9条目病人健康问卷抑郁量表在卒中后抑郁筛查中的应用价值

目的探析9条目病人健康问卷抑郁量表(PHQ-9)在卒中后抑郁(PSD)筛查中的应用价值。方法选取260例卒中后1~6个月患者的临床治疗资料进行回顾性分析,PSD诊断标准为中国精神障碍分类与诊断标准第3版(CCMD-3),评估并比较PHQ-9≥5、汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)≥8对PSD的诊断效能。结果 PHQ-9在灵敏度、特异度、诊断符合率、约登指数等方面都优于HAMD(P0.05);一般情况下女性的抑郁严重程度高于男性,经济收入较低者的抑郁严重程度高于经济收入较高者(P0.05);独身者的抑郁严重程度高于已婚者(P0.05)。结论采用9条目病人健康问卷抑郁量表对卒中后抑郁患者进行筛查,具有显著的临床诊断价值、灵敏度以及特异度,还具有较高的准确性。     

脑卒中后抑郁发生的相关因素分析

目的:研究脑卒中发病1个月后卒中后抑郁(PSD)的发生率及其相关因素。方法:共纳入160例脑卒中住院康复患者,根据汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)分为PSD组和非PSD组。收集一般资料、临床变量和血液生化检查(总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白、高密度脂蛋白、空腹血糖、超敏C反应蛋白、血同型半胱氨酸等),入院时评估美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS),发病1个月时评估NIHSS、Barthel指数(BI)、Fugl-Meyer运动功能评分(FMA)。分析对比2组间差异,多因素回归分析PSD发生的独立危险因素。结果:恢复期PSD的发生率为38.1%,轻度、中度和重度抑郁的发生率分别为12.5%、16.9%、8.7%。与非PSD组比较,PSD组患者病灶数目多(P0.05),血同型半胱氨酸、超敏C反应蛋白较高(P0.05),入院时及发病1个月后的NIHSS评分高(P0.05),发病1个月后ADL及FMA评分低(P0.05),手功能及步行能力差(P0.05),发生肩手并发症多(P0.05)。Logistic回归分析显示血同型半胱氨酸、超敏C反应蛋白、发病时的NIHSS程度、缺血性卒中病灶数目、肩手并发症、步行能力为恢复期发生PSD的相关因素。结论:血同型半胱氨酸、超敏C反应蛋白、发病时NIHSS评分、缺血性卒中病灶数目、肩手并发症、步行能力为脑卒中恢复期PSD发生的独立危险因素。     

卒中急性期患者抑郁的危险因素分析

目的:研究卒中患者急性期发生抑郁的危险因素。方法:收集卒中患者357例,对发生抑郁的可能危险因素,年龄、性别、既往卒中史、抑郁病史、卒中的严重程度、残疾程度、认知障碍进行分析。结果:357例患者中,发生抑郁100例(28.01%,抑郁组),未发生抑郁257例(71.99%,无抑郁组)。抑郁组的美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评分、年龄、既往抑郁病史高于无抑郁组(P0.05),Logistic分析提示,年龄、抑郁病史及NIHSS评分与抑郁相关(P0.05)。结论:卒中后抑郁在急性期发生率高,应给予足够的重视及早期治疗。     

缺血性脑卒中后抑郁患者现况及影响因素分析

目的:调查缺血性脑卒中后抑郁患者的现况及影响因素。方法:选取2018年4月1日～2020年6月1日治疗的缺血性脑卒中患者,于卒中后4周采用患者卒中后抑郁(PSD)发病率及9条目患者健康问卷(PHQ-9抑郁自评量表)、美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)、日常生活活动能力评定量表(BI)、社会支持评定量表(SSRS)进行调查。将患者分为PSD组和非PSD组,比较两组患者临床资料,采用多元Logistics回归分析导致患者出现PSD的危险因素,并建立缺血性脑卒中患者发生PSD风险预测模型。结果:本研究纳入231例缺血性脑卒中患者,卒中后4周出现PSD者95例,发生率为41.13%;PSD组独居、自费、家庭人均月收入≤3000元、PHQ-9评分9分、NIHSS评分4分、BI评分60分、SSRS评分20分比例多于非PSD组(P0.05);经多元Logistics回归分析,独居、自费、家庭人均月收入≤3000元、NIHSS评分4分、BI评分60分、SSRS评分20分是导致缺血性脑卒中患者出现PSD的危险因素(P0.05),缺血性脑卒中患者出现PSD的多因素Logistics回归预测模型为P=1/(1+e~((0.537-0.293X_1-0.328X_2-0.402X_3-0.377X_4-0.631X_5-0.579X_6)))。结论:缺血性脑卒中患者PSD发生率为41.13%,独居、自费、家庭人均月收入≤3000元、NIHSS评分4分、BI评分60分、SSRS评分20分是导致缺血性脑卒中患者出现PSD的危险因素。     

脑卒中后焦虑、抑郁自评量表测评的临床研究

目的了解脑卒中后焦虑、抑郁症状的发生率、影响因素、临床特点,寻找相应的防治措施。方法运用焦虑自评量表(SAS)、抑郁自评量表(SDS)对脑卒中病人进行测评,对其结果进行统计分析。结果脑卒中后焦虑症状发生率为39.39％,男女无统计学差异;抑郁症状发生率为50％,女性高于男性,卒中次数、家族史、高血压病史对脑卒中后焦虑、抑郁倾向/程度的影响较大。结论宜加强脑卒中后焦虑、抑郁的研究(特别是抑郁),应在治疗脑卒中的基础上,加强对焦虑、抑郁的药物和心理治疗等。     

