Hypoxia preconditioning attenuates bladder overdistension-induced oxidative injury by up-regulation of Bcl-2 in the rat

We explored whether hypoxic preconditioning minimizes oxidative injury induced by overdistension/emptying in the rat bladder. For hypoxic preconditioning, female Wistar rats were placed in a hypobaric chamber (380 Torr) 15 h day⁻¹ for 28 days. Overdistension was induced by infusion of two times the threshold volume of saline into the bladder and was maintained for 1 or 2 h, followed by drainage/emptying. During overdistension (ischaemia) and emptying (reperfusion) periods, a bursting increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS) from the bladder was originated from the large numbers of infiltrating leucocytes and scattered resident cells, including urothelial, submucosal, and smooth muscle cells. ROS impaired the voiding function by a reduction of bladder afferent and efferent nerve activity and bethanecol- or ATP-induced detrusor contraction. ROS enhanced pro-apoptotic mechanisms, including increases in the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, CPP32 expression, and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) fragments with subsequent apoptotic cell formation in the insulted bladders. Hypoxia preconditioning up-regulated Bcl-2 expression in the bladder and significantly reduced the levels of ROS and apoptosis detected in the overdistension/emptying bladders and preserved partial voiding function. Bcl-2 up-regulation by hypoxia preconditioning contributes protection against overdistension/emptying-induced oxidative stress and injury in the bladder.     

老龄大鼠脑缺血再灌注神经细胞凋亡、Bcl-2、Bax表达与caspase-3活性变化

目的：研究老年与青年急性局灶性脑缺血及再灌注(I/R)后细胞凋亡、Bcl-2、Bax表达与caspase-3活性变化的异同。方法： 采用线栓法建立急性局灶性脑I/R模型，检测青年与老龄大鼠脑缺血3 h及I/R 3 h、6 h、12 h、24 h、 72 h后脑梗死面积、神经细胞凋亡、Bcl-2、Bax表达及caspase-3活性。结果： 老龄大鼠脑缺血3 h和I/R 12 h脑梗死面积较青年大鼠增大。随着I/R时间延长，细胞凋亡明显增加，老龄大鼠出现的早、持续时间长。青年大鼠随着I/R时间的延长Bcl-2表达明显增强，老龄大鼠不明显。老龄大鼠I/R Bax表达早于青年大鼠，其表达增强及持续时间较长。老龄大鼠I/R caspase-3的激活早于青年大鼠。结论： 老龄大鼠I/R脑组织损伤严重，神经细胞凋亡显著，其机制与Bax表达增加、casspase-3活性增高及其持续时间长有关。     

去甲肾上腺素和缺血预处理对大鼠缺血再灌注心肌细胞凋亡、Bcl-2、Bax蛋白表达的影响

目的:研究去甲肾上腺素预处理(NE-P)和缺血预处理(IP)对大鼠缺血再灌注(I/R)心肌细胞凋亡及相关基因Bcl-2和Bax蛋白表达的影响。方法:复制缺血再灌注损伤(IRI),采用末端标记技术(TUNEL)检测心肌细胞凋亡;应用免疫组化SABC法检测Bcl-2和Bax蛋白表达。结果:I/R组凋亡细胞较多,NE-P组及IP组凋亡细胞明显少于I/R组(P＜0.01)。在I/R组Bcl-2的表达少而Bax的表达较多,NE-P组及IP组Bcl-2的表达明显高于I/R组(P＜0.01),而Bax的表达明显低于I/R组(P＜0.01)。NE-P组与IP组各指标均无显著差异(P＞0.05)。结论:NE-P可抑制I/R诱发的心肌细胞凋亡,Bcl-2和Bax的蛋白表达在心肌凋亡的发生中起重要作用。NE-P与IP两者对心肌细胞凋亡及相关基因表达的影响的作用相近。     

The effect of testosterone replacement therapy on bladder functions,histology, apoptosis,and Rho-kinase expression in bladder outlet obstruction and hypogonadism rat model

