氯锌油软膏的制备及临床应用

目的：对氯锌油软膏的组方及临床效果进行分析。方法：将氯霉素和氧化锌制成油软膏,并对脓疱病患者进行治疗观察。结果：治疗组有效率为93．3％,1％龙胆紫溶液对照组为67．5％。结论：本制剂具有抗菌、消炎、收敛、干燥等作用,局部治疗脓疱病可提高疗效、缩短病程。     

氯锌油软膏的制备及临床应用

目的介绍氯锌油软膏的制备及其治疗湿疹和脓疱疮的疗效.方法按软膏配制法制备氯锌油软膏并建立质量标准.治疗湿疹采用氯锌油软膏(治疗组,95例),氧化锌软膏(对照组,93例),观察两组的疗效;治疗脓疱疮采用氯锌油软膏(治疗组,17例),莫匹罗星软膏(对照组,17例),观察两组的疗效.结果湿疹病例,治疗组有效率为99.0%,痊愈时间比对照组短(P＜0.01),痊愈率比对照组高(P＜0.05);脓疱疮病例,两组的有效率均为100%,两组间局部病变痊愈时间、痊愈率均无差别(P＞0.05).结论氯锌油软膏治疗湿疹的效果优于氧化锌软膏,且能治疗脓疱疮.     

氯锌油软膏剂的制备及质量控制

目的：制备氯锌油软膏剂并建立其质量控制的方法。方法：以氯霉素、氧化锌等制备软膏剂，采用高效液相色谱法测定氯霉素的含量，采用络舍滴定法测定氧化锌含量。结果：该制剂各项检查均符合2005年版《中国药典》的相关规定；氯霉素的含量为98．1％-100．5％，氧化锌含量为98．7％-99．2％。结论：本制剂制备工艺简便可行，质量稳定可控。     

氯锌油软膏中氯霉素含量的测定

目的　建立测定氯锌油软膏中氯霉素含量的HPLC法。方法　先用石油醚溶解软膏中的小麻油,离心后弃去石油醚层,再加甲醇旋涡振荡提取软膏中的氯霉素。采用HypersiLC18柱(2 5 .0mm×4 . 0mm ,5 μm) ,流动相为甲醇-水(5 0∶5 0 ,V/V) ,流速1mL·min-1,进样量2 0 μL ;检测波长2 78nm ,柱温30℃,峰面积外标法计算。结果　氯霉素浓度在2 5～2 5 0mg·L-1范围内线性关系良好(r=0 . 9998) ,平均回收率为99 .7% ,RSD =0 . 89% (n =5 )。结论　本方法简便、准确,可用于本制剂的含量测定和质控。     

氯锌油软膏剂的制备及质量控制

目的:制备氯锌油软膏剂并建立其质量控制的方法。方法:以氯霉素、氧化锌等制备软膏剂,采用高效液相色谱法测定氯霉素的含量,采用络合滴定法测定氧化锌含量。结果:该制剂各项检查均符合2005年版《中国药典》的相关规定;氯霉素的含量为98.1%~100.5%,氧化锌含量为98.7%~99.2%。结论:本制剂制备工艺简便可行,质量稳定可控。     

氯强油搽剂对小鼠迟发型变态反应的影响

目的: 研究氯强油搽剂抗小鼠迟发型变态反应的药理作用。方法: 建立氯强油搽剂实验动物高剂量组、中剂量组、低剂量组、莫米松乳膏组、模型对照组、基质对照组、空白对照组,采用二硝基氯苯（DNCB）丙酮溶液诱发小鼠迟发型变态反应的实验动物模型,观察其对迟发型变态反应的影响,用磷酸组织胺测定小鼠致痒阀。结果: 以耳肿胀度为指标,与模型组相比较,氯强油搽剂高、中、低剂量组差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）;以胸腺指数、脾脏指数为指标,氯强油搽剂高、中剂量组与模型组比较,差异有统计学意义 （P<0.05）,低剂量组与模型组比较,差异具无统计学意义（P>0.05）;与模型组比较,氯强油搽剂高、中、低剂量组磷酸组织胺致痒阀差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论: 氯强油搽剂局部外用具有良好的抗小鼠迟发型变态反应和止痒作用,适用于临床具有迟发型变态反应特征的皮损治疗。     

清热止痒洗剂联合复方新锌油搽剂治疗慢性湿疹的疗效观察

目的:观察清热止痒洗剂联合复方新锌油搽剂治疗慢性湿疹的临床疗效。方法:采用随机,有效对照法对108例慢性湿疹患者进行了4周的临床观察。结果:治疗组和对照组的有效率分别为88.89%和79.63%,2组比较差异有显著性(P<0.05)。结论:清热止痒洗剂联合复方新锌油搽剂治疗慢性湿疹具有较好的疗效和安全性。     

