Fergus简版社交焦虑与社交恐怖量表的信、效度初步检验

目的:对Fergus等编制的简版社交焦虑和社交恐怖量表进行修订,并在中国大学生群体中进行信效度检验。方法:采用中文简版社交焦虑和社交恐怖量表、Cheek和Buss羞怯量表、UCLA孤独感量表和Beck抑郁量表对845名大学生施测,并对其中的40名被试5周后进行重测。结果:(1)中文简版社交焦虑和社交恐怖量表的各个项目具有良好的区分度,各项目的题总相关在0.66～0.80之间;(2)验证性因素分析表明,两因素结构的拟合指数良好(χ~2/df=1.95,CFI=0.93,TLI=0.91,RMSEA=0.03,SRMR=0.02),各项目的因子载荷在0.86～0.99之间;(3)社交焦虑分量表、社交恐怖分量表和总量表的内部一致性信度分别为0.82,0.83和0.89,间隔5周的重测信度分别为0.59,0.52和0.55;(4)量表得分与羞怯量表、孤独感量表、抑郁量表得分呈显著正相关。结论:Fergus简版社交焦虑与社交恐怖量表具有良好的信效度,适宜在中国文化背景下使用。     

Cheek和Buss羞怯量表在中国大学生中的信效度检验

目的:引进Cheek和Buss编制的13个条目的羞怯量表(Revised Cheek and Buss Shyness Scale,RCBS),并在中国大学生群体中进行信效度检验。方法:采用中文版Cheek和Buss羞怯量表、社交焦虑量表(SIAS)、社交恐惧量表(SPS)、UCLA孤独感量表(UCLA)和Beck抑郁量表(BDI)对845名大学生施测,并对其中的40名被试5周后进行重测。结果:(1)量表的各个项目具有良好的区分度,各项目的题总相关在0.39~0.78之间;(2)探索性因素分析表明,修订后的量表包含两个因素,特征根分别为5.46和1.36,累计方差贡献率为52.42%;(3)验证性因素分析表明,两因素结构的拟合指数良好(χ~2/df=3.25,CFI=0.95,TLI=0.94,RMSEA=0.05,SRMR=0.04),且多群组验证性因素分析表明两因素结构具有跨性别的测量等值性;(4)总量表的内部一致性信度为0.88,两个因子的内部一致性信度分别为0.88和0.70,总量表间隔5周的重测信度为0.58,两个因子的重测信度分别为0.62和0.48;(5)量表得分与社交焦虑量表、社交恐惧量表、孤独感量表、抑郁量表得分呈显著正相关。结论:修订后的中文版Check和Buss羞怯量表具有良好的信效度,适宜在中国大学生群体中使用。     

中文版内疚和羞耻倾向量表的信效度检验

目的:检验中文版内疚和羞耻倾向量表(GASP)的信度和效度。方法:选取463名大学生填写中文版GASP量表,采用自尊量表、攻击性量表及大五人格中国问卷简版作为效度指标。2周后随机抽取59名大学生进行重测。结果:1GASP中文版包括内疚-消极行为评价、内疚-弥补、羞耻-消极自我评价和羞耻-退缩4个因子,共16个项目;2验证性因素分析显示,四因素模型的拟合指标良好(χ~2/df=2.40,GFI=0.942,AGFI=0.918,IFI=0.902,CFI=0.90,RMSEA=0.055,SRMR=0.056);3各分量表的克龙巴赫Alpha系数在0.58(羞耻-退缩)~0.66(内疚-消极行为评价)之间,平均0.63;间隔2周的重测系数在0.62(内疚-弥补)~0.75(内疚-消极行为评价)之间,平均0.68;42个内疚倾向分量表的得分与敌意、身体攻击显著负相关,与自尊、宜人性、谨慎性显著正相关;2个羞耻倾向分量表的得分与愤怒、神经质显著正相关,与自尊负相关。结论:GASP中文版具有较好的信效度,可以用来测量我国大学生的内疚和羞耻倾向。     

