Trends in nutrient and dietary intake among adults and the elderly: from NAHSIT 1993-1996 to 2005-2008

The aim of this study was to investigate trends in nutrients and sources of dietary intake for Taiwanese people from the Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan (NAHSIT) 1993-1996 to 2005-2008. Twenty-four hour dietary recall data were obtained from the 2005-2008 NAHSIT. The results showed that intake of cereals and grains, and dietary fiber has decreased, whereas intake of carbohydrate rich convenience foods has increased. As a result, 10-20 g of dietary fat is now obtained from carbohydrate rich foods. A greater proportion of Taiwanese are choosing low-fat meat products, however, excessive intake of meat by men and women aged 19 to 64 years is resulting in excessive intakes of protein, cholesterol and saturated fat. Men and women aged 19 to 30 years had insufficient intakes of fruit and vegetables. Consumption of fruit, dairy/products, and nuts was low in all age groups. We recommend strengthening public nutrition education and changing diet related environment to improve dietary quality and food group distributions. Issues of concern include excessive intakes of energy and the soybean/fish/meat/eggs food group in all subjects, high amount of processed foods and refined-carbohydrate rich foods in men aged 19 to 64 years and women aged 19-30 years, as well as intakes below the DRI for a variety of nutrients in elderly persons.     

Contribution of various food groups to dietary vitamin B-6 intake in free-living, low-income elderly persons

Elderly persons are reported to have low dietary intakes of vitamin B-6. Knowing which foods are the primary contributors of dietary vitamin B-6 may be useful to health professionals working to improve the nutritional status of the elderly. Therefore, we examined the contribution of five food groups--flesh foods (including all meat/fish/poultry), grains/cereals, legumes/nuts, fruits/vegetables, and dairy products/eggs--to dietary vitamin B-6 intake in 198 free-living elderly persons aged 60 years or older. Subjects were primarily Caucasian, low-income non-smokers; their mean age was 72 years. Mean dietary vitamin B-6 intake, determined from 3-day diet records, was 1.6 +/- 0.6 mg/day. The fruit/vegetable group was the largest dietary contributor of vitamin B-6 (0.69 mg/day). Flesh foods and cereals/grains contributed equally to the vitamin B-6 intake (0.35 and 0.34 mg/day, respectively). The lowest contributors were dairy products/eggs and legumes/nuts. Approximately 96% of the vitamin B-6 intake could be accounted for by the five food groups. Twenty percent of the population (no. = 39) consumed less than 66% of the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for vitamin B-6; their vitamin B-6 intake from fruits/vegetables and grains/cereals was 0.36 and 0.10 mg/day, respectively. Individuals with vitamin B-6 intakes greater than or equal to 100% of the RDA (no. = 69) consumed greater amounts of fruits/vegetables (primarily bananas) and grains/cereals (primarily breakfast cereal) than did persons who consumed less than 66% of the RDA for vitamin B-6; their vitamin B-6 intake from fruits/vegetables and grains/cereals was 0.98 and 0.55 mg/day, respectively. In the elderly population studied, plant foods were the major dietary contributors of vitamin B-6.     

Daily intake of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/PCDFs) in foodstuffs consumed in Tarragona, Spain: a review of recent studies (2001-2003) on human PCDD/PCDF exposure through the diet

Concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF) were measured in foodstuffs randomly acquired in various locations of Tarragona County (Catalonia, Spain) in September 2002. A total of 36 composite samples, belonging to various food groups (vegetables, fruits, meat and meat products, fish and seafood, cereals, pulses, milk, dairy products, eggs, and oils and fats) were analyzed by high-resolution gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry. The dietary intake of PCDD/Fs was subsequently determined. For calculations, recent data on consumption of the selected food items were used. Total dietary intake of PCDD/Fs for the general population of Tarragona County was estimated to be 59.6 pg I-TEQ/day (63.8 pg WHO-TEQ/day). Fish and seafood (33.7%), oils and fats (15.3%), cereals (14.4%), and dairy products (13.7%) were the most important contributors to this intake. This PCDD/F intake is notably lower than the intake estimated in 1998 for the same geographical area, 210.1 pg I-TEQ/day. The current PCDD/F dietary intake is below the tolerable intake range of 1-4 pg TEQ/kg body weight/day established by the WHO in 1998. Finally, the current intake is compared with the dietary intakes of PCDD/Fs recently (2001-2003) reported for a number of regions and countries.     