肉桂等3种挥发油对苯甲酸透皮吸收的影响

目的：研究肉桂油、高良姜油、丁香油对苯甲酸透皮吸收的影响。方法：采用体外透皮双室扩散池和HPLC法,测定模型药物苯甲酸的累积渗透量,以考察不同浓度的肉桂油、高良姜油、丁香油对苯甲酸的促渗效果及挥发油与乙醇、丙二醇合用后的情况。结果：肉桂油、丁香油、高良姜油对苯甲酸均具有一定的促渗作用,押发油与乙醇、丙二醇合用,使苯甲酸的累积渗透量增大,但渗透系数减小。结论：肉桂油、高良姜油、丁香油等促进苯甲酸的透皮吸收。     

适用于中药外用的剂型--凝胶剂

目的：介绍一种适用于中药外用的剂型--凝胶剂。方法：通过对凝胶剂的含义、特点、质量要求,以及凝胶剂的发展概况的阐述,提出了凝胶剂在中药制剂中应用的思路。结果与结论：凝胶剂是一种适用于皮肤、粘膜及腔道给药的外用剂型,有减轻药物的毒副作用,符合中医“内病外治”的理念,适应中药复方制剂的生产现状,是中药传统外用药剂较为理想的剂型。     

中医内病外治法的新剂型--中药凝胶剂

介绍中药凝胶剂的制备方法和质量标准,其中基质和透皮吸收促进剂的优选是研制中药凝胶剂的关键和核心.中药凝胶剂是中医内病外治的新剂型,正处于发展阶段,开发前景广阔.     

反相高效液相色谱法测定利凡诺氧化锌油中利凡诺的含量

目的　应用反相高效液相色谱法 (RP HPLC)测定利凡诺氧化锌油中利凡诺的含量。方法　色谱柱 :DimkaLunaC18柱 ;流动相 :甲醇 乙腈 水 (6 0∶37∶3) ;检测波长 :2 6 9nm ;流速 :1 0ml·min-1。结果　利凡诺在 15 4～ 35 8μg·L-1浓度范围内线性关系良好 ,平均回收率为 99 30 % ,RSD为 0 36 %。结论　本法简便、快速、灵敏、准确。     

呋喃西林氧化锌搽剂中氧化锌的含量测定

目的研究呋喃西林氧化锌搽剂中氧化锌的含量测定方法.方法用络合滴定法测定呋喃西林氧化锌搽剂中氧化锌的含量.结果平均回收率为99.5%,RSD为0.85%,经对6批样品含量测定,均符合质量标准.结论用络合滴定法测定呋喃西林氧化锌搽剂中氧化锌的含量可行,方法快速,准确精密,回收率高.     

Cardiopulmonary toxicity of pulmonary exposure to occupationally relevant zinc oxide nanoparticles

Exposure to zinc oxide (ZnO) metal fumes is linked to adverse human health effects; however, the hazards of ZnO nanoparticles (ZnONPs) remain unclear. To determine pulmonary exposure to occupationally relevant ZnONPs cause cardiopulmonary injury, Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to ZnONPs via intratracheal (IT) instillation and inhalation. The relationship between intrapulmonary zinc levels and pulmonary oxidative-inflammatory responses 72 h after ZnONP instillation was determined in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Instilled ZnONPs altered zinc balance and increased the levels of total cells, neutrophils, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and total protein in BALF and 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) in blood after 72 h. The ZnONPs accumulated predominantly in the lungs over 24 h, and trivial amounts of zinc were determined in the heart, liver, kidneys and blood. Furthermore, the inflammatory-oxidative responses induced by occupationally relevant levels of 1.1 and 4.9 mg/m³ of ZnONP inhalation for 2 weeks were determined in BALF and blood at 1, 7 and 30 days post-exposure. Histopathological examinations of the rat lungs and hearts were performed. Inhalation of ZnONP caused an inflammatory cytological profile. The total cell, neutrophil, LDH and total protein levels were acutely increased in the BALF, and there was an inflammatory pathology in the lungs. There were subchronic levels of white blood cells, granulocytes and 8-OHdG in the blood. Cardiac inflammation and the development of fibrosis were detected 7 days after exposure. Degeneration and necrosis of the myocardium were detected 30 days after exposure. The results demonstrate that ZnONPs cause cardiopulmonary impairments. These findings highlight the occupational health effects for ZnONP-exposed workers.     

复方氧化锌涂膜剂的处方筛选和质量控制

目的:探讨复方氧化锌涂膜剂的制备及质量控制方法。方法:采用正交实验设计,筛选复方氧化锌涂膜剂的最优处方。分别采用络合滴定法和紫外分光光度法对处方中的氧化锌,盐酸丁卡因的含量进行测定,并对该处方进行稳定性考察和局部刺激性试验。结果:优化的处方具有成膜性好,稳定性好,刺激性小。结论:本制剂设计合理,制备工艺简单,质量控制方法可靠。     

高效液相色谱法测定复方磺胺氧化锌软膏中磺胺的含量

目的建立HPLC法测定复方磺胺氧化锌软膏中磺胺的含量。方法采用Kromasil100AC18柱（250mm×4．6mm,5μm）,流动相：0．05mol·L^-1磷酸二氢钾-0．0025mol·L^-1庚烷磺酸钠-乙腈（47：47：6）,流速：1．0mL·min^-1检测波长：260nm,柱温：35℃,进样量：20μL。结果磺胺线性范围为0．6～18μg·mL^-1,平均回收率（n=9）为98．7％,RSD为0．48％。结论该方法分离度良好,灵敏度高,准确且简便易行。     

