2009年8省(市)婴幼儿喂养状况

<正>母乳喂养是婴儿最理想的喂养方式和营养来源,世界卫生组织(WHO)推荐出生后6个月内进行纯母乳喂养,然后持续进行母乳喂养至婴儿2岁,同时适当补充固体食物。UNICEF 2009年总结各国母乳喂养数据发现,有上报数     

产后42天母乳喂养调查

母乳是婴儿最佳营养品,为了解松阳县志母乳喂养现状,更好地支持母乳喂养,于今年7月份对县城母乳喂养情况进调查,分析影响纯母乳喂养的因素,以提高母乳喂养率。1 材料与方法1.1 对象 县城1997年10月～1998年5月期间出生并已满42天的婴儿及母亲。1.2 方法与内容 按预先设计好的调查表,利用儿保门诊。逐项详细询问:一般情况,文化程度,孕期母乳喂养意向,孕期接受宣教,分娩方式,产后开奶时间,是否母婴同室,母乳喂养知识,产后饮食情况,母乳喂养失败的原因等。并按照1989年4月联合国儿童董事会主办的母乳喂养定义会上确定的方法,将母乳喂养,部分母乳喂养和人工喂养分别记录。2 结果2.1 42天的婴儿母乳喂养情况:256例产妇中,母乳喂养158例(占61.72％),部分母乳喂养86例(占33.59％),人工喂养12例(占4.69％)。2.2 产妇一般情况:256例产妇中年龄最大的41岁,最小的21     

甘肃省农村地区婴幼儿喂养方式和奶粉添加情况抽样调查

目的通过对甘肃省农村地区婴幼儿喂养情况进行调查,探讨婴幼儿母乳喂养的现状和代乳品添加状况。方法设计问卷调查表,对252例婴幼儿家长进行喂养状况调查,包括喂养方式,以及代乳品添加的种类、添加量和添加时间。结果252例婴幼儿中,6月龄时母乳喂养占39.3%,混合喂养占54.0%,人工喂养占6.7%。有代乳品喂养史的占77.4%,添加代乳品的平均月龄为6月龄,累计添加时间为12.5个月,累计添加量为9.3kg。结论甘肃省农村地区婴幼儿母乳喂养率低,奶粉等代乳品是婴幼儿的主要食品来源。     

母乳喂养现状综述

母乳含有婴儿所需的全部营养,是喂养婴儿的最佳食品,不仅含有丰富的抗体和免疫细胞,且各种营养成分易于被婴儿吸收.通过母乳喂养有利于婴儿的成长和发育,对于婴儿免疫力、智力和身体的发育都有极大的好处.但是我国母乳喂养比例较低,远远低于WHO提出的到2000年80％以上的婴儿能有4～6个月纯母乳喂养.在2011年8月1～7日的“世界母乳喂养周”期间,国际慈善机构救助儿童会所委托的一项调查显示:中国用纯配方奶粉喂养的比例超过纯母乳喂养比例.其中,6个月内婴儿纯母乳喂养比例不足50％,有36.2％的比例是母乳加配方奶混合喂养,配方奶喂养的比例接近一成半.对6个月～1岁的婴儿,继续母乳喂养比例下降到45％以下,而配方奶喂养的比例超过25％.对年龄超过1岁的婴幼儿,继续母乳喂养比例下降到35％以下,而配方奶喂养的比例超过45％.现综述如下.     

孕妇自身对母乳喂养的认知调查

目的：了解孕妇对母乳喂养相关知识认知程度,对婴儿的喂养计划及对母乳喂养知识的需求情况,为临床进行母乳喂养方面的健康教育提供依据. 方法：采用自行设计的问卷对产科150名孕妇进行调查.问卷的主要内容包括一般资料、产后母乳喂养计划、母乳喂养认知情况、知识来源、希望获得母乳喂养知识的途径等. 结果：孕妇计划产后母乳喂养率低,母乳喂养的认知欠缺,渴望获得医护人员的专业指导.结论：孕妇对母乳喂养的认知情况不容乐观,对医务人员宣教需求量大,医务人员应在孕期适时开展有效的母乳喂养健康教育,为提高产后纯母乳喂养率奠定基础.     

特殊情况下的母乳喂养

本文从早产儿的母乳喂养;母乳喂养和黄疸;药物与哺乳;婴儿体重增长缓慢和母乳供应不足综合征;断奶——半流质和固体食品添加的过程;乙肝病毒携带者的哺乳问题分6方面讲解在特殊情况下的母乳喂养.     

