝抗血小板及调脂治疗,是冠脉内支架治疗效果的重要方法之一;冠脉内支架术在小C臂X光机下是安全可行的。     

经皮冠状动脉内血管成形术中冠状动脉内支架的应用

在经皮冠状动脉内血管成形术(PTCA)中,16例患者因发生冠状动脉内膜剥离,血管急性闭塞及再狭窄而放置冠状动脉内支架,成功15例,认为冠状动脉内支架可有效地防止PTCA术急性并发症(内膜剥离、夹层形成,血管急性闭塞等)的发生.     

冠状动脉内支架的临床应用

1992年9月至1996年9月，我院共开展冠状动脉内支架置入术138例，将186枚支架置入152支冠状动脉的167处病变。其中左主干病变占0．8％，左前降支50．8％，左回旋支18．3％，右冠状动脉为30．1％。93．7％为B或C型病变。置入的支架类型包括：Palmaz－Schatz支架，Gianturco－Roubin支架，NIR支架，Cordis支架，Wallstent，Multi－link支架，Wiktor支架及Gianturco－RoubinⅡ支架等8种。手术成功率97．8％，狭窄程度由术前的89．3％降至－5．0±8．5％，平均最小血管直径由0．33mm增至3．22mm。主要并发症率为0．72％（1例急性心肌梗塞），严重周围血管并发症1例。我们认为，在有经验的心脏中心可以安全而有效地开展冠状动脉支架术，并可酌情选用不同类型的支架，手术成功率高，并发症率低。     

冠状动脉内支架植入术治疗冠心病初步体会

经皮冠状动脉腔内血管成形术(PTCA)已被公认为是治疗冠心病(CHD)的有效方法之一,但术中和术后易发生难以预测的急性血管闭塞致心肌梗死(MI)或猝死等重大并发症,术后再狭窄率高。冠状动脉内支架植入术可明显减少PT-CA的并发症和术后再狭窄。本文报道20例CHD患者安放30个血管支架的初步体会。1资料与方法1.1一般资料选择2010年10月—2011年6月在我院行     

冠状动脉内支架在经皮冠状动脉内血管成形术中的应用

在经皮冠状动脉内血管成形术（ＰＴＣＡ）中，１６例患者因发生冠脉内膜剥离、急性血管闭塞及再狭窄而放置冠脉内支架，成功１５例。认为冠脉内支架可有效地防止ＰＴＣＡ术的急性并发症（内膜剥离、夹层形成、血管急性闭塞等）的发生。     

Seven cardinal questions for the patient with ear,nose or throat complaints: Review

The incidence of otolaryngological problems in general medicine practice is highly seasonal and approaches 25% in some months of the year. Accurate diagnosis in the otolaryngology office often requires the use of binocular microscopy, nasal endoscopy, and flexible laryngoscopy, none of which are available in a general medicine office. Therefore, history taking and physical examination techniques available in the non-otolaryngology office are of utmost importance. Using evidence-based history taking for ear, nose, and throat (ENT) problems facilitates dealing with patients who present with otolaryngologic complaints. In this paper, I present 7 cardinal questions to be asked when taking the history of a patient with ENT complaints.     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

MUTATION FREQUENCY IN NURSES AND PHARMACISTS WORKING WITH CYTOTOXIC DRUGS

Individuals occupationally exposed to cytotoxic drugs may be at risk owing to the effects of these agents on DNA. As an index of DNA damage, in vivo mutations were measured in lymphocytes from 24 oncology nurses or pharmacists and 24 matched controls. Mutation frequency was significantly increased in exposed individuals and appeared to be related to duration of exposure. However, the overall magnitude of the increase was small and its biological significance remains to be determined.     

A single injection of adrenergic agonists enhances pineal melatonin production in Turkish hamsters

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine whether the pineal gland of Turkish hamsters (Mesocricetus brandti) responds to adrenergic agonists with an increase in melatonin production, and, if it does, whether the sensitivity of the pineal gland to agonists would differ throughout the dark phase. Adult Turkish hamsters weighing 110–210 g received a subcutaneous injection of isoproterenol (ISO, 1 mg/kg B.W.) or norepinephrine (NE, 1 mg/kg B.W.) at different times of night. Animals exposed to LD 16:8 responded to ISO or NE with increased pineal melatonin content only when injected at dawn, when endogenous melatonin is at basal or near-basal levels. When the 8 hr scotophase was entirely replaced with light, the responsiveness to ISO injections at dawn disappeared. In animals exposed to light from 30 min prior to injection to the time of sacrifice, ISO injections increased pineal melatonin content (P < 0.005, three-way ANOVA), which varied, depending on the specific time of injection (effect of time of night, P < 0.05, three-way ANOVA). These results demonstrate that (1) adrenergic agonists enhance the production of pineal melatonin in Turkish hamsters, (2) this stimulatory effect takes place late, but not early in the 8 hr scotophase, and (3) the adrenergic induction of pineal melatonin production in Turkish hamsters requires priming by darkness during the appropriate circadian phase.     