Dietary nutrient intake and major food sources: the Nutrition and Health Survey of Taiwan Elementary School Children 2001-2002

The aim of the study was to investigate nutrient intake and their dietary sources in Taiwanese children ages 6-12 years by analyzing the 24-hour recall data of 2386 participants from a nationally representative sample. Results showed that children in Taiwan were slightly lower in mean proportion of energy intake from carbohydrates (53.5% of energy intake) and higher in those from fats (30.8%) and protein (15.8%) as based on the recommendations of Department of Health in Taiwan. The mean intake of vitamins and of minerals by children was equivalent to or exceeded Daily Reference Intake of Taiwan (DRI) or other recommended standards with the exception of a seriously insufficient calcium intake and extremely high sodium intake. A substantial proportion of children in different age/gender/location strata had lower mean vitamin and mineral intake by DRI and other recommended standards. These nutrient profiles were mainly related to dietary patterns with relatively low intake of fruits, vegetables, cereals/grains, and dairy products, but high intake of the protein-rich foods, salt/sauces, and fats/oils. According to the suboptimal dietary nutrient profiles of Taiwanese children, particularly in the underprivileged areas, recommendations are made in this article for policy makers and health practitioners to consider in order to improve dietary quality of elementary school children.     

成都市某社区40～64岁人群膳食结构和营养素分析

目的了解中老年人膳食结构和营养素摄入情况,为有针对性的开展营养改善工作提供依据。方法选取成都市40～64岁居民571名,采用食物频率回顾问卷进行调查,了解其一般情况及过去1年食物摄入情况,分析各类食物摄入量及膳食能量、营养素摄入情况,并测量其身高体重。结果调查对象平均每日食物摄入量为：主食338.0g（谷类327.8g,薯类10.1g）,蔬菜471.3g,水果86.4g,豆类58.6g,奶类129.9g,畜肉102.7g,禽肉11.8g,水产品25.8g,食用油37.5g;食用油和豆类摄入量高于膳食指南推荐量,奶类、水果和水产品的摄入量低于推荐量;谷类、薯类、禽肉、水产品摄入量低于全国平均水平,蔬菜、豆类、坚果和畜肉类高于全国平均水平;膳食中脂肪、胆固醇、烟酸、维生素E、钠、磷、铁、铜和锰摄入量高于推荐量,钙摄入量低于推荐量。结论中年居民膳食结构和营养素摄入与膳食指南推荐量有差异,营养过剩与营养不良并存。     

Dietary Patterns and Foods Associated With Cognitive Function in Taiwanese Older Adults: The Cross-sectional and Longitudinal Studies

ObjectivesTo find dietary patterns and foods associated with cognitive function.DesignA cross-sectional study of short-term effects and a prospective study for long-term effects.SettingNutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan (NAHSIT) 2014-2016 and NAHSIT 1999-2000.ParticipantsA total of 1245 older patients enrolled in the NAHSIT 2014-2016 and 1436 in the NAHSIT 1999-2000.MeasurementsDietary intake was appraised with a food-frequency questionnaire. Cognitive function was assessed by the Mini-Mental State Examination score (MMSE).ResultsUsing reduced rank regression to data-mine NAHSIT 2014-2016 cross-sectional data, we found in both genders a dietary pattern associated with high MMSE score, which was characterized by higher intakes of fresh fruits, nuts and seeds, whole grains, breakfast cereals, coffee, dairy products, seafood products, and fish. Moreover, in women, the pattern included a few additional items: tea, eggs, soybean products, and vegetables. Presence of mild cognitive impairment was inversely associated with the dietary pattern score, with declined adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval) from tertile 1 (as reference), tertile 2, to tertile 3 in both men [1 → 0.85(0.45-1.61) → 0.32 (0.14-0.78)] and women [1→0.44 (0.25-0.76) → 0.39 (0.20-0.75)]. Using the NAHSIT 1999-2000 as a baseline, along with 11 years of follow-up, we found with the Cox proportional hazards model that higher intake (≥4 vs <1 time/wk) of either tea or fish, but not other foods, was associated with a lower risk of developing dementia. Higher intakes of both tea and fish were associated with an even lower risk.Conclusions/ImplicationsA dietary pattern characterized by high intakes of phytonutrient-rich plant foods (fruits, whole grains, nuts/seeds, and vegetables), tea and coffee, and protein-rich foods such as eggs, dairy products, and fish, was associated with the presence of better cognitive function in older adult. Higher intakes of fish and tea combined showed a long-term protective effect. Further research is warranted to understand the long- and short-term effects of diet.     