浅谈婴幼儿喂养指导对婴幼儿喂养状况的促进

目的 浅谈婴幼儿喂养指导对婴幼儿的喂养状况的促进.方法 选取婴幼儿及母亲88例进行系统的分析讨论,随机将其分为两组,一组患者实施常规的护理措施为对照组,另一组患者给予有效的婴幼儿喂养指导为观察组,比较两组喂养成功率以及婴幼儿体重增长.结果 观察组婴幼儿的喂养成功率以及婴幼儿的体重增长明显优于对照组,差异显著(P＜0.05),具有统计学意义.结论 对于婴幼儿的喂养状况直接影响到婴幼儿的生长发育,因此有效的婴幼儿喂养指导能够明显地促进婴幼儿的喂养情况,有助于婴幼儿生长发育.     

桐庐镇婴幼儿母乳喂养与辅食添加情况调查

母乳喂养与辅食添加是影响婴幼儿生长发育的关键因素，为了解桐庐城镇婴幼儿喂养情况特进行了此调查，现将调查结果报告如下。     

我国婴幼儿出生与喂养状况调查研究

目的:系统了解、及时掌握我国城乡婴幼儿营养与健康状况的现状、变化趋势及其影响因素,为国家制订相关政策及发展规划提供准确的信息;提高我国婴幼儿的体质及健康水平。方法:采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样方法。为了保证婴幼儿的调查人数,在样本地区适当补充调查人数。调查步骤由询问调查、医学体检、实验室检测和膳食调查四个部分组成。结果:我国婴儿出生体重和身长平均分别为3309g和50.0cm,城市显著高于农村(P<0.001),婴儿低出生体重和巨大儿出生比例以及早产率分别为3.6%、5.3%和12.3%,城乡差别显著(P<0.001);本次调查4个月内婴儿,基本纯母乳喂养率为71.6%,农村显著高于城市(P<0.001)。出生后4个月以内添加辅食的比例累计达到30.4%、4-6个月为57.2%。结论:我国婴幼儿生长发育状况明显改善,新生儿出生后喂养方式仍存在很多不合理现象,随着爱婴医院的创建与完善,我国母乳喂养率有了一定提高,但与提出的目标还有差距。     

克拉玛依市368例儿童母乳喂养情况及其影响因素分析

目的 了解新疆克拉玛衣市儿童的母乳喂养情况及其影响因素。方法 对１９９６￣１９９７年出生儿童的家庭进行回顾性问卷调查。结果 答卷完整的３６８例，约３／４为汉族。母乳喂养率均在６０％以上，各民族间的差异在统计学上无显性。乳母化较高及产假少于４个月母乳喂养率低于化较低及产休时间长于４个月。辅食添 本符合要求。汉族乳母给孩子添加辅食的时间往往早于少数民族产母。结论 化水平较高的乳母的母乳喂     

Breastfeeding Practices among Mothers in Southwest Nigeria

BackgroundThis study was conducted to determine the breastfeeding practices among parous antenatal attendees in two teaching hospitals in Southwest Nigeria.MethodsA cross-sectional study was carried out on 340 parous antenatal clinic attendees in two teaching hospitals in Ogun State, Nigeria. A structured questionnaire was used to obtain data on breastfeeding practices. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) windows version 21.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA).ResultsOut of a total of 340 women, 319 (93.8%) breastfed their last babies. The median duration of breastfeeding was 15 months. One hundred and thirty two women (38.8%) initiated breastfeeding within 30 minutes of delivery, and 200 women (58.8%) exclusively breastfed their babies for six months. The majority of the women, 299(87.9%k) did not report any problem associated with breastfeeding. Logistic regression analysis showed that women who had no breastfeeding problems were more likely to exclusively breastfeed their infants for six months compared to those with breastfeeding problems (AOR 3.4; CI 1.6–7.1; P=0.001). Similarly, women who got breastfeeding information from mass media were more likely to practice exclusive breastfeeding for six months compared to those that got breastfeeding information from other sources (AOR42.2; CI 3.1–568.5; P=0.005).ConclusionExclusive breastfeeding is suboptimal in Ogun State, Nigeria. Provision of breastfeeding information via mass media will assist in improving breastfeeding practice. Educating mothers on the techniques that help to prevent breastfeeding complications will also be beneficial.     

