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目的 探讨拉米夫定防治乙肝病毒在肝癌围手术期活跃的效果。方法 对７２例肝癌合并ＨＢＶ感染者随机分组,研究组的３８例在围手术期每日１次给予拉米夫定１００mg,进行定量ＨＢＶ ＤＮＡ及其它检查。对照组在围手术期不进行抗乙肝病毒治疗。结果 对照组的ＨＢＶ ＤＮＡ量,在术后１周内、２周内较术前的增高值具显著性意义（Ｐ＜０.０１）,研究组中术后１周内、２周内ＨＢＶ ＤＮＡ量较术前的ＨＢＶ ＤＮＡ量低值亦有显著性意义（Ｐ＜０.０１）,皆低于安全治愈阈值;两组的术前、术后Ｃhild分级,术前、术后ＡＬＴ比较差异无显著性意义（Ｐ＞０.０5）。术后２周内并发症发生率比较,差异有显著性意义（Ｐ＜０.０５）。结论 外科治疗可激活ＨＢＶ的复制能力,须加强肝癌围手术期对ＨＢＶ的防范。拉米夫定有强大的抗ＨＢＶ功能,可短期内迅速降低ＨＢＶ ＤＮＡ的量至安全范围,应用拉米夫定可以预防和治疗肝癌围手术期乙肝病毒的活跃。但其短期内改善肝脏功能的效果不明显。     

肝移植围手术期外周血单个核细胞内乙型肝炎病毒DNA的检测及临床价值

目的 观察肝移植围手术期外周血单个核细胞(PBMC)内乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)DNA的变化规律,探讨其在监测肝移植受体体内HBV存在及活动状态中的价值.方法 2007年8月至2007年12月20例乙肝表面抗原(HbsAg)阳性肝移植受体给予口服恩替卡韦联合肌注乙肝免疫球蛋白(HBIG)作为HBV再感染的预防方案,分别于术前1 d、术后1周、4周、12周采用实时荧光定量PER法检测血清HBV DNA、PBMC内HBV DNA.结果 术前1 d、术后1周、4周、12周PBMC内HBV DNA阳性率分别为85.0%(17/20)、45.0%(9/20)、45.0%(9/20)和40.0%(8/20),术后1周与术前比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),但1周以后阳性率无显著变化;围手术期PBMC内HBVDNA定量均值分别为104.07±2.07、101.69±1.96、101.15±1.72和101.30±1.63拷贝/106细胞,同样术后1周与术前比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),但随术后时间的延长,下降趋势越来越缓慢,术后4周后定量值的下降差异无统计学意义.各时间点血清HBV DNA阳性率分别为70.0%(14/20)、25.0%(5/20)、5.0%(1/20)和0;血清HBVDNA定量均值分别为103.27±2.54、100.91±1.63、100.23±0.98和0拷贝/106细胞.结论 肝移植术后PBMC内HBV DNA迅速转阴并维持在同一稳定水平.PBMC内HBV DNA定量检测似乎较血清HBV DNA能更好的反映肝移植围手术期体内残存病毒的存在及活动状态.     

HBV感染肝癌患者血清HBV DNA水平与手术近期疗效的关系

目的 探讨血清HBVDNA水平与HBV感染原发性肝癌手术治疗近期疗效的关系.方法 100例HBsAg 阳性手术切除的原发性肝癌病例,检测术前、术后1周血清HBVDNA,与各项临床指标,术后血ALT、TB峰值及肝功能恢复时间行统计学分析.结果 本组病例术前HBVDNA阳性率达79%,肝切除前后血清HBVDNA水平变化无显著性差异(配对t检验P=0.204);术前血清HBVDNA水平与肝癌切除后血清ALT峰值及肝功能恢复时间呈显著性正相关(P相似文献   

HBV-DNA阳性肝细胞癌患者抗病毒治疗的临床意义

目的分析抗乙肝病毒(HBV)治疗对于HBV-DNA阳性并行手术切除的肝细胞癌(HCC)患者预后的影响。方法回顾性分析2007年1月～2012年12月安徽医科大学第一附属医院肝胆外科HBV DNA≥103copies/ml且行肝癌切除术的HCC患者共68例,按在围手术期及术后是否行正规抗HBV治疗分为未抗病毒组(33例)及抗病毒组(35例)。抗病毒方案为拉米夫定/阿德福韦酯二联方案或恩替卡韦单药治疗。比较两组间临床病理学参数,术后1周、1个月及3个月的血清HBV DNA含量,术后整体生存时间及无瘤生存时间的差异。结果两组患者临床病理学参数及术前血清HBV DNA含量无明显差异(P>0.05),抗病毒组HBV DNA术后明显降低,而未抗病毒组HBV DNA持续处于高水平,两组间有显著性差异(P<0.05)。抗病毒组术后总体生存时间明显高于未抗病毒组(33.65±5.43月vs 15.64±2.48月),未抗病毒组术后无瘤生存明显少于抗病毒组(12.43±1.90月vs 24.51±4.44月)。结论针对HBV-DNA阳性HCC患者行正规抗病毒治疗可有效降低血清HBV-DNA含量,延长术后总体生存时间及无瘤生存时间。     