老年人脑卒中患者急性期并发抑郁的研究

目的探讨老年人卒中后急性期抑郁状态（PSD）的发生率及预后。方法对58例老年人卒中患者急性期用汉密尔顿（HAMD）抑郁量表进行测试，对符合老年人PSD诊断的23例患者给予5．羟色胺再摄取抑制荆（SSRI）类药物治疗，分别于卒中后第2、3、4周进行评定，用HAMD减分率判断疗效。结果老年人脑卒中患者急性期PSD的发生率为37．9％，轻、中度抑郁发生率33．3％，用SSRI类药物治疗1个月，治愈14例，好转8例，无效1例。结论老年人卒中后急性期PSD发生率高于一般人群：SSRI类药物应用于PSD疗效显著。在治疗脑卒中的同时应积极治疗抑郁状态。     

首发急性缺血性脑卒中患者认知功能障碍与抑郁状态的相关因素

目的探讨首发急性缺血性脑卒中患者认知功能障碍和抑郁状态的相关影响因素。方法选取急性缺血性脑卒中患者206例,采用蒙特利尔认知评估量表将其分为卒中后认知功能障碍组146例、非卒中后认知功能障碍组60例,采用汉密尔顿抑郁量表将其分为卒中后抑郁组52例、非卒中后抑郁组154例。收集患者的人口学特征及临床指标进行统计学分析。结果卒中后认知功能障碍组年龄、合并高血压比例、同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)、C反应蛋白(CRP)水平显著高于非卒中后认知功能障碍组,男性比例、文化程度、Barthel指数以及血红蛋白(Hb)、空腹血糖(GLU)、肌酐(Cre)水平显著低于非卒中后认知功能障碍组(P 0. 05或P 0. 01)。卒中后抑郁组男性比例、CRP水平显著低于非卒中后抑郁组(P 0. 05);卒中后抑郁组合并高血压、合并冠心病、前部病灶比例以及GLU、丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、Cre、Hcy水平均显著高于非卒中后抑郁组(P 0. 05或P 0. 01)。多因素Logistic逐步回归分析显示,年龄、文化程度、Hb、Hcy是首发急性缺血性脑卒中患者认知功能障碍的独立影响因素;性别、Hcy是首发急性缺血性脑卒中患者抑郁的独立影响因素。结论 Hcy水平是首发急性缺血性脑卒中患者认知功能障碍和抑郁的共同影响因素,年龄、文化程度、Hb是认知功能障碍的独立影响因素,性别是抑郁的独立影响因素,应在患者发病早期进行筛查和干预。     

脑卒中后抑郁症相关因素调查分析及护理对策

目的:研究急性脑卒中后抑郁(PSD)与个人因素、家庭支持系统、神经功能缺损评分(NIHSS)及病变部位的相关性及探讨护理对策。方法:采用汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)评定,将68例首次脑卒中患者分为PSD组和非PSD组。所有患者都在入院时进行个人情况及家庭社会支持系统调查,发病3d内进行颅脑CT或MRI检查,2周时进行HAMD及NIHSS评分。结果:68例急性脑卒中患者中发生PSD27例,发生率为39.71%,其发生与个人因素、社会家庭支持系统,病变部位及NIHSS评分有关。PSD的发生与患者受教育程度呈明显负相关(P0.05),与经济状况、居住环境、婚姻状况等家庭社会支持情况亦呈明显负相关(P0.01);女性发生率较男性发生率有显著性差异(P0.01)。PSD组NIHSS评分明显高于非PSD组患者(P0.01);病灶位于额叶的PSD发生率高于基底节、顶枕叶及小脑。结论:对病变位于额叶的患者以及神经功能缺损严重、社会家庭支持薄弱、受教育程度较低及女性患者,应尽快进行抑郁测评并及时进行心理疏导,配合治疗,从而促进神经功能的康复,提高患者的生存质量。     

脑卒中后抑郁患者的临床分析

通过汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)及美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHISS)对2011年1月~2013年10月期间210例脑卒中患者进行评分,使用SPSS 17.0统计学软件对不同亚组进行统计学分析。结果40~50岁年龄组卒中后抑郁发生率较其它年龄组高,女性患者脑卒中后抑郁的发生率高于男性,P0.05,有显著性差异。脑卒中后抑郁组与非抑郁组NIHSS评分相比,有统计学意义。对于40~50岁年龄组的卒中患者、女性卒中患者及NIHSS评分较高的患者更容易出现卒中后抑郁。     

脑卒中后抑郁患者相关因素分析

选取本院2013年6月~2015年3月279例脑卒中患者,以汉密尔顿(HAMD)17项抑郁评分量表筛选出卒中后两周、一个月、两个月、三个月具有抑郁情绪的患者,并据此将患者分为非PSD组和PSD组,并比较两组在中国脑卒中临床神经功能损失程度评分表及社会支持评定量表评分结果。结果279例脑卒中后患者发生抑郁127例,发生率45.5%,卒中后抑郁患者卒中部位、抑郁程度、神经功能损失等因素进行分析,结果发现PSD组与非PSD患者卒抑郁程度、卒中部位、神经功能损失具有统计学意义,多灶性卒中或卒中灶位于基底节、额颞叶、左侧半球的患者发生PSD明显高于单灶性卒中或卒中灶位于顶枕叶、右半球、皮质的患者。PSD发生与患者卒中部位、神经功能损失有关,多灶性卒中或卒中灶位于基底节、额颞叶、左侧半球的患者易发生PSD。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.