带状疱疹与带状疱疹后神经痛患者温度觉阈值变化及其意义

目的:分析躯干部位带状疱疹、带状疱疹后神经痛患者皮肤温度觉阈值的变化与差异,推测其感觉功能改变及疼痛的病理机制.方法:应用NA-Ⅱ温度觉定量分析仪测定躯干部位带状疱疹、带状疱疹后神经痛患者及对照组相应皮肤的温度觉阈值.结果:带状疱疹后神经痛患者较带状疱疹患者皮肤的冷觉、热觉、热痛觉阈值均升高,其中冷觉阈值升高最为明显.带状疱疹患者冷觉与热觉阈值之间相关性无统计学意义,而带状疱疹后神经痛患者冷觉与热觉阈值之间呈负相关.结论:病变发展过程中,Aδ,C类神经纤维损伤程度有所加重,并以传导冷觉的Aδ神经纤维受损更为严重,表现为带状疱疹后神经痛患者对冷觉、热觉和热痛觉耐受性高于带状疱疹患者,而且对温度觉或痛觉的辨别度减低.     

正常人上肢不同部位的温度觉阈值20例观察

目的初步探讨正常人温度觉阈值的正常范围,以及各阈值与性别、部位之间的关系。方法用神经感觉分析仪(TSA-Ⅱ)的Limits法测定20例正常人上肢10个部位的冷觉、温觉、冷痛、热痛阈值并进行比较分析。结果各部位的冷觉、温觉个体差异不显著,冷痛觉和热痛觉的个体差异比较明显;男女之间在有些部位的温度觉阈值上有一定差异;左右侧在某些部位和某些温度觉方面有一定的差异。结论正常人的温度觉阈值与性别、部位有一定关系。     

脑卒中肩手综合征患者感觉障碍的定量分析

背景脑卒中偏瘫后肩手综合征(shoulder-hand syndrome,SHS)患者感觉减退已被证实,而感觉障碍的评估多用问卷式调查或仅为粗略临床检查来完成,难以精确评估.目的运用定量感觉检查技术(quantitative sensorytesting,QST)检查脑卒中后肩手综合征观察组和脑卒中对照组各15例患者的温度觉及振动觉,并进行定量分析,以了解小纤维神经功能状态及其与肩手综合征的关系.设计病例对照研究(case-control study).地点和对象研究地点为中南大学湘雅三医院,对象涉及2000-06/2001-04湘雅三医院门诊及住院脑卒中后瘫痪病例.方法用界限法分别检查观察组与对照组偏瘫侧上肢大鱼际掌侧温度觉阈值与拇指掌侧振动觉阈值.检查温度觉时,使用一个小的与检测区皮肤接触的热电极探头,探头温度以1℃/s速度递增(热觉、热痛觉)或递减(冷觉、冷痛觉),直至受检者产生感觉的那一刻由受检者本人按下按钮停止刺激.得到一个温度觉阈值,探头温度恢复到预置温度准备下一次刺激.重复4次得到平均温度觉阈值.在检测振动觉时,振动器的刺激强度以0.1～12 μm/s的速度递增,重复检测6次.主要观察指标感觉障碍发生率,温度觉、痛觉及振动觉的数据.结果SHS组中感觉障碍发生率为67%较对照组27%显著增高(P＜0.05).SHS组与对照组定量感觉比较,主要表现为冷觉阈值降低(分别为26.73±4.48,29.89±1 57,P＜0.05),热觉阈值增高(分别为36.83±1.90,35.40±0.89,P＜0.05).冷痛觉阈值、热痛觉阈值与振动觉阈值之间的差异无显著性意义.冷痛觉阈值与冷觉阈值的差值(P＜0.01)及热痛觉阈值与热觉阈值之间差值(P＜0.01)差异有显著性意义.结论脑卒中偏瘫后SHS患者感觉障碍发生率显著增高.主要形式为温度觉减退和痛觉过敏.C类和Aδ类神经纤维功能障碍可能在SHS发病中起重要作用.     