Background/aimThe effect of testosterone replacement therapy was investigated on bladder functions, histology, apoptosis as well as Rho-kinase expression in the rat bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) and hypogonadism models. Materials and methods30 mature male rats divided into 4 groups: sham group (n = 8), BOO group (n = 8), BOO + orchiectomy group (n = 7), BOO + orchiectomy + testosterone (T) treatment group (n = 7). Cystometric findings, apoptosis index, Rho-kinase (ROCK-2) expression, and smooth muscle/collagen ratio were compared. Results BOO did not change ROCK-2 expression level, compared to sham group (P > 0.05). However, when compared to BOO group (P < 0.01), BOO + orchiectomy led ROCK-2 increase. The testosterone treatment failed to reverse the up-regulation of ROCK-2 induced by orchiectomy although it tended to lower ROCK-2 level. Compared to sham group (P = 0.002), changes in maximal bladder capacity and leak point pressure were higher (P = 0.026, P = 0.001), and bladder compliance was lower in BOO group. Also, the apoptosis index was different between the two groups (P = 0.380). Smooth muscle/collagen ratio was higher in BOO + orchiectomy + T group than in BOO + orchiectomy group (P = 0.010).ConclusionsThe research draws attention to alternating treatment approaches in case of the presence of hypogonadism and BOO.     

缺血再灌注对在体兔窦房结细胞凋亡及凋亡相关基因表达的影响

目的:探讨缺血再灌注对在体兔窦房结细胞凋亡及凋亡相关基因表达的影响。方法:取家兔90只随机分为对照组, 缺血10 min、30 min、60 min、120 min组及缺血10 min、30 min、60 min、120 min再灌注4h组, 每组10只。通过结扎及放松右冠状动脉起始部制作窦房结缺血再灌注损伤模型, 当达各预定时点后, 迅速切取窦房结组织固定, 用TUNEL法检测窦房结细胞凋亡, 用免疫组化法检测窦房结细胞Fas-L、Bax及Bcl-2表达。结果:①对照组、缺血10 min、30 min组均未观察到明显的窦房结细胞凋亡现象;缺血60 min、120 min组及缺血再灌注4组中共有68.3%(41/60)的兔窦房结细胞出现不同程度的凋亡现象, 其细胞凋亡率分别为8.6%、16.1%、23.5%、34.5%、44.7%与31.2%。②Fas-L、Bax表达量随缺血时间延长逐渐增加, 以缺血120 min组表达最强;而Bcl-2表达则以缺血60 min组最强。③缺血再灌注各组中, Fas-L、Bax表达均明显强于对照组, 并以缺血60 min再灌注4h组最强;Bcl-2表达以缺血30 min再灌注4h组最强。④缺血再灌注组窦房结细胞Fas-L、Bax表达明显高于相同时间缺血组(P＜0.01)。结论:缺血及缺血再灌注均可诱导在体兔窦房结细胞凋亡, 凋亡相关基因Fas-L、Bax、Bcl-2可能参与了细胞凋亡的调控过程, 缺血再灌注损伤对窦房结细胞凋亡的发生具有促进作用。     

Urocortin调控Bcl-2家族与大鼠缺氧/复氧心肌细胞凋亡

目的观察神经肽Urocortin对大鼠缺氧/复氧心肌细胞Bcl-2及相关基因mRNA表达和细胞凋亡的影响。方法培养新生大鼠的心肌细胞并缺氧/复氧处理,用RT-PCR检测Bcl-2、Bax、Bcl-xL、Bad mRNA表达,TUNEL法检测细胞凋亡。结果Urocortin治疗组Bcl-2的mRNA表达与缺氧/复氧组比较明显增加(P<0.05),Bax的表达明显下降(P<0.05),Bcl-xL、Bad mRNA表达无明显改变(P>0.05)。Urocortin治疗组凋亡细胞率与缺氧/复氧组比较减少(P<0.05)。结论Urocortin调节心肌细胞Bcl-2家族基因转录下凋促凋亡基因Bax表达,上调抑凋亡基因Bcl-2使Bcl-2/Bax比值增加。这可能是Urocortin抗大鼠缺氧/复氧心肌细胞凋亡的机制之一。     

Fasudil, a Rho-associated protein kinase inhibitor, attenuates retinal ischemia and reperfusion injury in rats