Acute toxicity of zinc oxide nanoparticles to the rat olfactory system after intranasal instillation

With the increased applications of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs), the toxicity of ZnO NPs arouses great concerns from the nano community and the general public. In this study, we report the toxicity of ZnO NPs (30 nm) to the rat olfactory system after intranasal instillation revealed by non‐invasive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MRI scans were performed on a 4.7‐T scanner at 1, 2, 3 and 7 days post‐exposure, and the histological changes of the rat olfactory epithelium were evaluated. The influences of chemical component and dispersant of the NPs were also investigated. In addition, an olfactory behavior test was performed. The MRI and histological results indicated that ZnO NPs induced significant damages to the olfactory epithelium, including disruption of the olfactory epithelial structures and inflammation. The destruction of mitochondria in epithelial cells was observed under transmission electron microscopy (TEM), suggesting that the possible toxicological mechanism might involve cellular energy metabolic dysfunction. Further, the lesion of the olfactory epithelium disturbed sniffing behaviors of the treated animals. The results suggest that MRI is potentially useful as a screening tool to assess the consequence of occupational exposure of ZnO NPs. Caution should therefore be taken during the use and disposal of ZnO NPs to prevent the unintended public health impacts. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Soil pH effects on the comparative toxicity of dissolved zinc,non-nano and nano ZnO to the earthworm Eisenia fetida

To determine how soil properties influence nanoparticle (NP) fate, bioavailability and toxicity, this study compared the toxicity of nano zinc oxide (ZnO NPs), non-nano ZnO and ionic ZnCl₂ to the earthworm Eisenia fetida in a natural soil at three pH levels. NP characterisation indicated that reaction with the soil media greatly controls ZnO properties. Three main conclusions were drawn. First that Zn toxicity, especially for reproduction, was influenced by pH for all Zn forms. This can be linked to the influence of pH on Zn dissolution. Secondly, that ZnO fate, toxicity and bioaccumulation were similar (including relationships with pH) for both ZnO forms, indicating the absence of NP-specific effects. Finally, earthworm Zn concentrations were higher in worms exposed to ZnO compared to ZnCl₂, despite the greater toxicity of the ionic form. This observation suggests the importance of considering the relationship between uptake and toxicity in nanotoxicology studies.     

Inhibitory effects of Zataria multiflora essential oil and its main components on nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide production in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages

Objectives Zataria multiflora is an aromatic plant that is used in flavouring and preserving foods and also used as an antispasmodic, anaesthetic and antinociceptive agent. In this study, the effects of Z. multiflora essential oil on nitric oxide (NO) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐stimulated macrophages was investigated. Methods Z. multiflora essential oil was extracted by water‐distillation, analysed by GC‐MS and then the effect of the essential oil on NO and H₂O₂ production was investigated. Key findings Carvacrol (52%), thymol (16%) and p‐cymene (10%) were the main components of the oil. The IC50 (concentration providing 50% inhibition) for reactive oxygen scavenging was estimated to be 5.7, 3 and 4.2 µg/ml for the essential oil, thymol and carvacrol, respectively, while the corresponding IC50 values for reactive nitrogen scavenging were estimated to be 8.6, 4.7 and 6.6 µg/ml. Z. multiflora essential oil, thymol, and carvacrol significantly reduced NO and H₂O₂ production as well as NO synthase and NADH oxidase activity in LPS‐stimulated murine macrophages while p‐cymene did not show any antioxidant activity. Conclusions Z. multiflora essential oil has the potential to be used in the therapy of oxidative damage.     

Pulmonary toxicity of inhaled nanoscale and fine zinc oxide particles: Mass and surface area as an exposure metric

The total surface area is known to be an effective exposure metric for predicting the lung toxicity of low solubility nanoparticles (NPs). However, if NPs are dissolved quickly enough in the lungs, the mass may be correlated with the toxicity. Recent studies have found that the toxicity of zinc oxide (ZnO) NPs was caused by the release of zinc ions. Thus, we hypothesized that mass could be used as an exposure metric for the toxicity of ZnO NPs. Healthy Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to a low, moderate, or high dose of 35 and 250?nm ZnO particles or filtered air. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was collected to determine lung inflammation, injury and oxidative stress. The lung inflammation induced by ZnO particles according to different concentration metrics, including number, mass and surface area, was compared. The mass concentration was significantly correlated with the percentage of neutrophils (R²?=?0.84), number of neutrophils (R²?=?0.84) and total cells (R²?=?0.73). Similarly, surface area concentration was significantly correlated with the percentage of neutrophils (R²?=?0.94), number of neutrophils (R²?=?0.81) and total cells (R²?=?0.76). There was no correlation between the number and lung inflammation. We found that both mass and surface area were effective as metrics for the toxicity of ZnO NPs, although only surface area was previously indicated to be an effective metric. Our results are also consistent with recent study results that ZnO NPs and released zinc ions may play a role mediating the toxicity of NPs.