水溶媒剂型在蚊香系列的应用研究

目的用水作为滴加、释放媒介,制作盘式蚊香、电热片蚊香和电热液体蚊香。方法通过溶解-乳化-包裹等加工工艺,研制水溶媒母液,对盘式蚊香、电热片蚊香进行药剂滴加,以及用于电热液体蚊香,并根据国标方法对药效、毒性、稳定性进行了实验研究。结果研制的15%氯氟醚菊酯、15%四氟甲醚菊酯母液,将母液用水稀释,用于制作氯氟醚菊酯、四氟甲醚菊酯盘式蚊香、电热蚊香片和电热液体蚊香;经检测,0.35%水剂盘式蚊香KT50为4.93和4.52 min,电热片蚊香通电8 h后的KT50为2.90和4.53 min,电热液体蚊香通电360 h后的KT50为3.43和3.53 min,模拟现场1 h击倒率除氯氟醚水剂外均达到90%以上,急性毒性试验显示均为低毒级。结论以水代替油作为溶媒,大大减少了煤油的用量,降低了CO2的排放,可以此降低企业成本,实现低能耗、低污染、低排放。     

氯氟醚菊酯在液体蚊香剂型中的应用研究

通过对氯氟醚菊酯在液体蚊香剂型中的应用研究,对氯氟醚菊酯液体蚊香药效、不同挥发时间的配方、挥发稳定性、影响挥发因素等有了进一步认识。     

驱蚊液喷剂与蚊香野外现场防蚊效果比较

目的了解避蚊胺驱蚊液和氯氟醚菊酯蚊香野外防蚊效果,寻找便捷高效的防蚊制剂。方法选择野外驻训216名官兵,随机分为观察1组和观察2组。观察两组分别在无防蚊措施、使用避蚊胺驱蚊液和氯氟醚菊酯蚊香时蚊虫的叮咬情况。结果无防蚊措施时,观察1组和2组蚊虫叮咬率分别为78.2%和79.2%;使用蚊香时,观察1组和2组蚊虫叮咬率分别降为50.0%和49.1%;使用10%避蚊胺驱蚊液时,观察1组和2组蚊虫叮咬率分别降为12.7%和11.3%。驱蚊液驱蚊效果明显优于蚊香(P<0.01)。官兵更愿意使用驱蚊液(P<0.01)。结论 0.05%氯氟酯菊酯蚊香和10%避蚊胺驱蚊液均有较好防蚊效果,但后者更方便、高效、安全,官兵接受度高。     

6种有效成分和2种禁用成分含量测定方法的建立

目的 建立测定蚊香、电热蚊香液和电热蚊香片中6种有效成分(四氟醚菊酯、四氟苯菊酯、四氟甲醚菊酯、富右旋反式烯丙菊酯、炔丙菊酯和氯氟醚菊酯)和2种禁用成分(仲丁威和八氯二丙醚)含量的研究。方法 采用气质内标法。结果 该方法测定6种有效成分和2种禁用成分的回收率为74.5%～94.3%。精密度试验显示浓度测定的标准偏差为1.72%～4.55%和峰面积测定的标准偏差为0.97%～2.44%。结论 该方法分离度好、精密度高、灵敏度高、专属性强且操作简单快速。     

5种菊酯类杀虫制剂对蚊、蝇、蟑螂的室内生测效果

目的探索12%高效氯氰菊酯·氯氟醚菊酯可湿性粉剂、10%高效氯氟氰菊酯可湿性粉剂、12.5%高效氟氯氰菊酯悬浮剂、2.5%高效氟氯氰菊酯悬浮剂和5%高效氯氟氰菊酯水乳剂对淡色库蚊、家蝇和德国小蠊的杀灭效果。方法强迫试虫与涂药的板面接触30 min后,将全部试虫收集到清洁的养虫笼或器皿内进行标准饲养24 h(德国小蠊72 h),比较死亡率。结果 5种药物对3种表面进行处理,45 d后对试虫的杀灭率不吸收面>半吸收面>吸收面。家蝇对这5种药物最敏感,在不吸收面和半吸收面45 d的杀灭率均可达到95%以上,吸收面的杀灭率也在85%以上。12%高效氯氰菊酯·氯氟醚菊酯可湿性粉剂的杀虫效果最好,3种表面45 d后对3种试虫的杀灭率均在90%以上。总体看来不同含量的高效氯氟氰菊酯和高效氟氯氰菊酯均有良好的杀虫效果,达到了国家标准。结论上述几种制剂对淡色库蚊、家蝇、德国小蠊均有良好的药效,可根据防治需要进行选择。     