Abnormal activation of Rho kinase (ROCK) plays a vital role in the pathogenesis of ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-induced retinal injury. The aim of this study was to investigate whether fasudil, a potent inhibitor of ROCK, has a protective effect on retinal I/R injury in rats and to explore the possible underlying mechanisms. Forty adult Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned into sham, I/R injury model (I/R), model plus normal saline (control), and model plus fasudil (fasudil) groups. Rats in the control and fasudil groups were intravitreously injected with normal saline and fasudil, respectively, 5 min prior to the induction of ischemia. Retinal ischemia was induced by increasing the intraocular pressure to 100 mmHg for 60 min. Overall retinal thickness and retinal cell apoptosis was evaluated by histological analysis and the TUNEL assay, respectively. The protein expression of caspase-3 and the Bax/Bcl-2 mRNA ratio were also examined. Moreover, the retinal expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was determined by immunohistochemical staining, quantitative real-time RT-PCR and Western blot analysis. Fasudil attenuated the I/R-induced apoptosis of retinal cells in the inner nuclear and ganglion cells of the rat retina. Fasudil significantly decreased the Bax/Bcl-2 mRNA ratio and the expression of caspase-3 and iNOS compared to the control group (P<0.05). Seven days after I/R, the overall retinal thickness in the fasudil group was significantly greater compared to that in the control group (P<0.05). In conclusion, fasudil can protect the rat retina from I/R injury by inhibiting apoptosis and iNOS expression, suggesting that fasudil may have a therapeutic potential for the prevention of retinal diseases associated with I/R.     

葱白提取物对心肌缺血/再灌注损伤具有保护作用

目的 探讨葱白提取物(FOB)对心肌缺血/再灌注（I/R）损伤的影响及其机制。方法 结扎成年大鼠36只左冠状动脉前降支30 min,再灌注120 min建立在体心肌缺血/再灌注损伤模型;培养乳鼠心肌细胞缺氧6 h,复氧18 h建立离体心肌细胞缺氧/复氧(H/R)损伤模型。分别随机分为对照组、I/R组(或H/R组)和FOB预处理+I/R组(或H/R组)。应用PowerLab多通道生理记录仪分析左心室功能;2,3,5-三苯基四唑氯铵（TTC）染色检测心肌梗死体积。流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡率;Western blotting和Real-time PCR检测细胞凋亡相关蛋白和mRNA(Bcl-2、Bax、Caspase-3)的表达;免疫荧光检测细胞色素C(cytochrome C, Cyt-C)的表达。结果 在体大鼠实验中,与对照组比较,I/R组左心室收缩和舒张功能明显恶化(P<0.05);与I/R组比较,FOB预处理能明显改善左心室收缩和舒张功能,且减小心肌梗死体积(P<0.05)。在培养心肌细胞实验中,与对照组比较,H/R组细胞凋亡率明显升高（P<0.01）,Bcl-2蛋白及mRNA表达明显降低,而Bax、Caspase-3和Cyt-C的相关表达则明显升高(P<0.05);与H/R组比较,FOB预处理显著降低细胞凋亡率(P<0.05),增加Bcl-2蛋白及mRNA的表达水平,同时减少Bax、Caspase-3和Cyt-C的相关表达(P<0.05)。结论 葱白提取物对心肌缺血再灌注损伤具有保护作用,其机制可能是通过线粒体途径减少心肌细胞凋亡从而发挥作用。     

西洋参茎叶总皂苷对缺血/再灌注大鼠心肌线粒体膜电位及细胞凋亡的影响

 目的：研究西洋参茎叶总皂苷 (PQS) 对大鼠缺血/再灌注 (I/R) 损伤后心肌细胞凋亡的影响,并从线粒体膜电位 (ΔΨm) 及线粒体凋亡通路探讨其可能的机制。方法：健康雄性SD大鼠90只,随机分为假手术(sham)组、模型(I/R)组、PQS (200 mg·kg-1·d-1, 灌胃6周)+I/R组、环孢霉素A (CsA;10 mg·kg-1,再灌前10 min腹腔注射)组、CsA+I/R组和PQS+CsA+I/R组,各组n=15。除sham组和CsA组大鼠开胸后冠状动脉左前降支（LAD）下穿线不结扎外,其余各组大鼠常规麻醉后,结扎LAD 30 min,再灌注120 min复制I/R模型。生化分析仪测血清乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）含量,氯化三苯基四氮唑（TTC）和伊文思蓝双染法测心梗面积,原位缺口末端标记法（TUNEL）检测各组大鼠心肌细胞凋亡情况,Western blotting检测细胞凋亡相关蛋白的表达。采用JC-1作为荧光探针,用激光共聚焦显微镜和荧光酶标仪测定ΔΨm水平。结果：与sham组比较,I/R组血清LDH活性、心梗面积和心肌细胞凋亡率均显著升高（P<0.05）;与I/R组相比,PQS+I/R组、CsA+I/R组和PQS+CsA+I/R组血清LDH活性、心梗面积和心肌细胞凋亡率均显著降低（P<0.05）。Western blotting结果显示,与sham组相比,I/R组心肌Bcl-2蛋白表达量降低,Bax、胞浆cytochrome C和cleaved caspase-3升高（均P<0.05）;与I/R组相比,PQS+I/R组、CsA+I/R组和PQS+CsA+I/R组心肌Bcl-2蛋白表达量升高,Bax、胞浆cytochrome C及心肌cleaved caspase-3蛋白表达量均降低（P<0.05）。激光共聚焦显微镜观察结果示,I/R组线粒体JC-1染色后红色荧光强度减弱,荧光酶标仪测相对荧光单位（RFU） 较sham组降低（P<0.05）;PQS+I/R组、CsA+I/R组和PQS+CsA+I/R组RFU均较I/R组升高（P<0.05）。结论：PQS显著降低大鼠I/R后心肌细胞损伤,减少细胞凋亡,其机制与维持再灌注期ΔΨm稳定、抑制线粒体凋亡通路的激活有关。     

