军校学员领导力胜任特征模型的建立

目的 建立军校学员领导力胜任胜任牲模型,为军校学员的选拔和培养提理论依据.方法 据文献回顾和专家评判,挑先出11项指标构成胜任牲模型.分别以32门功课的学业成绩和毕业后领导绩效评价为效标,对该模型进行效度验证.结果 胜任特征评价和领导绩效评价总成绩之间具有显著正相关,在胜任特征评价优秀与一般者之间,其领导绩效评价也有显著差异.结论 该胜任特征模型对军校赏领导力具有较好的预测效度,可用于军校学员的选拔和领导能力的培养.     

基层军官胜任力的军校学员素质调查研究

目的在构建优秀基层军官胜任力要素基础上对军校学员素质状况进行调查研究。方法在文献分析、访谈及专家判定基础上形成问卷,分两阶段对263名基层军官和273名军校学员施测。结果①问卷由38个项目组成,包括忠诚与适应、影响特征等6个因素,解释总变异的63.723%;全问卷的Cronbachs’α系数为0.914,各因子的Cronbach’α系数在0.806～0.911之间;各因子间的相关系数在0.478～0.774之间,P<0.01;各因子与总问卷的相关系数在0.608～0.699之间,P<0.01;②二年级学员与优秀基层军官在忠诚与适应、影响特征、认知特征、管理特征及民主服务上存在显著差异(t=15.610,19.640,12.670,12.190,9.803;P<0.001);③四年级学员与优秀基层军官在适应与忠诚和管理特征上存在显著差异(t=2.563,4.562;P<0.05)。结论该问卷具有良好的信效度,可作为军校学员胜任力素质的调查工具;基层优秀军官在忠诚与适应、影响特征、认知特征、管理特征及民主服务维度上明显优于二年级学员,在适应与忠诚和管理特征维度上明显优于四年级学员。     

武警初级指挥院校学员人格特征与心理健康关系研究

探讨武警初级指挥院校学员的人格特点及其与心理健康的关系,以便为学员的心理健康教育提供依据。以艾森克人格问卷（EPQ）和症状自评量表（SCL）-90这工具,采取整群随机抽样的方法,调查了武警某初级指挥院校学员427名。结果显示：①与全国同龄组男性群体、同龄组男性军人群体和军校学员群体相比,武警初级指挥院校学员的总体人格特征较好。②武警初级指挥院校不同专业、不同年级、不同生源、是否独生子女、不同家庭所在地的学员人格特征上也有所差异。③武警初级指挥院校学员人格特征中的精神质、神经质维度与心理健康呈正相关,内外向、掩饰性维度与心理健康呈负相关。武警初级指挥院校学员总体人格特征较好,人格特征对心理健康有显著影响。     

军校学历教育合训学员的人格特征

目前军队院校的生长军官主要是采取"4+1"的培养模式,即军队院校指挥生长军官前4年的学历教育合训主要在理工科水平高的军校进行,指挥生长军官的第一任职能力主要通过第5年的任职院校来培养.     

初级军官职业承诺问卷的编制

目的:编制初级军官职业承诺问卷,检验其信度和效度.方法:建构初级军官职业承诺五维模型,依照该模型编制初级军官职业承诺问卷.用新编问卷测试829名初级军官,80名初级军官完成初测10天后进行重测,所有被试同时完成离职倾向测试.结果:新编问卷最终由4个因子组成.Cronbachα系数为0.651-0.873,重测信度系数为0.720-0.912;总分与各维度分的相关系数为0.439-0.830 (P＜0.001);在四维模型中,x2/df小于3,CFI、GFI、NNFI均大于0.90,RMRSEA小于0.08,且各项拟合指标均优于其它4个模型;除代价承诺外,各维度分及总分均与离职倾向问卷得分呈显著负相关(r=-0.515～-0.317,P＜0.001).结论:初级军官职业承诺问卷结构合理,具有较好的信度和效度,可以用于初级军官的职业管理、心理训练和选拔实践.     