中文身体羞耻量表测评大学生人群的效度和信度

目的:对中文身体羞耻量表在大学生群体中进行修订并检验其效度与信度。方法:方便抽取黑龙江省2所和北京市1所高校的736名大学生填写问卷进行结构效度、聚合和区分效度、信度等分析,抽取151人进行效标效度检验,其中118人进行间隔4周的重测。结果:中文身体羞耻量表呈现出外化身体羞耻和内化身体羞耻的两维结构,共12个条目,模型拟合良好(χ~2/df=2.260,GFI=0.925,NFI=0.903,IFI=0.943,CFI=0.942,TLI=0.926,RMSEA=0.072,AIC=169.277,BIC=263.921)。量表2因子的AVE均大于0.5,CR均大于0.7,且AVEMSV,因子间相关系数小于因子与总分的相关。身体羞耻与客体化身体意识、羞耻及各维度、抑郁、BMI存在显著正相关,与自尊呈负相关。总量表及外化和内化身体羞耻分量表的内部一致性信度分别为0.874、0.843、0.767,重测信度分别为0.762、0.670、0.735。结论:中文版身体羞耻量表在大学生群体中具有良好的信效度,可以用来测量大学生的身体羞耻。     

简版无聊倾向量表在大学生群体中的试用

目的:在中国大学生群体中引入简版无聊倾向量表(Boredom Proneness Scale-Short Form,BPS-SF),并检验其信效度,用以评定我国大学生的无聊倾向。方法:调查了1030名大学生,收回有效问卷945份,用以评定中文简版BPS的结构效度、内部一致性信度和分半信度。另用多维状态无聊量表、Buss-Perry攻击问卷、自评抑郁量表和特质孤独量表在188名大学生中检验效标关联效度。4周后随机选取124名大学生进行重测,检验其重测信度。结果:中文简版BPS包括内部刺激和外部刺激2个因子,共12个条目;验证性因素分析结果显示2因素模型拟合良好(χ~2/df=3.827,CFI=0.901,TLI=0.895,RMSEA=0.041,SRMR=0.048);量表总分与状态无聊、身体攻击、言语攻击、敌意、愤怒、抑郁、特质孤独的相关系数在0.22~0.63之间;总量表及分量表的内部一致性信度为0.89、0.80、0.83,分半信度分别为0.82、0.74、0.71,重测信度分别为0.85、0.73、0.76;中国大学生的无聊倾向具有性别差异,男生在量表总分及外部刺激维度上得分显著高于女生。结论:中文简版BPS具有良好的效度和信度,可用于评估大学生的无聊倾向。     

外部羞耻量表中文版在大学生样本中的信效度检验

目的:探讨外部羞耻量表(Other as Shamer Scale,OAS)中文版在大学生样本中的信度与效度。方法:采取整群取样的方法对354名大学生进行集体施测,选取大学生羞耻量表(Shame Scale, SS)、内疚和羞耻倾向量表(Guilt and Shame Proneness Scale,GASP)、一般健康问卷(General Health Questionaire-28,GHQ-28)和贝克抑郁问卷(Beck Depression Inventory,BDI)作为聚合效度、区分效度和效标效度检验工具。结果:外部羞耻量表中文版三因子结构拟合良好(χ~2/df=2.64,RMSEA=0.068,SRMR=0.050,CFI=0.916,TLI=0.902)。OAS中文版总分及其分量表与SS中高度相关(r=0.308～0.751),与GASP内疚分量表的相关不显著(r=0.005～-0.059);与BDI(r=0.416～0.581)和GHQ-28显著正相关(r=0.329～0.657)。总量表Cronbach’sα为0.902,三周后的重测信度为0.792,三个分量表Cronbach’sα系数在0.769～0.851之间,重测信度在0.650～0.747之间。结论:外部羞耻量表中文版信效度良好,可作为评估中国被试外部羞耻的适宜工具。     