氯氟醚菊酯及其他3种杀虫剂对淡色库蚊和家蝇毒力及室内效果评价

目的 评价氯氟醚菊酯、四氟甲醚菊酯、四氟苯菊酯和右旋炔丙菊酯对淡色库蚊和家蝇的毒杀或击倒效果.方法 采用浸渍法测定淡色库蚊4龄幼虫的半数致死浓度(LC50);采用28 m3模拟现场法测定淡色库蚊羽化4d未吸血成虫的半数击倒中时(KT50);采用饲喂法测定家蝇3龄幼虫的LC50;采用方箱法测定雌成蝇的KT50.结果 氯氟醚菊酯、四氟甲醚菊酯、四氟苯菊酯和右旋炔丙菊酯对淡色库蚊幼虫的LC50分别为0.94、2.28、3.10和54.00 μg/L;对成蚊的KT50分别为21.80、26.89、53.96、＞60 min.氯氟醚菊酯、四氟苯菊酯、四氟甲醚菊酯和右旋炔丙菊酯对家蝇幼虫的LC50分别为4.20、5.81、9.92和146.96μg/g;对雌成蝇的KT50分别为7.22、5.05、7.97和13.02 min.结论 氯氟醚菊酯对淡色库蚊幼虫和成虫及家蝇幼虫防治效果均优于四氟甲醚菊酯、四氟苯菊酯和右旋炔丙菊酯,对家蝇成虫的击倒效果稍逊于四氟苯菊酯.     

蚊香中拟除虫菊酯挥散性研究

目的测试了蚊香不同载体、喷涂药面、点燃方式对拟除虫菊酯在其燃点时挥散率的影响。方法以微烟、无烟、纸质蚊香为载体,通过硅胶柱对蚊香燃点时的烟雾进行收集,通过气相色谱测试硅胶中拟除虫菊酯量并计算挥散率;以无烟蚊香为载体,测试香坯正、反面涂药及涂药面朝上、下点燃时拟除虫菊酯的挥散率。结果蚊香燃点时,Es-生物烯丙菊酯在无烟、微烟、纸质蚊香中挥散率分别约85%~90%、80%~85%、75%~80%;而氯氟醚菊酯的挥散率依次约80%~85%、75%~80%、70%~75%。结论蚊香喷涂药面朝上点燃有助于拟除虫菊酯挥散。     

幼鼠重复吸入氯氟醚菊酯蚊香28d亚急性毒性研究

目的 通过幼鼠重复吸入氯氟醚菊酯蚊香28 d的亚急性毒性研究了解该蚊香对幼鼠可能存在的毒性.方法 对SD雌雄刚断乳大鼠静式染毒28 d,进行血液学、血清生化学及组织病理学检查和脏器系数等指标的测定.结果 雄鼠中高剂量组ALT指标明显高于对照组;雄鼠3个剂量组肝脏器系数高于对照组;雌鼠高剂量组肝脏湿重明显高于对照组,且上述差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05);雌雄高剂量组动物肝细胞不同程度胞质疏松,空泡状,部分肝细胞肿胀,噬碱性小体减少,肝索排列紊乱等;雄鼠中高剂量组及雌鼠中剂量组CHO指标明显高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 氯氟醚菊酯蚊香主要作用的靶器官是肝脏,具有一定的肝脏毒性.     

电热蚊香片多次滴加强力毕那命40的灭蚊效果观察

电热蚊香是通过电加热器加温,使浸有丙烯菊酯成分纸片中的有效杀虫成分定量持续地挥散而发挥效能。其杀虫活性的蒸发速率与纸片厚度和电加热器温度有关。据文献报道,电热蚊香片使用8h后,尚有20～30%的有效成分残留在纸片中。为充分利用纸片,减少杀虫药剂的残留和浪费,我们观察了纸片的反复利用、滴加时间等滴加型电热蚊香片的灭蚊效果。     