肩手综合征定量感觉测定的临床研究

目的运用定量感觉检查技术对中风后肩手综合征(SHS)患者的温度觉及振动觉进行定量分析,以了解小纤维神经功能状态及其与肩手综合征的关系。方法应用神经感觉定量分析仪用界限法分别检查观察组SHS组(70例)与对照组(70例)偏瘫侧上肢大鱼际掌侧温度觉阈值与拇指掌侧振动觉阈值。结果SHS组中感觉障碍发生率较对照组显著增高(P<0.05)。SHS组与对照组定量感觉比较,主要表现为冷觉阈值降低(P<0.05),热觉阈值增高(P<0.05)。冷痛觉阈值、热痛觉阈值与振动觉阈值之间的差异无显著性。冷痛觉阈值与冷觉阈值的差值(P<0.01)及热痛觉阈值与热觉阈值之间差值(P<0.01)有显著性差异。结论中风偏瘫后SHS病人感觉障碍发生率显著增高。主要形式为温度觉减退和痛觉过敏。C类和Aδ类神经纤维功能障碍可能在SHS发病中起重要作用。     

脑卒中肩手综合征患者感觉障碍的定量分析

背景：脑卒中偏瘫后肩手综合征(shoulder-hand svndrome，SHS)患者感觉减退已被证实，而感觉障碍的评估多用问卷式调查或仅为粗略临床检查来完成，难以精确评估。目的：运用定量感觉检查技术(quantitative sensory testing，QST)检查脑卒中后肩手综合征观察组和脑卒中对照组各15例患者的温度觉及振动觉，并进行定量分析，以了解小纤维神经功能状态及其与肩手综合征的关系。设计：病例对照研究(case-control studv)。地点和对象：研究地点为中南大学湘雅三医院，对象涉及2000-06／2001-04湘雅三医院门诊及住院脑卒中后瘫痪病例。方法：用界限法分别检查观察组与对照组偏瘫侧上肢大鱼际掌侧温度觉阈值与拇指掌侧振动觉阈值。检查温度觉时，使用一个小的与检测区皮肤接触的热电极探头，探头温度以1℃／s速度递增(热觉、热痛觉)或递减(冷觉、冷痛觉)，直至受检者产生感觉的那一刻由受检者本人按下按钮停止刺激。得到一个温度觉阈值，探头温度恢复到预置温度准备下一次刺激。重复4次得到平均温度觉阈值。在检测振动觉时，振动器的刺激强度以0．1-12μm／s的速度递增，重复检测6次。主要观察指标：感觉障碍发生率，温度觉、痛觉及振动觉的数据。结果：SHS组中感觉障碍发生率为67％较对照组27％显著增高(P&;lt;0．05)。SHS组与对照组定量感觉比较，主要表现为冷觉阈值降低(分别为26．73&;#177;4．48，29．89&;#177;1．57，P&;lt;0．05)，热觉阈值增高(分别为36．83&;#177;1．90，35．40&;#177;0．89，P&;lt;0．05)。冷痛觉阈值、热痛觉阈值与振动觉阈值之间的差异无显著性意义。冷痛觉阈值与冷觉阈值的差值(P&;lt;0．01)及热痛觉阈值与热觉阈值之间差值(P&;lt;0．01)差异有显著性意义。结论：脑卒中偏瘫后SHS患者感觉障碍发生率显著增高。主要形式为温度觉减退和痛觉过敏。C类和AB类神经纤维功能障碍可能在SHS发病中起重要作用。     