恩替卡韦对肝移植受者血清及外周血单个核细胞内HBV DNA的抑制作用

目的 研究恩替卡韦对乙型肝炎相关性终末期肝病患者肝移植术后血清及外周血单个核细胞（PBMC）内HBV DNA的抑制作用. 方法 选取从2007年8～12月的20例HBsAg阳性肝移植受者作为研究对象（围手术期组）,给予口服恩替卡韦每天0.5 mg联合肌注乙肝免疫球蛋白作为HBV再感染的预防方案,分别于术前1 d和术后1、4、12周采用实时荧光定量PCR法检测血清及PBMC内HBV DNA定量.同时回顾性分析2006年8月至2007年8月共34例行同种异体原位肝移植,术后长期使用恩替卡韦联合肌注乙肝免疫球蛋白的患者（随访组）,随访时间4.0～22.5个月,同样的方法检测血清及PBMC内HBV DNA定量.结果 20例受者血清HBV DNA在恩替卡韦治疗12周时全部转阴.术前1 d和术后1、4、12周PBMC内HBV DNA阳性率分别为85.0%（17/20）和45.0%（9/20）、45.0%（9/20）、40.0%（8/20）,术后1周与术前比较差异有统计学意义（P=0.004）,但1周以后阳性率无显著变化;围手术期PBMC内HBV DNA定量均值分别为104.07±2.07和101.69±1.96、101.51±1.72、101.30±1.63拷贝/106细胞,同样术后1周与术前比较差异有统计学意义（P=0.01）,但随术后时间的延长,下降趋缓,术后4周后定量值的下降差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）.随访组平均随访13.6个月,均未发现HBV再感染（血清HBV DNA均阴性）,PBMC内HBV DNA阳性率为32.4%（11/34）,定量均值101.03±0.26拷贝/106细胞.结论 恩替卡韦对肝移植术后血清及PBMC内HBV DNA均具有较好的抑制效果,但PBMC内HBV DNA下降趋势在术后4周后即维持在相对稳定状态,不能完全被清除.     

乙肝阳性肝癌患者乙肝病毒活动状态及对外科干预的反应

背景:乙肝与肝癌有确定关系的观点早已确立,但是人们对肝癌阶段肝病毒的活动状态评价不一;并且对肝癌的主要治疗手段-外科干预是否对病毒活动造成影尚无定论。目的:明确肝癌阶段HBV的存在状态;探讨外科干预 对HBV的可能影。方法:采用常规PCR方法,对收治的97例肝癌病人,进行手术前后(其中31例经手术治疗)血清HBV DNA阳性情况调查;进一步采用定量PCR方法对14例乙肝阳性肝癌病人配对研究了外科处理前后病毒血清HBV DNA拷贝变化。结果:1)97次检查阳性率为48.45％(47/97),其中术前检查阳性率为40.9％(27/66),术后阳性率为64.52％(20/31);2)14例肝癌患者术后血清HBV DNA拷贝数较术前增加(P<0.01)。结论:肝癌阶段乙肝病毒仍然在一大部分病人体内进行着活跃地复制活动;外科干预更加激发乙肝病毒的复制过程。建议在肝癌外科干预的同时应当防范乙肝的活动。     

乙肝病毒因素对肝癌肝切除及肝移植术后复发的影响

肝切除术是目前公认的治疗肝癌的首选方式,但术后肿瘤复发率较高.中国肝癌患者多数合并乙肝感染,乙肝病毒(HBV)因素如:病毒基因型、血清e抗原状态、血清HBV DNA水平、肝内HBV DNA水平与肝切除术后肿瘤复发相关.抗病毒治疗,尤其是干扰素治疗可能是预防肝癌复发的有效方式之一.乙肝病毒因素也可影响肝移植术后患者复发率.     