10%高效氯氟氰菊酯水乳剂和21%辛硫·高氯氟乳油杀灭白纹伊蚊的现场效果

目的 观察10%高效氯氟氰菊酯水乳剂和21%辛硫·高氯氟乳油(1%高效氯氟氰菊酯、20%辛硫磷)空间喷雾对白纹伊蚊的杀灭效果,为蚊虫防治的药剂选择提供参考。方法 参照(GB/T 27781—2011)空间喷雾效果的评价方法,采用超低容量喷雾对10%高效氯氟氰菊酯水乳剂(按1∶200稀释)和21%辛硫·高氯氟乳油(1%高效氯氟氰菊酯、20%辛硫磷,按1∶150稀释)进行杀灭白纹伊蚊的现场实验。结果 0.07%高效氯氟氰菊酯对白纹伊蚊2 min击倒率为76%,24 h死亡率为14%,该白纹伊蚊种群为抗性种群。10%高效氯氟氰菊酯水乳剂稀释200倍对距离10、30、50 m挂笼内白纹伊蚊24 h死亡率分别为84.19%、78.65%、36.26%。21%辛硫·高氯氟乳油稀释150倍对距离10、30、50 m挂笼内白纹伊蚊24 h死亡率分别为37.94%、20.17%、10.83%。不同距离死亡率差异有统计学意义(χ²=19.679,P<0.01;χ²=48.202,P<0.01)。结论 2种杀虫剂对现场白纹伊蚊均有一定的杀灭作用,在试验...     

The effects of indoor environmental factors on respiratory illness in primary school children in Kuala Lumpur

The effects of indoor environmental factors on respiratory illness were studied in 15017-12 year old school children in Kuala Lumpur. Exposure to mosquito coil smoke for at least three nights a week was independently associated with asthma and persistent wheeze. Passive smoking, defined as sharing a bedroom with an adult smoker, was independently associated with a chest illness in the past year. No relationships were found between exposure to kerosene stoves, wood stoves, fumigation mat mosquito repellents or aerosol insecticides and respiratory illness. Host factors predictive of at least one respiratory outcome included family history of chest illness, history of allergy, male sex, hospitalization in the neonatal period and low paternal education. With 95% confidence, avoidance of regular exposure to mosquito coil smoke and passive smoking could reduce the prevalences of persistent wheeze, asthma and chest illness by up to 29%. Measurements of lung function confirmed the validity of questions pertaining to wheezing and asthma in the study questionnaire.     

Seasonal abundance and control of Culex spp. in catch basins in Illinois

Street catch basins in western Cook County, IL, were examined regularly June through August of 1987 to determine their seasonal larval production, adult mosquito harborage and the influence of abiotic factors on the associated mosquito population. Only larvae of Culex pipiens (63% of total) and Cx. restuans (37% of total) were recovered. These 2 species and Cx. erraticus were the most frequently collected adults. The abundance of mosquito larvae within catch basins was not correlated with water pH and only showed a weak, positive correlation with water temperature. Only a partial flushing of larvae (22-34% reduction) from catch basins by normal rainfall (less than 25 mm) was generally recorded. Treatments with larvicide oil (mineral seal oil/kerosene 175/tergitol) at a rate of 60-90 ml/catch basin resulted in a mean larval reduction of 97%. Adult females showed a mean reduction of 87%.     

蚊香点燃过程中有效成分的挥发率测试

目的测试蚊香在燃烧过程中达到的最高温度、升温速率及有效成分的挥发率。方法以黑蚊香为材料，绘制盘香燃烧过程中某测量点温度随燃烧时间的变化曲线，得出燃烧的最高温度、升温速率；通过不同加热方式对蚊香进行温度控制，模拟蚊香燃烧过程中达到的不同温度，对该温度下蚊香的有效成分残留量进行测定，计算挥发率。结果蚊香燃烧中，最高温度在300℃左右，在100℃以前升温速率平均为10℃／min，100℃以上到最高温度升温速率平均为50℃／min；蚊香有效成分的挥发率超过99％。结论通过对残留在蚊香中的有效成分进行测量及分析，进一步了解蚊香燃烧、挥发及杀虫等步骤的作用机理，为蚊香的实际生产及使用提供理论依据？     