神经根型颈椎病的定量感觉测定

目的:运用定量感觉检查技术对神经根型颈椎病患者的温度觉进行定量分析,以了解神经根型颈椎病患者小纤维神经的功能状态。方法:神经根型颈椎病组为2005-01/04于卫生部北京医院疼痛诊疗中心就诊,并被明确诊断为神经根型颈椎病的患者20例,其中男8例,女12例;年龄33～70(49.8±11.5)岁。所选病例均为单侧上肢出现症状(左侧10例,右侧10例),且检查前1周未进行理疗或神经阻滞治疗。对照组选择同期在疼痛诊疗中心就诊的非颈椎病患者及志愿者20例,其中男8例,女12例;年龄23～75(49.7±14.7)岁。应用神经感觉定量分析仪界限法检查双上肢大鱼际掌侧冷感觉、热感觉、冷痛觉、热痛觉阈值。结果:20例神经根型颈椎病患者和20例对照者,均进入结果分析。①神经根型颈椎病组患侧冷感觉阈值低于健侧,热感觉阈值高于健侧[(29.00±1.26)℃,(30.00±1.06)℃;(35.04±0.87)℃,(34.14±0.99)℃,P<0.05]。冷痛觉和热痛觉阈值患侧与健侧比较,差异无显著性(P>0.05)。②神经根型颈椎病组患侧与健侧阈值之差和对照组双侧阈值之差进行比较可见:冷感觉、热感觉、冷痛觉和热痛觉差异均有显著性[(-1.01±0.57)℃,(0.04±0.28)℃;(0.89±0.39)℃,(0.05±0.26)℃;(2.49±1.10)℃,(0.28±1.79)℃;(-1.62±0.86)℃,(0.17±1.10)℃,P<0.01]。颈椎病组患侧冷感觉和热痛觉阈值比健侧低,热感觉和冷痛觉阈值比健侧高。结论:神经根型颈椎病患者感觉障碍发生率显著增高。主要形式为温度觉减退和痛觉过敏,提示C类和Aδ类神经纤维出现功能障碍。     

牛痘疫苗接种家兔炎症皮肤提取物治疗脊髓损伤后神经病理性疼痛的定量感觉检查研究

目的:分析脊髓损伤(spinal cord injury,SCI)后神经病理性疼痛患者损伤平面的皮肤感觉阈值变化与差异,推测牛痘疫苗接种家兔炎症皮肤提取物(神经妥乐平)治疗SCI后神经病理性疼痛的作用机制。方法:39例SCI患者根据神经病理性疼痛的视觉模拟量表评分及使用神经妥乐平的不同情况分为轻、中、重3组,应用定量感觉检查(Quantitative sensory testing,QST)的方法,测试损伤平面皮肤的单丝触觉、冷觉阈值、热觉阈值以及冷痛觉阈值、热痛觉阈值,并与20例正常健康者进行比较。结果:与正常健康者相比,SCI患者损伤平面的单丝触觉阈、热觉阈均明显提高,冷觉阈明显降低。与无明显疼痛者比较,中、重度神经病理性疼痛者的单丝触觉阈、冷痛阈和热痛阈值间的差异存在统计学意义;神经妥乐平治疗有效者与无效者比较,冷痛阈、热痛阈间差异均存在统计学意义。结论:神经妥乐平治疗SCI后的神经病理性疼痛具有其特定的解剖生理学基础。通过QST筛查,有利于对SCI后的神经病理性疼痛进行早期干预。     

神经根型颈椎病的定量感觉测定

目的：运用定量感觉检查技术对神经根型颈椎病患者的温度觉进行定量分析，以了解神经根型颈椎病患者小纤维神经的功能状态。 方法：神经根型颈椎病组为2005—01／04于卫生部北京医院疼痛诊疗中心就诊，并被明确诊断为神经根型颈椎病的患者20例，其中男8例，女12例；年龄33～70（49．8&;#177;11．5）岁。所选病例均为单侧上肢出现症状（左侧10例，右侧10例），且检查前1周未进行理疗或神经阻滞治疗。对照组选择同期在疼痛诊疗中心就诊的非颈椎病患者及志愿者20例，其中男8例，女12例；年龄23&;#177;75（49．7&;#177;14．7）岁。应用神经感觉定量分析仪界限法检查双上肢大鱼际掌侧冷感觉、热感觉．冷痛觉．热痛觉阈值。 结果：20例神经根型颈椎病患者和20例对照者，均进入结果分析。①神经根型颈椎病组患侧冷感觉阈值低于健侧，热感觉阈值高于健侧[（29．00&;#177;1．26）℃，（30．00&;#177;1．06）℃：（35．04&;#177;0．87）℃，（34．14&;#177;0．99）℃，P〈0．05]。冷痛觉和热痛觉阈值患侧与健侧比较，差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。②神经根型颈椎病组患侧与健侧阚值之差和对照组双侧阈值之差进行比较可见：冷感觉．热感觉、冷痛觉和热痛觉差异均有显著性[（-1．01&;#177;o．57）℃，（0．04&;#177;0．28）℃；（0．89&;#177;0．39）℃，（0．05&;#177;0．26）℃；（2．49&;#177;1．10）℃，（0．28&;#177;1．79）℃；（-1．62&;#177;0．86）℃，（0．17&;#177;1．10）℃，P〈0．01]。颈椎病组患侧冷感觉和热痛觉阈值比健侧低，热感觉和冷痛觉阈值比健侧高。 结论：神经根型颈椎病患者感觉障碍发生率显著增高。主要形式为温度觉减退和痛觉过敏，提示C类和A8类神经纤维出现功能障碍。     

