苯那普利联合二甲双胍治疗原发性高血压伴胰岛素抵抗的临床观察

目的:观察苯那普利联合二甲双胍对原发性高血压伴胰岛素抵抗(IR)患者相关因素的影响。方法:将150例原发性高血压伴IR患者随机分为联合组和对照组。联合组给予苯那普利片加二甲双胍片。对照组单纯用苯那普利片。治疗前、后均作糖耐量试验、胰岛素释放试验及动态血压监测,观察治疗前后2组间血糖、血胰岛素、胰岛素敏感指数及动态血压的变化。结果:2组空腹血糖、空腹胰岛素及2 h胰岛素均无显著下降。联合组2h血糖下降显著,与对照组相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),2组用药后胰岛素敏感指数有显著升高(P<0.05),以联合组为显著(P<0.05),2组降压疗效均显著,但对照组降压药剂量比治疗组大。结论:对伴IR的高血压患者苯那普利联合二甲双胍可明显改善IR,能提高降压疗效,且能降低降压药用量。     

二甲双胍对代谢综合征患者血压的影响

目的研究二甲双胍长期使用对代谢综合征(MS)患者血压的影响.方法87例轻度高血压与空腹血糖(FPG)6.1～8.0 mmol/L或2 h血糖(2 h PG)7.8～12.0 mmol/L的MS患者随机分作2组低脂饮食组43例,予低脂饮食;二甲双胍组44例,予低脂饮食并二甲双胍0.25,3次/d,连用24周;比较2组治疗前与治疗24周的血压与胰岛素抵抗、血脂等影响血压重要指标的变化.结果与治疗前比较,二甲双胍组治疗24周的收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)与脉压(PP)显著降低(P＜0.01).与低脂饮食组比较,治疗24周后二甲双胍组在改善胰岛素抵抗、调脂的同时,收缩压(137±5比142±6)mm Hg、舒张压(88±6比92±4)mm Hg与脉压(40±9比44±8)mm Hg也显著降低(P＜0.01,P＜0.05).结论二甲双胍治疗MS具有降低血压作用.     

二甲双胍治疗2型糖尿病人对血压影响的研究

目的观察胰岛素增敏剂二甲双胍治疗2型糖尿病,降低血浆胰岛素水平、改善胰岛素敏感性后对血压的影响.方法 71例2型糖尿病人口服二甲双胍(格华止)850 mg,qd～bid.治疗前后测定BMI、血压、FBG、PBG、FINS、PINS,并按HOMA模型计算胰岛素抵抗指数和胰岛素分泌指数.结果 (1) 二甲双胍治疗8周后,BMI治疗前后比较无显著性差异;血压治疗后明显下降,降压幅度达 13.1±4.9/4.2±9.9 mmHg, 血压治疗前后比较有显著性差异;(2)治疗后FBG、PBG、FINS均明显下降,治疗前后比较有显著性差异;(3)治疗后HOMA-IR下降,IAI升高,治疗前后比较有显著性差异,但HOMA-IS、FINS/FBG无显著性差异.结论二甲双胍治疗2型糖尿病,在降低血浆胰岛素水平、改善IR的同时,伴有血压的明显下降.     

二甲双胍在伴胰岛素抵抗的高血压患者中的应用

胰岛素抵抗与高血压的发生、发展密切相关。本研究旨在观察应用二甲双胍对伴有胰岛素抵抗的高血压患者进行干预治疗的效果。1　资料与方法　　 68例高血压患者为 2 0 0 1年 2月～ 2 0 0 2年 8月我院门诊患者经葡萄糖耐量及胰岛素释放试验证实均伴有胰岛素抵抗。男 42例 ,女 2 6例 ,平均年龄 (4 8 2± 10 7)岁 ,平均血压(14 2 3± 9 16)mmHg (1mmHg =0 13 3kPa)。除外继发性高血压、空腹血糖≥ 10mmol/L及服用二甲双胍的糖尿病患者。随机分为治疗组与对照组 ,每组 3 4例。治疗组餐前服用二甲双胍 5 0 0mg ,早晚各 1次 ,其它同对照组。对…     