Intake of vitamin A and carotenoids from the Italian population--results of an Italian total diet study

The present study focused on vitamin A and carotenoids (alpha-and beta-carotene, lutein and zeaxanthin, beta-cryptoxanthin, lycopene) daily intake from the Italian total diet. The input of some food groups (cereals, vegetables, fruits, milk and dairy, meat and meat products, fish) most responsible for major and minor contributions to the daily intake of these molecules was evaluated. Furthermore the contribution to the dietary intake of beta-carotene and lutein of the most consumed vegetables in the market basket of the Italian total diet (beets, brassica vegetables, carrots, chicory, courgette (zucchini), green beans, lettuce, peas, pepper, spinach, tomatoes) was also investigated. Vitamin A daily intake was 855 mg/person/day. The vegetables food group made the greatest contribution (37%), followed by the meat and meat products food group (23%). The Italian total diet provided 14.3 mg/person/day of carotenoids; lycopene was the highest (7.4 mg/day), followed by lutein + zeaxanthin (4 mg/day), beta-carotene (2.6 mg/day), alpha-carotene (0.15 mg/day), and beta-cryptoxanthin (0.17 mg/day). Carrots and tomatoes were the main sources of beta-carotene in the diet, otherwise the daily consumption of leafy vegetables (spinach, beets, lettuce) made the main contribution to lutein + zeaxanthin daily intake.     

Vitamin D intake and its food sources in Taiwanese

In the early 20th Century, vitamin D was discovered and its Recommended Daily Allowance developed. However, average daily dietary intakes have not been reported until recently in the US. There are no food composi-tion and no intake data for vitamin D available in Taiwan. We have taken advantage of several population representative Nutrition and Health Surveys in Taiwan (NAHSIT) conducted from 1993 onwards of various age groups to examine this possibility systematically. Firstly, we collected and compiled the vitamin D content of foods from various sources to supplement the Taiwanese Food Composition Tables. Though these vitamin D data may not be fully representative of local food items, they serve as a reference point. Secondly, we have used the three NAHSITs databases, which all used the 24-hr recall method to collect dietary intake date and five food frequency questionnaire type questions to collect supplement data, to estimate most gender- and age-specific (in-clude: school children, adults and elderly) vitamin D intake from food source and supplements. Thirdly, we have defined the sources of vitamin D intake in Taiwanese (gender- and age-specific). Vitamin D intakes of Taiwanese were adequate except girls of high school and indigenous people. Fish and its products, milk, mushroom were the major vitamin D food sources. Supplement source vitamin D also varied greatly between age and gen-der groups. Elderly women consumed almost 20% of vitamin D from supplements; 16-18 years old boys consumed 2.47% vitamin D from supplements only.     

Nutrition risk in the child and adolescent population of the Basque country: the enKid Study

Cross-sectional population studies provide valuable information for nutrition surveillance and planning intervention strategies. The enKid Study is the largest nutrition survey on the child and adolescent Spanish population to date. In the present paper, nutrition risks in children and young people of the Basque country based on the enKid Study subsample for the Basque region are presented. Dietary assessment was completed by means of a 24 h recall and a food frequency questionnaire completed in an interview with the mother or caregiver for children under 13 years. A second 24 h recall was completed on 25 % of the sample. Body weight, height and circumference were measured on each individual. Overweight and obesity were defined using Cole et al. cut-offs. Fat intake supplied 40 % of energy intake and saturated fats 13.8 %. Overall, 80 % of the sample had intakes of fat above 35 %. Main food sources of fats were added fats (32 %), meat (20 %) and milk products (20 %). Buns, cakes and pastry supplied 11 % of total fat intake. The nutrients showing the highest proportion of people who did not reach one third (33 %) of the Spanish dietary reference intake levels were vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin A and folate. Prevailing food pattern showed a high consumption of meat and meat products, milk, dairy products and cereals. Conversely, consumption of fruit, vegetables and fish was low; in fact, 89 % of the sample had a normal consumption of fruit and vegetables below five portions a day. Prevalence of obesity was estimated at 3.94 %, and 17.85 % of the sample was classified as overweight.     

