复合组织移植一期修复复杂指背腱膜损伤

目的:报道应用复合组织移植一期修复复杂指背腱膜损伤的临床疗效。方法:采用掌背动脉为蒂带肌腱手背逆行岛状皮瓣、足背动脉为蒂带趾长伸肌腱复合组织皮瓣及肌腱移植锁骨下带蒂皮瓣3种方法修复,为36例合并皮肤缺损的复杂指背腱膜损伤进行急诊修复。结果:36例全部成活,随访1￣5年,按TA M功能评定法:优11例、良20例、差5例,优良率86.1%。结论:(1)对合并皮肤缺损的复杂指背腱膜损伤根据伤情,较大面积的手背手指皮肤肌腱缺损,以足背动脉为蒂带趾长伸肌腱复合组织皮瓣修复;(2)手指近节皮肤肌腱缺损,以掌背动脉为蒂带肌腱手背逆行岛状皮瓣修复;(3)手指中远节皮肤肌腱缺损,以肌腱移植锁骨下带蒂皮瓣修复,可获得良好疗效。     

第二和第三掌背动脉皮支皮瓣的应用解剖

目的为掌背动脉远段皮支皮瓣的设计提供解剖学依据。方法在10侧成人手标本动脉乳胶灌注后,解剖观测第2、3掌背动脉走行,皮支的起始部位、走行、外径和吻合方式,模拟掌背动脉皮支皮瓣的切取方法。结果第2、3掌背动脉位置恒定,其皮支发出部位主要集中在远1/3段,直径大于0.2mm者占15%,小于0.2mm占85%,可解剖长度大于20mm;在指蹼处指蹼动脉1～3支,大于0.3mm者为1支,可解剖长度超过10mm。结论以掌背动脉远段皮支为蒂可设计顺行或逆行皮支皮瓣,修复近、中手指皮肤缺损。以指蹼动脉为蒂的顺行皮瓣可修复近、中节手指掌侧皮肤缺损。皮瓣面积以不超过20mm×40mm为宜。     

第3掌背动脉逆行岛状皮瓣掌侧移位修复拇指指端缺损

目的：报道应用第3掌背动脉逆行岛状皮瓣掌侧移位修复拇指指端缺损的手术方法。方法：对22例拇指指端缺损病例，采用第3掌背动脉岛状皮瓣，经指蹼皮下隧道逆行移位至手掌侧远端，屈曲拇指贴紧手掌固定，皮瓣带蒂修复创面，2～3周后断蒂。结果：22例皮瓣全部成活，随访3～12个月，感觉恢复S3 15例、S4 7例，外形及功能满意。结论：第3掌背动脉逆行岛状皮瓣掌侧移位是修复拇指指端缺损的良好方法。     

以邻指动脉侧方皮瓣重建远端指节血运的临床应用

目的：寻求防止手指中段掌侧软组织缺损继发远端指节坏死的手术方法。方法：将邻指指动脉侧方皮瓣带蒂转位修复创面，以皮瓣血管游离端同患指远端指节的指动脉端端吻合重建患指血运。结果：此术式修复ll例患。其中10例经血管吻合后解除了远端指节血管危象，保留了手指长度和部发功能，1例因未吻合远端血管而出现远端指节坏死而截指。结论：手指中段掌侧严重组织缺损而伤及双侧指动脉，可在皮瓣修复创面的同时予以重建患指血运，以免发生迟发性血运障碍致远端指节坏死。邻指指动脉侧方皮瓣带蒂顺行转位桥接术可满足这些要求。     

掌背动脉复合组织瓣的解剖特点及临床应用

目的 采用简单有效、可靠的方法修复手指掌，背侧复合组织缺损。方法 根据掌背动脉的解剖特点。设计以第二、三掌背动脉为蒂的肌腱皮瓣、骨皮瓣，肌腱骨皮瓣逆行移位修复示、中、环指掌，背侧复合组织缺损共21例。结果：19例皮瓣顺利成活，2例出现静脉危象，皮缘部分环死，经拆线，换药后伤口愈合，术后3周开始系统功能练习，15例术后随访3个月-2年6个月，皮瓣柔软，细腻有弹性，外形佳，感觉、运动功能恢复良好。结论 第二、三掌背动脉复合组织瓣的血运可靠，并含有感觉神经，手术操作简单，用于修复示、中、环指掌，背侧复合组织缺损是一种比较理想的手术方法。     

掌背动脉皮瓣的临床应用

目的：探讨掌背动脉皮瓣逆行修复手指皮肤软组织缺损的临床疗效.方法：应用掌背动脉皮瓣逆行修复手指的皮肤软组织缺损24 例.皮瓣大小3 cm×2 cm～7 cm×2 cm.结果：24例皮瓣全部成活,2例病人出现张力水泡.术后随访3～24个月,手指的外观及运动和感觉功能均比较满意.结论：应用掌背动脉皮瓣逆行修复手指的皮肤软组织缺损,解剖恒定,操作简便,外形良好,效果满意.     