坎地沙坦酯联合二甲双胍治疗原发性高血压伴胰岛素抵抗的疗效

目的观察坎地沙坦酯联合二甲双胍治疗高血压伴胰岛素抵抗(insulin resistance,IR)病人的降压疗效和对胰岛素抵抗的影响。方法将72例高血压伴IR的病人分为治疗组和对照组。治疗组给予坎地沙坦酯和二甲双胍治疗,对照组单给予坎地沙坦酯治疗疗程均为4个月。观察两组治疗前后的血压、血糖、胰岛素敏感性指数的变化及不良反应。结果治疗组服药后餐后2h血糖、餐后2h胰岛素均下降,胰岛素敏感指数升高,与对照组比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01)。两组服药后收缩压和舒张压均下降,但治疗组收缩压下降程度较对照组明显。两组在治疗期间均未出现明显的不良反应。结论采用坎地沙坦酯和二甲双胍治疗高血压伴IR病人,可明显改善病人的胰岛素抵抗,有利于提高降压疗效。     

福辛普利联合二甲双胍治疗高血压伴胰岛素抵抗的临床疗效观察:附43例报告

该文观察福辛普利联合二甲双胍治疗高血压伴胰岛素抵抗(insulin resistance,IR)患者的降压疗效和对胰岛素抵抗的影响。方法:将高血压伴IR的患者86例分为治疗组和对照组(各43例),前者给予福辛普利和二甲双胍治疗,后者单予福辛普利治疗,疗程均为3月。观察2组治疗前后血糖、胰岛素敏感指数、血压的变化及不良反应。结果:治疗组服药后空腹血糖、空腹胰岛素及餐后2h血糖均下降,胰岛素敏感指数升高,与对照组比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05~P<0.01)。2组服药后收缩压与舒张压均下降,但治疗组收缩压降压幅度较对照组大(P<0.01)。2组在治疗期间均…     

厄贝沙坦联合二甲双胍治疗高血压病伴胰岛素抵抗的疗效观察

目的观察厄贝沙坦联合二甲双胍治疗高血压伴胰岛素抵抗(IR)病人的降压疗效和对胰岛素抵抗的影响。方法将78例高血压伴IR的病人分为治疗组和对照组,治疗组给予厄贝沙坦和二甲双胍治疗,对照组单给予厄贝沙坦治疗,疗程均为4个月。观察两组治疗前后血压、血糖、胰岛素敏感指数的变化及不良反应。结果治疗组服药后空腹血糖、空腹胰岛素及餐后2h血糖均下降,胰岛素敏感指数升高,与对照组比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01)。两组服药后收缩压和舒张压均下降,但治疗组收缩压下降幅度较对照组明显。两组在治疗期间均未出现明显的不良反应。结论采用厄贝沙坦和二甲双胍联合治疗高血压伴IR病人,可明显改善病人的胰岛素抵抗,有利于提高降压疗效。     

胰岛素抵抗在非勺型高血压发生机制中的作用

目的探讨胰岛素抵抗(IR)在非勺型高血压发生机制中的作用。方法71例原发性高血压患者,根据ABPM监测分为非勺型高血压组44例和勺型高血压组27例,均查空腹血糖、血尿酸、血脂;并检测免疫反应性胰岛素(IRI)、真胰岛素(TI)。结果非勺型高血压组与非勺型高血压组相比,两种胰岛素抵抗指数(1、2)均显著升高(6.66±4.26比4.49±2.47,4.49±2.14比3.31±1.49),两组比较差异有非常显著性(P均<0.01);非勺型高血压组IRI、TI和夜间心率也都高于非勺型高血压组,两者比较差异也有显著性(P均<0.05)。结论非勺型高血压患者存在较严重的IR,IR可能通过增强夜间交感神经系统的活性导致非勺型高血压的形成。     