盘式蚊香中天然除虫菊素气相色谱分析方法

目的采用气相色谱法内标法定量分析盘式蚊香中天然除虫菊素。方法以邻苯二甲酸二丁酯为内标物,用氢火焰离子化检测器及HP-5(30 m×0.32 mm)的毛细管柱,柱温150～250℃,汽化温度250℃,检测温度270℃。结果本方法的回收率大于97.7%,变异系数小于2.5%。结论此方法操作简单,快速,结果准确,是检测蚊香中除虫菊素含量较理想的分析方法。     

Insecticidal activity of five commercial mosquito coils against Anopheles albimanus, Aedes albopictus, and Culex quinquefasciatus

The insecticidal activity of 4 mosquito coils containing pyrethroid ester insecticides and 1 mosquito coil containing 15% citronella oil was evaluated against adult female Anopheles albimanus, Aedes albopictus, and Culex quinquefasciatus. Two of the pyrethroid mosquito coils containing 0.08% meperfluthrin showed the strongest insecticidal activity, and all 4 pyrethroid coils produced significantly higher mortality than the citronella coil across all 3 test species.     

Exposure to mosquito coil smoke may be a risk factor for lung cancer in Taiwan

Background

About 50% of lung cancer deaths in Taiwan are not related to cigarette smoking. Environmental exposure may play a role in lung cancer risk. Taiwanese households frequently burn mosquito coil at home to repel mosquitoes. The aim of this hospital-based case-control study was to determine whether exposure to mosquito coil smoke is a risk for lung cancer.

Methods

Questionnaires were administered to 147 primary lung cancer patients and 400 potential controls to ascertain demographic data, occupation, lifestyle data, indoor environmental exposures (including habits of cigarette smoking, cooking methods, incense burning at home, and exposure to mosquito coil smoke ), as well as family history of cancer and detailed medical history.

Results

Mosquito coil smoke exposure was more frequent in lung cancer patients than controls (38.1% vs.17.8%; p<0.01). Risk of lung cancer was significantly higher in frequent burners of mosquito coils (more than 3 times [days] per week) than nonburners (adjusted odds ratio = 3.78; 95% confidence interval: 1.55-6.90). Those who seldom burned mosquito coils (less than 3 times per week) also had a significantly higher risk of lung cancer (adjusted odds ratio = 2.67; 95% confidence interval: 1.60-4.50).

Conclusion

Exposure to mosquito coil smoke may be a risk factor for development of lung cancer.Key words: Air Pollutants, Lung Neoplasms, Mosquito Coil, Smoke     

Indoor air quality and acute lower respiratory infection in Indian urban slums.

The present prospective study was conducted at two urban slums of Delhi, Kusumpur Pahari and Kathputly Colony, in the peak winter season from November 1994 through February 1995. We studied 642 infants to determine the incidence of acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI) and its relationship to indoor air pollution due to fuel used for cooking (wood or kerosene). In Kusumpur Pahari, there were 317 children (142 wood and 175 kerosene), including 64 controls and 78 cases of ALRI in the wood fuel group and 81 controls and 94 ALRI cases in the kerosene group (p > 0.05). Out of 316 children in Kathputly Colony (174 wood and 142 kerosene), there were 33 and 45 ALRI cases in the wood and kerosene groups, respectively (p < 0.05). Controls were children without ALRI and were used as controls in different groups. The demographic data and risk factors, namely, nutritional and immunization status, were comparable in ALRI cases and controls in both study areas. Pneumonia was the most common ailment in all the groups. Bronchiolitis was reported in 22.5% of the wood group and 27.1% of the kerosene group in Kathputly Colony versus 13.7% in the wood group and 12.1% in the kerosene group in Kusumpur Colony. Only one case of croup was reported from Kusumpur Pahari among wood users. The duration of illness was longer in the Kusumpur Pahari due to poor compliance, feeding, and child rearing habits. In conclusion, a higher incidence of ALRI was reported in kerosene users in Kathputly Colony, a high pollution area; however, the reasons for the differences observed need further elucidation.     

２．５％溴氰菊酯缓释型微乳剂防制卫生害虫的研究

目的：以水替代有机溶剂减少环境污染,以高分子材料作为缓解剂控制药物释放速度。方法：参照农药登记室内药效实验有关方法等。结果：该剂对蚊、蝇击倒迅速、杀灭力强,与２．５％敌杀死ＥＣ相当;作为滞留喷洒其持效性长,与２．５％凯素灵相近,毒性低、热贮稳定性好,并在一定温度范围内保持特理稳定性。结论：该剂是良好的喷射剂。