北京市区老年人钙、铁的食物来源

目的　研究分析北京城区 6 0岁以上老年人钙和铁的膳食来源。方法　采用整群随机抽样方法从北京四个城区获得调查对象 2 2 6 3人。用 2 4小时回顾法进行三天膳食调查 ,计算每人每日各种食物摄入量。将食物分为 18类 ,计算各类食物对调查对象钙和铁的贡献率。结果　奶类是钙的主要来源 ,贡献率 34 5 %。蔬菜、粮谷及豆类对钙的贡献率分别为 19 5 % ,14 5 %和 10 9%。北京市区老年人铁的主要来源是谷类、蔬菜、豆类等 ,其贡献率分别为 38 0 % ,13 7%和 7 2 %。膳食中肉、禽及鱼类供应的铁只占 12 8%。结论　从调查结果可见 ,近年来 ,北京城区老年人奶类消费量及钙摄入量已明显增加。但经常饮奶的人只占调查对象的三分之一 ,且钙的平均摄入量也仅达到适宜摄入量的 5 0 %。若能进一步改进高钙食物如酸奶、深色叶菜及各种风味豆制品的供应 ,将更有利于改善老年人钙的营养状况。植物性食物来源的铁主要为非血红素铁 ,其生物利用率很低 ,但大量增加老年人肉类的消费来提高膳食铁利用率的作法并不可取。因此 ,开发和推广铁强化食品来改善居民铁营养状况 ,不失为一种有效措施。     

郑州市城区居民食物摄入状况调查结果分析

目的 调查分析郑州市城区居民食物摄入状况,为合理膳食指导干预提供参考。方法 采用多阶段整群随机抽样方法,抽取郑州市城区24个社区,每个社区10～12户,对每户所有3岁及以上人群,采取3 d 24 h膳食回顾法和食物称重法进行调查分析。结果 2020年共调查267户738人,每标准人日谷薯类（595.4 g）和蛋类（51.4 g）食物摄入高于推荐量;奶及奶制品（56.7 g）、蔬菜类（203.2 g）、水产类（0 g）、大豆及坚果（5.3 g）、水果类（18.1 g）和食用油（21.5 g）摄入低于推荐量;畜禽肉类（70.6 g）和食用盐（5.4 g）摄入符合推荐量。各类食物中仅谷薯类和蛋类摄入量大于2012全国监测数据（Z = 20.65,P＜0.001;Z = 18.33,P＜0.001）。男性谷薯类和蔬菜类的摄入量大于女性（χ2 = 15.09,P＜0.001;χ2 = 4.43,P = 0.035）;女性奶及奶制品的摄入量多于男性（χ2 = 4.19,P = 0.041）;不同年龄性别居民食物摄入量波动较大。结论 郑州市城区居民膳食结构不太合理,奶及奶制品、蔬菜类、水产类、大豆及坚果和水果类摄入量不足,应不断进行膳食结构优化,做好居民合理膳食指导干预工作。     

A new food guide for the Portuguese population: development and technical considerations

The methodological approach used for the development of a new food guide for the Portuguese population is discussed. The new food guide, composed of seven groups, was achieved with the assistance of an expert panel, using existing international recommendations and nutrient composition tables. A range of recommended food portions was established for the groups of fats and oils; milk and dairy products; meat, fish, seafood, and eggs; pulses; potatoes, cereals, and cereal products; vegetables; and fruits. Posters and leaflets were produced and presented to the media with the support of health authorities and the scientific community. The dissemination materials were freely distributed to institutions and professionals responsible for health promotion.     