胰岛素抵抗而非高胰岛素血症与高血压相关

目的探讨胰岛素抵抗(IR)与高血压的关系.方法872例受试者根据收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)水平各分成6组.SBP1＜120mmHg(1mmHg=0.133kPa);SBP2120～129mmHg;SBP3130～139mmHg;SBP4140～159mmHg;SBP5160～179mmHg;SBP6≥180mmHg.DBP1＜80mmHg;DBP280～84mmHg;DBP385～89mmHg;DBP490～99mmHg;DBP5100～109mmHg;DBP6≥110mmHg.结果(1)单因素方差分析表明,不同血压水平的HOMA胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)、胰岛素敏感指数(IAI)、空腹血糖、餐后血糖、体重指数(BMI)、腰臀比值(WHR)、甘油三酯、胆固醇和年龄差异有显著性(P＜0.05),但不同血压水平的空腹胰岛素(FINS)、餐后胰岛素(PINS)差异无显著性.双因素方差分析表明,BMI对血压有明显影响,但FINS和PINS对血压无明显影响.(2)Pearson相关分析表明,SBP、DBP与BMI、WHR、PINS、空腹血糖、餐后血糖、胆固醇、甘油三酯、HOMA-IR和年龄等多变量正相关.但控制BMI的影响后,偏相关分析表明,SBP、DBP与PINS无相关性.(3)以平均血压(MBP)与HOMA-IR、IAI、BMI、WHR、FINS、PINS、空腹血糖、餐后血糖、甘油三酯、胆固醇、年龄作回归分析,能进入该方程的变量为年龄和BMI.回归方程为MBP=49.062+0.475×年龄+0.947×BMI.结论(1)影响血压的因素众多,主要取决于年龄和BMI.(2)IR较高胰岛素血症与高血压的关系更加密切,高胰岛素血症可能不是致高血压的独立危险因素.     

二甲双胍对原发性高血压伴糖耐量减低患者血压的影响

目的:观察二甲双胍单独或与苯那普利联合应用对原发性高血压(EH)患者的降压作用。方法:将120例伴糖耐量减低非糖尿病EH患者随机分为二甲双胍组(59例)和苯那普利组(61例),分别以二甲双胍500mg,3次/d和苯那普利10mg,1次/d治疗。治疗1个月后对收缩压≥140mmHg(1mmHg=0.133kPa)和(或)舒张压≥90mmHg者,给予上述2种药物联合治疗,剂量同上;达标者继续原治疗不变。总疗程为2个月。观察2组治疗前后血压和胰岛素敏感性变化。结果:①与治疗前比较,二甲双胍组和苯那普利组在治疗1个月后收缩压分别下降(12.5±6.4)mmHg和(14.9±6.5)mmHg,舒张压分别下降(8.5±6.2)mmHg和(9.9±3.8)mmHg;在治疗2个月后收缩压分别下降(16.9±5.0)mmHg和(19.9±6.4)mmHg,舒张压分别下降(13.1±5.3)mmHg和(14.3±1.2)mmHg,2组比较均差异无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。2组联合用药率均为56%。②与治疗前比较,空腹胰岛素、糖负荷1h胰岛素、糖负荷2h胰岛素、胰岛素曲线下面积在二甲双胍组于治疗1、2个月后明显下降(均P<0.01);在苯那普利组除糖负荷1h胰岛素于治疗1个月后开始下降外(P<0.05),其余于治疗2个月后明显下降(均P<0.01)。胰岛素敏感性指数在二甲双胍组于治疗1个月后明显高于苯那普利组(P<0.05),在治疗2个月后2组间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:二甲双胍与苯那普利对伴糖耐量减低EH患者具有相似的降压效应和良好的协同作用。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.