Immune effector mechanisms in malaria: An update focusing on human immunity

The past decade has witnessed dramatic decreases in malaria‐associated mortality and morbidity around the world. This progress has largely been due to intensified malaria control measures, implementation of rapid diagnostics and establishing a network to anticipate and mitigate antimalarial drug resistance. However, the ultimate tool for malaria prevention is the development and implementation of an effective vaccine. To date, malaria vaccine efforts have focused on determining which of the thousands of antigens expressed by Plasmodium falciparum are instrumental targets of protective immunity. The antigenic variation and antigenic polymorphisms arising in parasite genes under immune selection present a daunting challenge for target antigen selection and prioritization, and is a given caveat when interpreting immune recall responses or results from monovalent vaccine trials. Other immune evasion strategies executed by the parasite highlight the myriad of ways in which it can become a recurrent infection. This review provides an update on immune effector mechanisms in malaria and focuses on our improved ability to interrogate the complexity of human immune system, accelerated by recent methodological advances. Appreciating how the human immune landscape influences the effectiveness and longevity of antimalarial immunity will help explain which conditions are necessary for immune effector mechanisms to prevail.     

Secondary aortoduodenal fistula

Aorto-duodenal fistulae （ADF） are the most frequent aorto-enteric fistulae （80%）, presenting with upper gastrointestinal bleeding. We report the first case of a man with a secondary aorto-duodenal fistula presenting with a history of persistent occlusive syndrome. A 59-year old man who underwent an aortic-bi-femoral bypass 5 years ago, presented with dyspepsia and biliary vomiting. Computed tomography scan showed in the third duodenal segment the presence of inflammatory tissue with air bubbles between the duodenum and prosthesis, adherent to the duodenum. The patient was submitted to surgery, during which the prosthesis was detached from the duodenum, the intestine failed to close and a gastro-jejunal anastomosis was performed. The post-operative course was simple, secondary ADF was a complication （0.3%-2%） of aortic surgery. Mechanical erosion of the prosthetic material into the bowel was due to the lack of interposed retroperitoneal tissue or the excessive pulsation of redundantly placed grafts or septic procedures. The third or fourth duodenal segment was most frequently involved. Diagnosis of ADF was difficult. Surgical treatment is always recommended by explorative laparotomy. ADF must be suspected whenever a patient with aortic prosthesis has digestive bleeding or unexplained obstructive syndrome. Rarely the clinical picture of ADF is subtle presenting as an obstructive syndrome and in these cases the principal goal is to effectively relieve the mechanical bowel obstruction.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

Married to M. tuberculosis: risk of infection and disease in spouses of smear-positive tuberculosis patients

Objectives To quantify the risk of infection and disease in spouses of tuberculosis patients and the extent to which intervention could reduce the risk in this highly exposed group. Methods We compared HIV prevalence, TB prevalence and incidence and tuberculin skin test (TST) results in spouses of TB patients and community controls. HIV‐positive spouses were offered isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT), and TST was repeated at 6, 12 and 24 months. Results We recruited 148 spouses of smear‐positive patients ascertained prospectively and 3% had active TB. We identified 203 spouses of previously diagnosed smear‐positive patients, 11 had already had TB, and the rate of TB was 2.4 per 100 person years(py) over 2 years (95% CI 1.15–5.09). 116 were found alive and recruited. HIV prevalence was 37% and 39% in the prospective and retrospective spouse groups and 17% in controls. TST was ≥10 mm in 80% of HIV negative and in 57% of HIV‐positive spouses ascertained retrospectively; 74% HIV negative and 62% HIV‐positive spouses ascertained prospectively, and 48% HIV negative and 26% HIV‐positive community controls. Of 54 HIV‐positive spouses, 18 completed 6‐month IPT. At 2 year follow‐up, 87% of surviving spouses had TST ≥10 mm and the rate of TB was 1.1 per 100 py (95% CI 0.34–3.29). Conclusions Spouses are a high‐risk group who should be screened for HIV and active TB. TST prevalence was already high by the time the spouses were approached but further infections were seen to occur. Uptake and adherence to IPT was disappointing, lessening the impact of short‐duration therapy.     

Dénervation rénale pour HTA réfractaire sans anesthésie générale : intérêt d’un protocole MEOPA Morphine. Expérience préliminaire

Renal denervation using the technique of radiofrequency is used only recently for the treatment of resistant hypertension. Normally, it is done under general anesthesia because the ablation point technique is painful. We suggest an alternative to general anesthesia comprising an association of morphin 0.1 mg/kg IV to MEOPA (gas combining oxygen and azot protoxyd) delivered through an oxygen mask. Our series includes 12 consecutive patients treated between October 2011 and June 2013, the first five patients (group 1) have received only an hydroxizin and morphin sedation. Every five have felt the ablation painful, in two cases bearable pain (EVA < 5), in three cases intense (EVA > 5) pain leading to increasing doses of morphin, (total dose of 0.25 mg/kg in two cases, 0.17 mg in one case). For the seven following patients, a protocol including hydroxyzin, morphin and MEOPA given through a mask has been set up. Only one patient has felt a mild pain (EVA 5) leading to an increasing dose of morphin (total dose 0.17 mg/kg). None of the six other patients has felt any pain during the procedure. The average dose of morphin is 0.17 mg/kg in group 1, 0.11 mg/kg in group 2. This is a preliminary study; if confirmed, it will allow a lot of hospitals without on-site possibilities of general anesthesia, to realize such procedures. Conclusion: regarding pain, the procedure of renal ablation was well tolerated for six among seven patients receiving the association MEOPA and IV morphin. In contrast, in the five patients treated only with IV morphin, we observed a less good tolerance to pain and the need to increase the doses of IV morphin.