不同专业军校学员人格特征分析

目的:了解不同专业军校学员人格特征,完善我军专业人才选拔机制。方法:使用中文版MBTI-G人格类型量表对陆军指挥、飞行及指挥、通信及自动化控制和临床医学专业一年级本科生进行团体施测,被试分别为334、442、382和380名。结果:4组学员MBTI各维度得分存在显著性差异(F=3.487～29.488,χ2=28.941,P<0.05～0.001),人格类型分布也有显著性差异(χ2=123.967,P<0.001)。各组学员中占优势比例的人格类型不完全相同。结论:选择同一专业的学员其人格类型具有一定同质性,可以把人格特征作为人员选拔、分类与安置的依据之一。     

军校学员睡眠质量现状分析

目的:了解在校军校学员的睡眠质量现状及所存在的问题,并客观分析、研究,指明改善睡眠质量的方法,帮助和引导建立良好的睡眠。方法:采用匹兹堡睡眠质量指数调查表(PSQI)对712名军校学员进行整群抽样。结果:军校大学生匹兹堡睡眠质量平均得分为(6.29±3.13),睡眠障碍发生率为32.16%,5个年级学员睡眠障碍发生率差异具有统计学意义(χ2=22.45,P0.05)。结论:军校学员睡眠障碍发生率较高,学校应采取适当措施改善学员的睡眠质量,促进身心健康。     

军校学员适应性现状分析

目的:了解军校学员的适应性现状及所存在的问题,为军校学员更好地适应军校生活提供帮助。方法:采用大学生适应性量表(CSAI)对680名军校学员进行调查。结果:(1)军校学员的适应性较普通高校大学生好;(2)男学员与女学员在适应性上无显著差异(P0.05);(3)军校学员除职业选择适应性在不同年级相对稳定之外(P0.05),其余维度均存在显著的差异。结论:军校学员的总体适应性较好,不存在性别差异,但其适应性具有时间的阶段性特点。     

初级军官职业承诺特点及影响因素

目的:探讨初级军官职业承诺的特点及影响因素。方法:使用初级军官职业承诺问卷,采用整群抽样法对4所军校和8个部队进行调查,被试为415名初级军官。结果:初级军官职业承诺总分及各因子得分均在3分左右。男军官机会承诺显著低于女军官(t=-2.30,P<0.05)。已婚军官代价承诺得分(t=3.00,P<0.01)和职业承诺总分(t=2.41,P<0.05)都显著高于未婚军官。硕士学历军官在情感承诺(MD=0.394,P<0.01;MD=0.318,P<0.01)、规范承诺(MD=0.572,P<0.001;MD=0.439,P<0.01)和职业承诺总水平(MD=0.321,P<0.01;MD=0.326,P<0.001)上均显著低于专科和本科学历军官,硕士学历军官在代价承诺上显著低于本科学历军官(MD=0.365,P<0.01)。正连职军官在情感承诺(MD=0.259,P<0.01)、规范承诺(MD=0.232,P<0.05)和总水平(MD=0.192,P<0.01)上显著低于副连职军官,副营职军官在总水平上也显著低于副连职军官(MD=0.171,P<0.05)。情感承诺与内控性得分的正相关最高(r=0.283,P<0.001),与军旅特殊生活因子得分的负相关最高(r=-0.358,P<0.001)。结论:初级军官总体职业承诺水平中等,其职业承诺受到性别、学历、职务、内控性、社会支持、军旅特殊生活等因素的显著影响。     

军校学员人际关系状况的调查报告

目的:了解军校在校大学生的人际关系状况及所存在的问题,为解决学员人际关系困扰提供依据。方法:采用人际关系综合诊断量表对712名军校大学生进行整群抽样调查。结果:军校学员人际关系困扰的发生率为35.0%,5个年级在交际及与异性交往两个维度上存在显著差异(KW-H=10.994,20.608;P0.01);医学生、非医学生在人际关系与4个维度上差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:军校在校大学生人际关系困扰发生率较高,学校应采取适当措施引导和帮助学员建立良好的人际关系,促进学员的身心健康。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