犬小肠缺血再灌注血管内皮细胞Bcl—2、Bax和VEGF的表达及意义

目的;研究犬小肠缺血再灌注后血管内皮细胞中的凋亡基因（Bcl-2,Bax)的血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）表达改变和意义。方法：阻断分布于小肠较小范围的小肠动脉,建立小肠缺血再灌注模型。以免疫组织化学方法对小肠组织中的Bcl-2,Bax和VEGF的表达进行观察研究。结果：小肠缺血再灌注后,Bcl-2,Bax和VEGF的表达有明显的改变。小肠再灌注0min,Bcl-2,Bax和VEGF的阳性细胞率分别为85％、55％和10％,再灌注30min ,分别为66％、54％和65％,而至再灌注60min,则分别为44％、75％和5％,在对照组仅有少量阳性细胞。结论：小肠缺血再灌注可引起抗凋亡基因Bcl表达夺加,但随着血流恢复而逐渐减少,而凋亡基因Bax的表达则逐渐增加。VEGF表达虽有一定增加,但最终减少。小肠缺血再灌注能增强调亡基因表达和诱导凋亡。     

Apoptosis in adriamycin cardiomyopathy and its modulation by probucol

The dose-dependent cardiomyopathy and heart failure due to adriamycin have been shown to be due to increased oxidative stress and loss of myocytes. We examined the incidence of myocardial apoptosis as well as changes in the expression of apoptotic regulatory gene products in an established animal model of adriamycin cardiomyopathy. Rats were treated with adriamycin (cumulative dose, 15 mg/kg), and the hearts were examined for apoptosis as well as expression of Bax, caspase 3, and Bcl-2 at 0, 4, 10, 16, and 21 days after the treatment. A significant increase in the incidence of apoptosis was seen at 4 days, followed by a decline at 10 and 16 days of posttreatment. At 21 days, the number of apoptotic cells increased again and included cells of the conducting system. Expression of Bax corresponded to these biphasic changes, whereas the converse was true for the expression of Bcl-2. The latter peaked at 10 days followed by a decline at 16 and 21 days. The Bax/Bcl-2 ratio also correlated with the incidence of apoptosis. Expression of caspase 3 correlated with increased apoptosis, but only at early time points. Probucol (cumulative dose, 120 mg/kg), a known antioxidant as well as promoter of endogenous antioxidants, significantly reduced the incidence of apoptosis as well as expression of Bax. Adriamycin-induced hemodynamic changes were also prevented by probucol. These data suggest that adriamycin-induced apoptosis is mediated by oxidative stress and may play a role in the development of heart failure.     