高学历产妇产后不同阶段母乳成分及喂养方式变化的随访

目的调查高学历产妇产后不同喂养阶段母乳营养成分及喂养方式的动态变化。方法招募大学本科及其以上学历的产妇87名,跟踪随访其在产后0~6个月内选择的喂养方式,分别采集其产后5天、14天、1个月、3个月、6个月母乳样本15 ml进行宏量营养素检测。比较不同时间点母乳中营养成分的差异。结果 1个月成熟乳、3个月成熟乳、6个月成熟乳中的乳糖含量均低于初乳和过渡乳中的乳糖含量,过渡乳和1个月成熟乳中的脂肪含量高于初乳中的脂肪含量,初乳和过渡乳中的蛋白质含量高于1个月成熟乳、3个月成熟乳及6个月成熟乳中蛋白质含量,过渡乳能量高于初乳、3个月成熟乳及6个月成熟乳,初乳及过渡乳中总矿物质含量高于1个月成熟乳、3个月成熟乳及6个月成熟乳中的总矿物质含量,3个月成熟乳、6个月成熟乳中水分含量高于过渡乳中的水分含量,差异均有统计学意义。产后5天内,新生儿纯母乳喂养比例39.7%;产后14天,采集过渡乳的产妇中纯母乳喂养比例72.5%;产后1个月,采集成熟乳的产妇中纯母乳喂养比例85.1%;产后3个月,采集成熟乳的产妇中纯母乳喂养比例为90.0%;产后6个月,采集成熟乳的产妇中纯母乳喂养比例为81.2%。结论母乳中蛋白质、乳糖、矿物质含量随泌乳时间延长而减少;而脂肪、能量含量在初乳中最低,过渡乳中达到高峰,并于成熟乳、晚乳中维持恒定,其变化利于婴儿健康生长。高学历产妇产后14天泌乳量稳定后能较好的保证纯母乳喂养方式,母乳喂养产妇中纯母乳喂养的比例随喂养时间延长逐渐上升。产后6个月,高学历在职产妇重返职场,对坚持母乳喂养产生影响,纯母乳喂养比例相对下降。     

乳酸杆菌对不同体质母亲母乳成分的影响

目的本研究通过给过敏体质孕母、乳母补充益生菌乳酸杆菌,观察乳酸杆菌对母乳成分的影响及其与婴儿过敏性疾病发病的关系。方法选择过敏体质孕妇（n=60）,随机分成两组,一组自孕36周开始口服乳酸杆菌,孩子出生后继续服用直到母乳喂养结束,另一组口服安慰剂,同时选择非过敏体质孕妇（n=30）为对照组,生后取母乳测细胞因子及免疫球蛋白（IgA、skA、TGF-β1,sCD14）,孩子随访到2岁以确定湿疹及其他过敏性疾病。结果口服乳酸杆菌的孕妇母乳中TGF—β1、sCD14水平较口服安慰剂低,口服乳酸杆菌的孕妇的孩子2岁内患过敏性疾病率低。口服乳酸杆菌对母乳中IgA、sIgA水平没有影响。结论在怀孕晚期及哺乳期口服乳酸杆菌可降低母乳中TGF-β、sCD14水平,这种细胞因子水平降低与母乳喂养婴儿低敏感性有相关性。     

The Attitudes of Polish Women towards Breastfeeding Based on the Iowa Infant Feeding Attitude Scale (IIFAS)

Background: The Iowa Infant Feeding Attitude Scale (IIFAS), which is used for the assessment of attitudes towards breastfeeding, has been found to be reliable and valid in a number of countries, but has not yet been psychometrically tested in Polish women. The purpose of the study was to report on the cultural adaptation of the IIFAS to Polish settings and on its validation, to evaluate the breastfeeding attitudes in Polish women who recently gave birth, and to identify the determinants of these attitudes. Methods: The study was performed in a group of 401 women in their first postpartum days. Results: Cronbach’s α for the scale was 0.725. Discriminative power coefficients of all questionnaire items were higher than 0.2. Subscales were strongly correlated with the total score, with a correlation coefficient of 0.803 for the “favorable toward breastfeeding” subscale (p < 0.001), and 0.803 for the “favorable toward formula feeding” subscale (p < 0.05). For the item “A mother who occasionally drinks alcohol should not breastfeed her baby”, the factor loading did not reach the criterion value, and so the item was not included in further analyses. The mean IIFAS score was 63.12 (±7.34). Conclusions: The Polish version of the IIFAS is a reliable and appropriate measure of women’s attitudes towards infant feeding in Polish settings, with acceptable psychometric properties and construct validity.     