Hypo- und Hypermagnesämie aus kardiologischer Sicht

Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe pathologischer Zustände bedingen Magnesiummangel. Zustände mit Hypermagnesämie sind ebenfalls bekannt, doch wesentlich seltener. Für den Kardiologen beachtenswert ist, daß unter Therapie mit bestimmten Diuretica bei Herzinsuffizienz, bei Herzinfarkt, Kardiomyopathie, Digitalisintoxikation und bestimmten Herzrhythmusstörungen Hypomagnesämie beobachtet wurde. Leider kann in der klinischen Routine nur ein extracelluläres Magnesiumdefizit durch Serumbestimmungen gemessen werden; über Magnesiummangel einzelner Organe kann nichts ausgesagt werden. Hinweise für Magnesiummangel geben aber neben der Messung des Serumspiegels Anamnese, klinischer Befund, bestimmte EKG-Veränderungen wie auch evtl. Hypokalämie, ein Zustand, bei dem sich oft — besonders bei Aldosteronismus — parallele Veränderungen zeigten.Tierexperimente deuten darauf hin, daß infarktähnliche Läsionen unter Magnesiummangel entstehen, doch ob Herzinfarkt beim Menschen durch Magnesiummangel ausgelöst werden kann, ist noch ungeklärt. In Leichenherzen zeigte sich im Infarktgebiet neben Calciumakkumulation signifikanter Magnesiumverlust, wobei unklar blieb, ob sich Ursache oder Folge des Infarktes widerspiegelten. Falls ein ursächlicher Zusammenhang besteht, ist er im Myokardstoffwechsel selbst zu suchen, wie bei der Alkoholkardiomyopathie, wo myokardialer Magnesiummangel zumindest als pathogenetischer Teilfaktor anerkannt wird. Andererseits versucht man aber auch Beziehungen zwischen Atherosklerose, Blutgerinnung und Hypomagnesämie herzustellen, in der Meinung, daß Magnesiummangel auch über den coronaren Pathomechanismus des Herzinfarktes wirken könnte. Sicher scheint, daß gewisse EKG-Veränderungen und Herzrhythmusstörungen durch einen irritierten Magnesiumhaushalt bedingt sein können, da sie bei Gabe bzw. Entzug von Magnesium verschwinden. Daß Magnesiummangel die Glykosidtoleranz verringert, wird tierexperimentell bestätigt. Unter Hypomagnesämie bewirkt Acetylstrophanthidin eher und länger Rhythmusstörungen als ohne, außerdem lassen diese sich durch Magnesiumgaben eliminieren. Da in gewissen Fällen spontane und digitalisinduzierte Herzrythmusstörungen durch Magnesiuminjektionen beseitigt wurden, scheint Magnesium als Therapeuticum angebracht. Einsatz verschiedener Magnesiumsalze bei Angina pectoris, degenerativen Herzerkrankungen und Herzinsuffizienz ohne geprüften und offensichtlich gestörten Magnesiumhaushalt ist fragwürdig, weil keine eindeutigen klinischen Erfolgsbeweise vorliegen. Immerhin mag es aber larvierte, durch Serumbestimmungen nicht erfaßbare Mangelzustände geben. Allgemein erscheint es aus kardiologischer Sicht ratsam, den Magnesiumhaushalt zu überwachen und in entsprechenden Fällen auszugleichen, um möglichen Myokardläsionen oder fatalen Herzrhythmusstörungen entgegenzuwirken.     

Environmental risk factors and their role in the management of atopic dermatitis

Introduction: The etiology of atopic dermatitis (AD) is multifactorial with interaction between genetics, immune and environmental factors.

Areas covered: We review the role of prenatal exposures, irritants and pruritogens, pathogens, climate factors, including temperature, humidity, ultraviolet radiation, outdoor and indoor air pollutants, tobacco smoke exposure, water hardness, urban vs. rural living, diet, breastfeeding, probiotics and prebiotics on AD.

Expert commentary: The increased global prevalence of AD cannot be attributed to genetics alone, suggesting that evolving environmental exposures may trigger and/or flare disease in predisposed individuals. There is a complex interplay between different environmental factors, including individual use of personal care products and exposure to climate, pollution, food and other exogenous factors. Understanding these complex risk factors is crucial to developing targeted interventions to prevent the disease in millions. Moreover, patients require counseling on optimal regimens for minimization of exposure to irritants and pruritogens and other harmful exposures.     

Class II HLA in Georgia Caucasus Tbilisi Georgians and their Mediterranean ancestry: The Usko Mediterranean languages

Georgia (or Sakartvelo in its own language) is a South Caucasus Mts. country with its easternmost part is enigmatically named Iberia, like the Iberian Peninsula, which may refer to rivers “Kura” and “Ebro” or their valleys respectively. Most of their inhabitants speak Georgian which is included within Dene-Caucasian group and Usko-Mediterranean subgroup of languages. The latter includes Basque, Berber, ancient Iberian-Tartessian, Etruscan, Hittite, Minoan Lineal A and others. In the present paper, HLA class II -DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles has been studied and extended haplotypes calculated. Most frequent haplotypes are also of Mediterranean origin (i. e.: (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*13:01-DQB1*06:03, or (A*24-B*35)-DRB1*01:01-DQB1*05:01) and DA genetic distances show that closest world populations to Georgians are Mediterraneans. Georgians also show common extended haplotypes ((A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*13)-DRB1*07:01-DQB1*02:01 and (A*03-B*35)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01) with Svan people, a secluded population in North Georgia mountains. We can conclude that Georgians belong to a very old Mediterranean substratum according to both linguistics (Usko Mediterranean languages) and HLA genetics.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.