神经电生理技术在糖尿病周围神经病诊断中的联合应用

目的探讨联合神经电生理技术在糖尿病周围神经病（DPN）中诊断的应用价值。 方法对85例确诊糖尿病患者分别进行定量温度觉阈值（QTT）、交感皮肤反应（SSR）及神经传导速度（NCV）检测,其中QTT检测指标包括冷觉阈值（CST）、热觉阈值（WST）、冷痛觉阈值（CPT）和热痛觉阈值（HPT）。待各项神经电生理检查结束后,对其结果进行统计学分析。 结果入选糖尿病患者QTT、SSR及NCV异常率分别为84.71%、56.47%和31.76%,经统计学比较,发现入选患者QTT异常率显著高于SSR及NCV异常率（均P<0.05）。无DPN症状组和有DPN症状组其QTT异常率（分别为78.85%和93.94%）组间差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）,SSR异常率（分别为48.08%和69.70%）、NCV异常率（分别为19.23%和51.52%）组间差异均具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。短病程组和长病程组QTT异常率（分别为77.77%和89.80%）组间差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）,SSR异常率（分别为44.44%和65.31%）、NCV异常率（分别为19.44%和40.82%）组间差异均具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。 结论与SSR及NCV检测比较,QTT检测糖尿病患者的异常率最高,其异常率结果与患者临床症状及病程无明显相关性,SSR及NCV异常率与临床症状、病程均具有相关性;联合采用QTT、SSR及NCV检测DPN具有更高的敏感性。     

定量温度觉检查在面神经麻痹预后判断中的应用

目的 研究面神经麻痹患者的定量温度觉特点，分析定量温度觉与面神经麻痹预后的关系。方法 选择周围性面神经麻痹患者30例，另选20例正常人作为对照，定量测定其耳前、颊部皮肤的温度觉和面神经传导速度。于患者病后2周、1个月、2个月和6个月采用House-Brackmann（H—B）评估系统评定预后。结果12例（40％）面神经麻痹患者出现QTT异常，其中8例有糖尿病（占66．7％），3例患侧局部有带状疱疹（占25％），1例病毒感染血清学检测阳性（占8．3％）。QTT异常组病后2个月和6个月的H．B评分与QTT正常组比较，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）；QTT异常组患者患侧面神经传导速度明显下降，与QTT正常组比较，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）；多元逐步回归分析发现，冷觉阈值增高与预后呈负相关。结论面神经麻痹患者OTT异常与病因和预后有一定关系,OTT异常者预后较若。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Modified micro-superior percutaneously-assisted total hip: early experiences & case reports

Because of the extensile nature and familiarity of the standard posterior-lateral approach to the hip, a family of "micro-posterior" approaches has been developed. This family includes the Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (PATH) approach, the Supercapsular (SuperCap) approach and a newer hybrid approach, the Supercapsular Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (SuperPATH) approach. Such approaches should ideally provide a continuum for the surgeon: from a "micro" (external rotator sparing) posterior approach, to a "mini" (external rotator sacrificing) posterior approach, to a standard posterior approach. This could keep a surgeon within his comfort zone during the learning curve of the procedure, while leaving options for complicated reconstructions for the more practiced micro-posterior surgeons. This paper details one author's experiences utilizing this combined approach, as well as permutations of this entire micro-posterior family of approaches as applied to more complex hip reconstructions.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.