吉林省农村居民食物摄入频率及摄人量调查

目的：调查吉林省农村居民食物摄人频率及摄入量,为今后在农村地区开展营养教育和营养改善工作提供科学依据。方法：采用多阶段分层随机抽样,在吉林省选取了674名农村居民作为调查对象,运用半定量食物频率法调查居民过去1年内各类食物摄入频率和摄人量。结果：吉林省农村居民膳食结构尚不合理,谷薯类、蔬菜类、水果类、蛋类摄入频率相对较高,畜禽肉类、鱼虾类、大豆类及奶制品摄人频率较低。谷薯类摄入量超过推荐标准,畜禽肉类、蛋类、大豆类摄入量基本达到标准,蔬菜类、水果类、鱼虾类、奶及奶制品摄人量均低于膳食宝塔推荐标准,且每类食物中各种食物摄人不均衡。结论：目前吉林省农村居民的膳食状况以谷薯类摄入过多、蔬菜水果类、鱼虾类、奶类摄入不足为主要问题,应针对性制定营养宣教方案,引导居民合理膳食。     

Total-diet study: dietary intakes of macro elements and trace elements in Italy

The present study provides the dietary intakes of macro elements (Ca, Mg, Na, K, P) and trace elements (Fe, Zn, Cu, Se) from the Italian total diet. The contribution of the most representative food groups of the total diet (cereals and cereal products, vegetables, fruit, milk and dairy products, meat and meat products, fish) to the daily intakes of these nutrients was also evaluated. The Italian total diet was formulated following the 'market-basket' approach. Cereals represented the primary sources of Cu (35 %), Fe (30 %) and Mg (27 %). About 89 % of the total daily intake of Fe was derived from plant foods. The vegetables food group was the main source of dietary K (27 %). Most of the Ca (59 %) and P (27 %) was derived from the milk-and-dairy food group. Of the dietary Zn, 41 % was provided by meat, which, together with the fish food group, was the primary source of Se (20 %). The adequacy of the Italian total diet with respect to nutritional elements was assessed by comparing the daily intakes with the average requirement values of the Italian recommended dietary allowances. The present findings indicated that the dietary patterns of the Italian total diet were generally consistent with current Italian dietary recommendations for both macro and trace elements. The major concern was for Ca, for which daily intake was 76 % of the average recommendation for the Italian population. It should not be ruled out that there could be a potential risk of inadequate Fe intake in some segments of the population.     

Drinking-related changes in dietary intake in 2165 male adults--with special reference to carbohydrate, protein and fat]

A food intake-frequency survey using a 7-day weighted inventory questionnaire was conducted among 2165 healthy men aged from 18 to 85 living in Nagano Prefecture. The effect of ethanol consumption on the intake of 12 different groups of food (cereals, potatoes, sugar, confectioneries, fruit, vegetables, soybean and its products, eggs, milk and dairy products, fish, meat, and oils), on the intake of macronutrients (carbohydrate, protein and fat), on the total energy intake including and excluding energy from ethanol, and on the energy percentage from carbohydrate, protein and fat, were analyzed. As ethanol consumption increased, the intake of cereals and confectioneries was found to markedly decrease, and that of potatoes, sugar, fruit, vegetables, milk and dairy products, and oils to decrease to a lesser extent. In contrast, the intake of meat increased with increasing ethanol consumption. The intake of carbohydrate, vegetable protein and fat decreased with increase in ethanol consumption in the following order: carbohydrate greater than vegetable protein = vegetable fat. As ethanol consumption increased, total energy intake including energy from ethanol increased, but the energy excluding ethanol decreased. The energy percentage contributed by carbohydrate, vegetable protein, and vegetable and animal fat decreased with increase of ethanol consumption: the extent of the decrease was most prominent in energy from carbohydrate, followed by vegetable fat, animal fat and vegetable protein in decreasing order. These results suggest that people have a tendency to consume less carbohydrate, especially cereals, when increasing ethanol consumption.     