交往焦虑量表的信效度及其在中国大学生中的适用性

目的:分析交往焦虑量表的信效度,评估其在中国大学生中的适用性.方法:1439名大学生、58名精神科神经症住院病人以及24名社交焦虑的大学生分别接受交往焦虑量表、社交苦恼与回避量表以及焦虑自评量表的自评,其中30名大学生2周后重测.结果:交往焦虑量表的Cronbach α系数为0.81,重测系数为0.78,信度指标良好;与社交苦恼及回避量表的相关为0.66,与焦虑自评量表的相关为0.29,正常大学生与住院病人量表得分差异不显著,但两者与社交焦虑大学生的得分差异显著,说明其聚合效度与区分效度良好.结论:该量表具有良好的测量学指标,可以作为我国大学生社交焦虑研究的有效工具.     

特质愤怒量表中文版在大学生人群应用的信度和效度

目的:探讨特质愤怒量表(TAS)在大学生中的适用性及信度和效度检验。方法:以方便抽样抽取653名大学生完成TAS量表的初测,再以整群抽样的方法,在重庆、四川等七省市各抽取1所高校,以年级分层抽取1866名大学生完成TAS量表的正式施测,同时完成攻击问卷,症状自评量表中的敌意分量表,激惹、抑郁和焦虑自评量表中的外向型激惹分量表,以检验校标效度。对185名大学生4周后重测TAS量表,以检验重测信度。数据资料采用相关分析、探索性因素分析、验证性因素分析进行处理。结果:TAS量表中文版的内部一致性信度为0.80,重测信度为0.83,各条目与总分的相关系数均大于0.30(0.43～0.72),探索性因素分析提取出2个因子(特征值分别为3.72、1.42),验证性因素分析揭示了二维的量表结构(χ2/df=7.02,RMSEA=0.06,RMR=0.02,NFI=0.97,CFI=0.97,IFI=0.97,GFI=0.98,AGFI=0.97,RFI=0.95),并有良好的效标关联效度,与各效标之间的相关系数分别为0.59、0.56、0.60、0.42。结论:特质愤怒量表具有良好的信、效度,可用于大学生特质愤怒水平评估。     

强迫量表修订版在中国大学生中应用的信效度

目的:引进强迫量表修订版(OCI-R)并检验其信效度。方法:采用经双盲翻译的严格程序获得的中文版OCI-R对2100名大学生进行测试,收回有效问卷1937份。4周后随机抽取229名大学生进行重测。结果:①验证性因素分析表明中文版OCI-R符合原六因素模型(χ2/df=7.368,CFI=0.939,TLI=0.923,RMSEA=0.057,RMR=0.038);②OCI-R总量表的Cronabachα系数为0.895,各分量表的α系数在0.593~0.826之间;4周间隔的重测信度在0.309~0.644之间;③OCI-R总分与强迫症状、抑郁和焦虑的相关系数分别为0.557、0.426和0.456(均P<0.01)。结论:中文版OCI-R具有良好的信效度,可在中国文化下应用。     

多维状态无聊量表中文版在中国大学生中的应用

目的:在中国大学生群体中修订多维状态无聊量表(the Multidimensional State Boredom Scale,MSBS)中文版并检验其信效度。方法:采用中文版MSBS调查了1668名大学生,收回有效问卷1545份,以检验其结构效度、内部一致性信度和分半信度。另用大学生无聊倾向量表、流调中心抑郁量表、状态孤独量表、状态焦虑量表在218名大学生中检验效标关联效度。1个月后随机抽取172名大学生进行重测,检验其重测信度。结果:中文版MSBS包括注意缺乏、时间知觉、低唤醒、高唤醒和脱离5个分量表,共24个条目,其因素建构得到探索性因素分析和验证性因素分析的支持;5个分量表的内部一致性信度在0.67~0.81之间,分半信度在0.50~0.72之间,重测信度在0.50~0.56之间;5个分量表都具有较好的效标关联效度;中国大学生的状态无聊具有性别差异。结论:MSBS中文版在中国大学生群体中具有良好的适用性。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.