2型糖尿病患者血尿酸与糖化血红蛋白的相关性

目的 探讨2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者血清尿酸与糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)的相关性.方法 411例T2DM患者分为两组:A组330例,HbA1c＞7％;B组81例,HbA1c≤7％.测定两组空腹血糖、血肌酐和血尿酸水平,分析HbA1c与血清尿酸的相关性.结果 A组中男性血尿酸水平与HbA1c呈负相关(r=-0.25,P＜0.05),B组中男性血尿酸水平与HbA1c呈正相关(r=0.38,P＜0.05).女性T2DM患者血尿酸水平与HbA1c无明显相关性.结论 男性T2DM患者,HbA1c＞7％时,血尿酸水平随HbA1c增加有下降的趋势.     

新诊2型糖尿病患者糖化血红蛋白与血脂、血尿酸相关性研究

目的 探讨新诊2型糖尿病患者不同水平糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)与血脂、血尿酸(SUA)的关系.方法 选取2015年1月至2015年6月于青岛市内分泌糖尿病医院第一次住院新诊2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者95例,根据HbA1c测定不同水平分成3组,采用单因素方差分析法比较不同组间一般资料及生化指标,采用Pearson分析血脂相关指标及血尿酸与HbA1c关系.结果 甘油三酯(TG)、胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、血尿酸(SUA)水平在1组、2组及3组逐渐升高,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)则降低,3组比较差异具有统计学意义(F值分别为8.12、26.09、62.38、8.11、37.67,P＜0.05).经Pearson相关分析,HbA1c与TG(r=0.412,P＜0.05)、TC(r=0.570,P＜0.05)、LDL-C(r=0.707,P＜0.05)、SUA(r=0.325,P＜0.05)呈正相关,与HDL-C(r=-0.533,P＜0.05)呈负相关.结论 新诊2型糖尿病患者应严格控制HbAc1水平,防止血脂、血尿酸等心血管危险因素指标异常.     

绝经后2型糖尿病患者骨密度变化与脊柱骨折的关系

目的 探讨绝经后妇女中2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM)患者骨密度(bone mineral density,BMD)的变化及其与脊柱骨折的关系.方法 随机选取绝经后T2DM患者119例为观察组,绝经后非T2DM妇女124例为对照组,应用双能X线骨密度吸收仪测定BMD,行脊柱X线摄片.结果 观察组患者腰椎BMD比对照组高(P＜0.05),绝经后T2DM患者中骨折组股骨颈、L2-4骨密度比非骨折组低,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 绝经后T2DM患者随着年龄的增大、绝经年限的增加以及骨密度的改变,其骨折风险增加,需重视对BMD的监测,以防骨折的发生.     

老年2型糖尿病合并骨质疏松症患者血尿酸水平变化的临床分析

目的 探讨血尿酸(UA)在老年2型糖尿病(T2DM)合并骨质疏松症(OP)患者发生、发展中的变化情况。方法 选择确诊为T2DM的老年患者76例,进行骨密度(BMD)测定,依据T值水平将T2DM患者分为骨量正常组(T值≥-1.0, 26例)、骨量减少组(-2.50.05);四组年龄、病程、BMI、HbA1c、TG、Scr、25(OH)...     

2型糖尿病腰椎骨密度及其相关因素分析

目的探讨2型糖尿病患者腰椎骨密度及其年龄、性别因素。方法对不同年龄、性别组2型糖尿病（（T2DM）患者与健康对照组的腰L1-3椎体骨密度（BMD）进行测定及相关性分析,判断有无骨质疏松。结果 2型糖尿病组与正常对照组年龄、性别构成比例均无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;2型糖尿病男性患者60～69年龄以下组腰椎骨密度值、骨质疏松患病率与对照组间差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;2型糖尿病女性患者70岁以上组的L1-3腰段差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,呈现骨质疏松。结论 2型糖尿病患者腰椎骨密度（BMD）和骨质疏松（OP）患病率均与正常对照人群基本相似。随着年龄增长,男、女性T2DM患者腰椎BMD呈下降趋势。     

老年2型糖尿病血清C反应蛋白与血尿酸关系探讨

目的:探讨老年2型糖尿病(T2DM)、糖尿病伴高血压患者和正常人血清C反应蛋白(CRP)、血尿酸(SUA)等代谢指标之间的关系。方法:受试者分为3组,55例单纯T2DM(DM组),59例T2DM合并高血压者(DMG组)和54例健康的60岁以上老年人(NC组),检测比较腰围(WC)、收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、体质量指数(BMI)、CRP、SUA、空腹血糖(FPG)、外周血白细胞(WBC)、三酰甘油(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)及低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)等指标,并比较血清CRP、SUA与其他相关指标的关系。结果:DMG组和DM组的BMI、WC、CRP、SUA、FPG、TG、TC及LDL-C均显著高于NC组;DMG组SBP、DBP、CRP、SUA、TC及FPG较DM组增高,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01)。血清CRP、SUA与TG、TC、LDL-C、FPG、WBC、BMI、WC、SBP、DBP呈正相关(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论:动态监测血CRP、SUA有利于老年2型糖尿病尤其合并高血压患者的预防及治疗。     