Macronutrient Distribution and Dietary Sources in the Spanish Population: Findings from the ANIBES Study

Our aim was to analyze dietary macronutrient intake and its main sources according to sex and age. Results were derived from the ANIBES (“Anthropometry, Intake and Energy Balance in Spain”) cross-sectional study using a nationally-representative sample of the Spanish population (9–75 years old). Mean dietary protein intake was 74.5 ± 22.4 g/day, with meat and meat products as the main sources (33.0%). Mean carbohydrate intake was 185.4 ± 60.9 g/day and was higher in children and adolescents; grains (49%), mainly bread, were the main contributor. Milk and dairy products (23%) ranked first for sugar intake. Mean lipid intake was 78.1 ± 26.1 g/day and was higher in younger age groups; contributions were mainly from oils and fats (32.5%; olive oil 25.6%) and meat and meat products (22.0%). Lipid profiles showed relatively high monounsaturated fatty acid intake, of which olive oil contributed 38.8%. Saturated fatty acids were mainly (>70%) combined from meat and meat products, milk and dairy products and oils and fats. Polyunsaturated fatty acids were mainly from oils and fats (31.5%). The macronutrient intake and distribution in the Spanish population is far from population reference intakes and nutritional goals, especially for children and adolescents.     

Contribution of food products and drinking water to the intake of minerals by elderly

The aim of this paper was to assess the contribution of food product groups and drinking water to mineral and trace elements supply. On the basis of 3-day record data it was found that the intake of calcium and copper by 75-80 years old elderly living in Warsaw area (Poland) was insufficient. The same for iron among women and zinc among men was observed. The RDA for energy was covered in 90% by men's diets and in 78% by women's diets. Dairy products were the main source of calcium (48%), cereals were the main source of magnesium (29%), while iron came mainly from cereals (31%) and meat products (21%). Two latter groups of products also significantly contributed in zinc intake by the elderly (29% and 25% respectively). Cereals (33%) and potatoes (16%) were the main sources of copper. Drinking water had significant share only in calcium (14%) and zinc (9%) intake. Cereals, vegetables, dairy and meat products gave relatively more minerals to men's diets, while potatoes, fruits, eggs and other products (fats, sugar, sweets etc.)--to women's diets.     

用中国居民平衡膳食宝塔评价广西居民膳食模式

目的评价广西居民膳食模式,为制订膳食模式改善策略提供科学依据。方法用多阶整群随机抽样法抽取4城区、4农村县,4268户、17104人。用称重法获调味品量,3d24h回顾法获个人食物量,用中国居民平衡膳食宝塔评价广西居民膳食模式。结果广西居民谷类、蔬菜、水果、鱼虾、蛋类、奶类、豆类摄入不足,盐、畜禽肉、油脂摄入过量。畜禽肉、鱼虾、奶类、蔬菜、水果、蛋类、油脂摄入量是省会城市>一般城市>二类农村>四类农村,表现出与经济发展水平呈正比关系。畜禽肉、鱼虾、奶类、蛋类、水果摄入量是高收入组>中收入组>低收入组,表现出与经济收入呈正比关系。蛋、奶、豆类、水果摄入逐年递增和食盐摄入逐年下降,向合理膳食模式靠近。畜禽肉、油脂摄入逐年递增和谷类、蔬菜、鱼虾摄入逐年下降,背离合理膳食模式要求。城市摄入动物性食品总量有放缓趋势,而农村有加速趋势,与经济水平发展进程有关。广西居民营养有明显的由低脂膳食向高脂膳食转变趋势。结论广西已进入居民膳食模式的迅速变迁期,已到了膳食模式干预的关键阶段。     

巴彦淖尔市城区产褥期妇女膳食状况调查

目的:调查分析巴彦淖尔市城区产褥期妇女的膳食状况。方法:采用随机整群抽样方式,抽取巴彦淖尔市城区1周岁以内儿童的母亲共482名作为研究对象,采用自行设计的产褥期调查问卷进行逐一入户问卷调查。结果:共回收有效问卷468份。468名产褥期妇女以顺产为主(57.5%);饮食主要由妈妈提供(63.5%);鱼虾禽畜肉油脂类摄入过多,蔬菜水果奶制品类摄入过少;蛋白质、胆固醇摄入过多(分别为理想摄入量的118.3%、441.3%),维生素C、膳食纤维摄入过少(分别为目标值的16.6%、27.0%);摄入奶制品在产妇年龄和营养保健知识来源中有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:巴彦淖尔市城区产褥期妇女膳食结构不合理,动物性食物摄入过多,植物性食物摄入过少,部分营养素摄入不足,应适当调整膳食结构,以保证产褥期妇女的营养均衡。