指背皮支链皮瓣修复手指背侧组织缺损的临床应用

目的　探讨指背皮支链皮瓣修复手指背侧组织缺损的手术方法和疗效。 方法　应用指背皮支链皮瓣修复手指背侧组织缺损10例,切取皮瓣面积 1.0 cm×1.5 cm~2.0 cm×3.0 cm。 结果　术后仅1例远端出现表皮积液,经相应处理,皮瓣均成活,术后随访3~12 月。皮瓣修复后手指外形美观,转移皮瓣外观良好,色泽自然,质地柔软,不臃肿,手指各关节活动功能优良。 结论　指背皮支链皮瓣血供恒定,不牺牲指动脉,皮瓣设计简易,切取方便,是修复手指背侧组织缺损的简单、安全、有效的方法。     

带感觉功能上臂外侧嵌合骨皮瓣游离移植修复手指复合组织缺损的效果观察

目的 探讨带感觉功能上臂外侧嵌合骨皮瓣修复手指复合组织缺损的临床效果。方法 回顾性研究。纳入2016年11月—2019年11月徐州仁慈医院手外科收治的6例手指软组织缺损伴指骨、神经缺损患者。其中,男4例,女2例;年龄33~61岁,平均47.3岁;右手2例,左手4例;拇、示、中指各1例,环指3例;皮肤缺损面积1.0 cm×1.5 cm~2.5 cm×3.0 cm,骨缺损长度1.5~2.5 cm。6例患者均采用一期创面彻底清创,创面缺损伴指骨、神经缺损先行异种皮覆盖创面,克氏针维持骨折稳定性;二期带感觉功能的上臂外侧嵌合骨皮瓣游离移植修复治疗,皮瓣设计面积1.5 cm×2.0 cm~3.0 cm×3.5 cm,骨瓣切取大小为1.5 cm×1.0 cm×1.0 cm~3.0 cm×1.5 cm×1.0 cm。术后采用中华医学会手外科学会手部功能评定标准评价手功能,英国医学研究委员会（BMRC）制定的感觉分级方法评价皮瓣感觉恢复效果,Michigan手部功能问卷评定标准评定患指外观满意度。结果 本组6例患者手术均顺利完成,术后随访3~7个月,平均13.5个月。6例皮瓣全部成活,骨折均愈合,骨瓣平均愈合时间3~6个月,平均3.5个月。供区直接缝合,创面均一期愈合。手部功能优5例、良1例,手指感觉恢复至S4级4例、S3+级2例,患指外观满意度评价非常满意1例、满意4例、一般1例。结论 带感觉功能的上臂外侧嵌合骨皮瓣游离移植,可同时修复手指软组织缺损和指骨缺损,对供区影响小,术后手指感觉功能恢复好,是修复手指复合组织缺损的备选方案之一。     

改良带掌长肌腱静脉动脉化皮瓣移植修复指背皮肤肌腱缺损

目的：报道改良带掌长肌腱静脉动脉化皮瓣修复指背肌腱、皮肤复合组织缺损方法和效果。方法：在同侧前臂远端以掌长肌腱为中心寻找到两条并行的静脉，以此设计皮瓣，切断结扎静脉之间交通支，保护腱周血管网。复合组织皮瓣均采用顺行移植。结果：术后6例皮瓣均成活，经4~14个月平均8．5个月的随访，按TAM法疗效评定，5指均达优良。皮瓣柔软，弹性好。结论：改良带掌长肌腱静脉动脉化皮瓣移植，成活稳定，肌腱有血液供应，愈合良好，粘连轻。     

带感觉支指背筋膜逆行岛状皮瓣修复手指皮肤缺损

目的探讨以指背筋膜为蒂、带指固有神经背侧支的指背筋膜逆行岛状皮瓣修复手指皮肤缺损的疗效。方法回顾性分析2005年至2008年应用带指固有神经背侧支的指背筋膜逆行岛状皮瓣修复手指皮肤缺损20例25指。术中根据损伤部位和特点,在伤指近节背桡侧或背尺侧设计皮瓣,皮瓣侧缘不超过手指侧中线,旋转点位于远侧指间关节背桡侧或背尺侧,轴心线与手指纵轴平行。深筋膜下锐性分离,逆行转移修复指端缺损。如修复指腹,将皮瓣内含指固有神经背侧支,在皮瓣转位后将其与创面指固有神经吻合。并对皮瓣的设计、切取、成活特点及治疗效果进行观察。结果皮瓣全部成活。随访8～24个月,平均20个月。修复后的手指外观与功能良好,质地柔软,两点辨别觉达0．4～0．6cm。结论带指固有神经背侧支的指背筋膜逆行岛状皮瓣切取简单,对供区损伤小,转移随意性强,外观好,转移后能恢复较好的感觉,是修复手指皮肤缺损的理想皮瓣。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.