2型糖尿病患者HbA1C与血尿酸的相关关系

目的 探讨2型糖尿病(T2DM)糖化血红蛋白(HbA1C)与血清尿酸(SUA)的相关关系.方法 选取202例T2DM患者,依据SUA水平分为尿酸正常对照(NC)组及高尿酸血症(HUA)组,采用Spearman分析HbA1C与SUA的相关性.按HbA1C控制目标分为达标组(HbA1C<7.0％)、一般组(7.0％≤ HbA1C<10.0％)、差组(10.0％≤HbA1C),比较不同性别、不同HbA1C控制水平的SUA浓度.结果 HUA组BMI、TG、空腹C肽、SUA、SCr、SBP较NC组升高(P<0.05),而HbA1c、HDL-C、eGFR较NC组降低(P<0.05).Spearman分析示T2DM患者的SUA与HbA1C呈负相关,然而仅男性SUA随不同HbA1C控制水平(<7.0％、7.0％～10.0％、≥10.0％)的升高有明显下降趋势(P<0.001),女性虽有下降趋势但无统计学差异.经logistic回归分析示HbA1C是高尿酸血症的负相关因素.结论 T2DM男性患者SUA与HbA1C负相关,故应在血糖控制后重新评估血尿酸水平,避免延误高尿酸血症的治疗.     

血尿酸水平与2型糖尿病患者血管并发症的关系

目的:探讨血尿酸(SUA)水平与2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者血管并发症的关系及可能的作用机制。方法:收集1040例T2DM患者,根据患者血尿酸水平分为高尿酸血症(HUA,男性≥420μmol/L,女性绝经后≥420μmol/L,绝经前≥360μmol/L)组117例和正常血尿酸(NUA)组923例,比较2组间主要临床指标以及血管并发症发生情况的差异。结果:(1)HUA组糖尿病肾病(DN)、高血压、脑血管病变发病率均高于NUA组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。(2)HUA与NUA组间体质量指数(BMI)、三酰甘油(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)的差异有统计学意义(均P<0.01)。(3)多因素非条件Logistic回归分析示BMI、TG、HDL-C、HbA1c为血尿酸水平的影响因素。结论:T2DM合并高尿酸血症患者血管并发症的发生率更高,应重视血尿酸这一危险因素。     

2型糖尿病血尿酸水平与亚临床动脉粥样硬化的相关性

目的探讨2型糖尿病患者血尿酸(SUA)水平与颈动脉内中膜厚度(IMT)及臂踝脉搏波传导速度(baPWV)的相关性。方法401例住院的2型糖尿病患者,根据SUA水平分为SUA-1、SUA-2及SUA-3组,比较分析3组间IMT及baPWV的差异,并进行相关性分析。结果男性患者SUA-2组及SUA-3组的IMT均明显高于SUA-1组,女性患者SUA-3组的IMT明显高于SUA-1及SUA-2组。无论男性还是女性患者,baPWV均随着SUA的升高而显著升高,SUA与IMT、baPWV之间呈明显正相关。结论高SUA水平是影响2型糖尿病患者动脉硬化的危险因素。     

绝经后女性2型糖尿病患者血清胎球蛋白A水平及与糖脂代谢和骨密度的关系研究

目的研究绝经后女性2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者血清胎球蛋白A(Fetuin-A)水平及与骨密度(BMD)和糖脂代谢的关系。方法选择2008年10月至2010年3月在中南大学湘雅二医院内分泌科住院的绝经后T2DM女性患者44例,及年龄、绝经年限、体质量指数相匹配的绝经后健康女性41例。酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)测定血清Fetuin-A。结果①2型糖尿病组血清Fetuin-A水平较对照组显著降低(359.18±80.06μg/mL,400.98±98.45μg/mL,P<0.05),两组第1~4腰椎(PAL1~4)、左侧股骨颈(FN)、股骨干(Inter)、大转子(Troch)及总股骨(Thip)各部位骨密度、HOMA-IR未见明显差异;②2型糖尿病组中,多元线性回归提示TG、BMI与Fetuin-A呈显著正相关(b'j=0.392,0.308,P<0.05),HbA1c与Fetuin-A呈独立负相关关系(b'j=-0.291,P<0.05)。结论①绝经后女性T2DM患者血清Fetuin-A水平降低,与高血糖密切相关;②血清Fetuin-A与BMD可能不存在直接关系。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.