原发性肝癌患者围手术期乙型肝炎病毒DNA的变化及其影响因素

目的 探讨乙肝相关性肝癌患者围手术期乙型肝炎病毒(HBV) DNA水平变化的影响因素,比较抗病毒治疗与未抗病毒治疗对患者术后肝功能恢复的影响.方法 选择55例未达到抗病毒治疗标准的乙肝相关性肝癌患者,定量检测其术前和术后第3天的HBV DNA载量及白细胞介素(IL)-6、IL-10、IL-27的水平.根据术后HBV DNA载量,将患者分成HBV DNA升高(激活)组和不变组.升高组给予抗病毒治疗.记录所有患者术前、术后肝功能指标.用SPSS 13.0进行统计学分析.结果 (1)全组患者HBV激活率为45％(25/55),术前HBV DNA＜1×104 IU/ml的患者,术后HBV激活占激活总数的76％(19/25).(2) Logistic回归分析显示肿瘤直径(P=0.037,0.006)及肝切缘无水酒精注射(P=0.004)是引起HBV再激活的独立危险因素.(3)酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA)结果:术后IL-10升高与HBV再激活有关(P=0.001),IL 6升高及IL-10降低与HBV不变有关(P=0.000).(4)术后HBV DNA升高且行抗病毒治疗的患者,术后肝功能恢复情况与其他患者比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 肝癌切除术可能引起患者HBV再激活,围手术期内应监测HBV DNA载量的变化.肿瘤直径、术中行肝切缘无水酒精注射术是HBV再激活的独立危险因素.患者术后IL-10、IL-6水平的变化可能与HBV DNA的变化有关.术后HBV再激活近期不会加重肝功能损伤,术后抗病毒治疗对患者近期肝功能的恢复无明显促进作用.     

感染乙型肝炎病毒肝癌患者体内病毒活动状态及对外科治疗的反应

目的了解乙型肝炎病毒标志物阳性肝癌患者体内乙肝病毒的活动状态及外科治疗肝癌对其的影响。方法ＨＢＶＤＮＡ定性ＰＣＲ及免疫学方法检测９７例肝癌患者的血清乙肝病毒ＤＮＡ及其标志物,９７例患者分为２组,术前组６６例,术后组３１例;ＨＢＶＤＮＡ定量ＰＣＲ方法对２０例乙肝病毒阳性肝癌患者外科治疗前后血清中病毒的存在状态及血清中病毒ＤＮＡ复制数进行对比研究。结果术前组及术后组均有部分肝癌患者血清中可以发现复制型乙肝病毒,两组阳性率分别为４０９％、６４５２％,术后组较术前组有显著意义的升高（Ｐ＜００５）;２０例乙肝病毒阳性患者经外科治疗后血清中乙肝病毒ＤＮＡ复制数较术前有显著意义增加（Ｐ＜００１）。结论部分乙肝病毒阳性肝癌患者体内乙肝病毒仍然活跃复制;外科干预更加激发乙肝病毒的复制过程。建议在肝癌外科干预的同时应当防范乙肝的活动     

拉米夫定预防和治疗肾移植受者乙型肝炎复发的临床观察

目的：探讨拉米夫定预防和治疗肾移植患者乙型肝炎复发的效果。方法：28例肾功能衰竭患者，肾移植术前乙型肝炎表面抗原（HBsAg）阳性，其中8例乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）DNA阳性，术前患者的肝功能正常，无肝脏纤维化。供者HBsAg均为阴性。20例接受拉米夫定预防性治疗，其中14例术前HBVDNA阴性者术后即刻接受拉米夫定治疗，6例HBVDNA阳性者术前即接受拉米夫定治疗；8例于肾移植术后出现肝功能异常时开始拉米夫定治疗。拉米夫定均为口服给药，起始量为100mg／d。结果：28例患者术后随访13～54个月，平均23．6个月，2例死亡。20例预防性用药者中，仅3例术前用药者术后9、3个月出现HBVDNA滴度增高，合并轻度肝功能异常，丙氨酸转氨酶（ALT）的平均峰值为87．5U／L，拉米夫定治疗后肝功能恢复正常，HBV DNA转阴；另外17例治疗期间HBV DNA阴性，肝功能正常。未预防用药的8例，术后4．6个月时HBV DNA转为阳性（或HBV DNA滴度明显升高），肝功能异常，ALT的平均峰值为174．5U／L，给予拉米夫定后，肝功能恢复正常，HBV DNA转阴，但有5例在治疗期间HBV DNA反复阳性。在拉米夫定治疗期间，28例患者的血肌酐维持在正常水平，未出现严重的药物不良反应。结论：HBsAg阳性的肾移植患者，在出现肝功能异常前使用拉米夫定，对于预防乙型肝炎复发是安全、有效的。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.