Implementation of the Brazilian Breastfeeding Network and prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the association between the level of implementation of the Brazilian Breastfeeding Network and the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding.

METHODS

Cross-sectional study of a representative sample of 916 infants < 6 months, in Ribeirao Preto, SP, Southeastern Brazil, in 2011. Data on breastfeeding, place of outpatient care and other characteristics were collected during the National Vaccination Campaign. The factor studied is where outpatient care took place: Private; Non-Network Public; Public with Network Workshop; and Public certified by Network. The individualized effect of the factor studied on the outcome was analyzed using Poisson regression with robust variance.

RESULTS

The comparison between private (reference category) and other outpatient care showed significant dose-response relationship with a progressive increase in the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding in public non-Network, public with Network Workshop and public accredited by Network outpatient care (p = 0.047). As regards the Basic Health Units accredited by Network category, the Prevalence Ratio of exclusive breastfeeding was equal to 1.47 (95%CI 1.00;2.17), after adjustment for confounding variables.

CONCLUSIONS

The prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding for infants < 6 months was higher in places accredited by the Brazilian Breastfeeding Network, which evinces the importance of investing in accreditation of Basic Units of Health by this strategy.     

Extensive Study of Breast Milk and Infant Growth: Protocol of the Cambridge Baby Growth and Breastfeeding Study (CBGS-BF)

Growth and nutrition during early life have been strongly linked to future health and metabolic risks. The Cambridge Baby Growth Study (CBGS), a longitudinal birth cohort of 2229 mother–infant pairs, was set up in 2001 to investigate early life determinant factors of infant growth and body composition in the UK setting. To carry out extensive profiling of breastmilk intakes and composition in relation to infancy growth, the Cambridge Baby Growth and Breastfeeding Study (CBGS-BF) was established upon the original CBGS. The strict inclusion criteria were applied, focusing on a normal birth weight vaginally delivered infant cohort born of healthy and non-obese mothers. Crucially, only infants who were exclusively breastfed for the first 6 weeks of life were retained in the analysed study sample. At each visit from birth, 2 weeks, 6 weeks, and then at 3, 6, 12, 24, and 36 months, longitudinal anthropometric measurements and blood spot collections were conducted. Infant body composition was assessed using air displacement plethysmography (ADP) at 6 weeks and 3 months of age. Breast milk was collected for macronutrients and human milk oligosaccharides (HMO) measurements. Breast milk intake volume was also estimated, as well as sterile breastmilk and infant stool collection for microbiome study.     

早产儿的喂养问题

合理的喂养是提高早产儿生存质量的关键.应保证营养的供给,使其生长达到胎生最后3个月的生长速度.但人们对此常缺乏认识,对供给足够营养以满足生后快速生长的需要重视不够,更多的早产儿则因胃肠功能不完善,生活能力差,喂养不当或疾病的影响等使体重不增加或增加不理想.本文对此进行了分析讨论,提出了改进意见,较详细地讨论了喂养的具体方法及注意事项,在无母奶的情况下如何选择代替品及常见的临床问题等.     

Enhanced immunogenicity of an oral inactivated cholera vaccine in infants in Bangladesh obtained by zinc supplementation and by temporary withholding breast-feeding

The killed oral cholera vaccine Dukoral is recommended for adults and only children over 2 years of age, although cholera is seen frequently in younger children and there is an urgent need for a vaccine for them.     

城市婴儿喂养中喂养人与婴儿交流现况研究

目的:了解城市婴儿喂养中的喂养人与婴儿交流现状,发现婴儿喂养交流中存在的主要问题,寻找产生问题的原因。方法:本研究采取了以直接观察为主的研究方法,运用现场摄像技术,对北京市城区48例6~12个月婴儿喂养中的母子交流现状进行了调查,同时通过个人深入访谈了解喂养人在喂养交流方面的态度、想法。结果:喂养中,喂养人缺乏喂养交流意识和技巧。结论:婴儿喂养中对喂养交流缺乏重视。