血必净对活化诱导T细胞凋亡的调节

目的 观察活化诱导对脾脏T淋巴细胞凋亡、凋亡相关基因mRNA表达及caspase3活性的影响,以及活血化瘀中药的调节作用.方法 提取BALB/c小鼠脾脏T淋巴细胞并培养,以Con A+IL-2诱导T细胞活化凋亡,MTT法检测细胞增殖活性,流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡率,RT-PCR检测Fas、FasL、Bcl-2、Bax、IL-2 mRNA表达水平,分光光度法测定caspase3酶活性,并观察活血化瘀中药对上述各项指标的影响.结果 活化T淋巴细胞于诱导18h后凋亡率明显增加,于诱导6h时未见FasL、Bax mRNA表达,Fas、Bcl-2 mRNA表达无明显变化;于诱导18 h后Fas、FasL、Bax mRNA表达升高,Bel-2 mRNA表达下降,caspase3活性增高.活血化瘀中药可降低T细胞凋亡,并可分别降低Fas、FasL、Bax mRNA表达,提高Bcl-2 mRNA表达,减轻easpase3酶活性.在活化诱导早期(6 h)促进T淋巴细胞内IL-2 mRNA表达,在晚期(18 h)减少IL-2 mRNA表达.结论 过度活化是脾脏T淋巴细胞异常凋亡的诱发因素,而凋亡的发生与Fas、FasL、Bax、Bcl-2 mRNA表达的改变有关.活血化瘀中药可通过调节IL-2及凋亡相关基因mRNA表达而减轻脾脏T淋巴细胞凋亡,同时可以促进T淋巴细胞的增殖活性.     

小檗碱增强阿霉素诱导的膀胱癌T24细胞凋亡

 目的:研究小檗碱对阿霉素诱导的膀胱癌T24细胞凋亡的影响及机制。方法:将膀胱癌T24细胞分为对照组、阿霉素组、阿霉素+小檗碱组和小檗碱组。采用CCK-8试剂盒测定膀胱癌T24细胞的增殖抑制率。采用Hoechst 33258染色剂检测细胞凋亡,同时测定caspase-3和caspase-9活性以及Bcl-2、Bax蛋白的表达。结果:小檗碱呈剂量和时间依赖性地促进阿霉素诱导的T24细胞凋亡。与阿霉素组比较,小檗碱+阿霉素组caspase-3、caspase-9活性和Bax蛋白的表达水平明显增加,而Bcl-2蛋白表达水平降低。结论:小檗碱可进一步增强阿霉素对T24细胞增殖的抑制作用,其机制与小檗碱增强阿霉素诱导的T24细胞凋亡有关。     

Activated protein C protects myocardium via activation of anti-apoptotic pathways of survival in ischemia-reperfused rat heart

Activated protein C (APC) is known to be beneficial on ischemia reperfusion injury in myocardium. However, the protection mechanism of APC is not fully understood. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects and possible mechanisms of APC on myocardial ischemic damage. Artificially ventilated anaesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to a 30 min of left anterior descending coronary artery occlusion followed by 2 hr of reperfusion. Rats were randomly divided into four groups; Sham, I/R, APC preconditioning and postconditioning group. Myocardial infarct size, apoptosis index, the phosphorylation of ERK1/2, Bcl-2, Bax and cytochrome c genes and proteins were assessed. In APC-administrated rat hearts, regardless of the timing of administration, infarct size was consistently reduced compared to ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) rats. APC improved the expression of ERK1/2 and anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 which were significantly reduced in the I/R rats. APC reduced the expression of pro-apoptotic genes, Bax and cytochrome c. These findings suggest that APC produces cardioprotective effect by preserving the expression of proteins and genes involved in anti-apoptotic pathways, regardless of the timing of administration.     

阿魏酸川芎嗪对缺血再灌注大鼠心肌细胞凋亡及凋亡相关蛋白表达的影响

 目的：观察阿魏酸川芎嗪对缺血再灌注损伤大鼠心肌细胞凋亡的影响,并探讨其可能机制。方法：将60只雄性SD大鼠随机分成5组：（1）假手术组;（2）缺血再灌注组;（3）川芎嗪(4 mg/kg)组;（4）阿魏酸川芎嗪低剂量(4 mg/kg)组;（5）阿魏酸川芎嗪高剂量(8 mg/kg)组。采用结扎左冠状动脉前降支30 min、再灌注120 min的方法复制大鼠心肌缺血再灌注模型;各组大鼠于再灌注前10 min分别颈静脉注射给药,于再灌注结束后,进行血清生化及心肌组织学检测。结果：阿魏酸川芎嗪能显著降低心肌缺血再灌注损伤大鼠血清中肌酸激酶同功酶、乳酸脱氢酶、心肌钙蛋白I和丙二醛的水平,提高总超氧化物歧化酶活性,增加心肌Bcl-2蛋白的表达,减少心肌Bax蛋白的表达, 提高Bcl-2/Bax 的比值和降低心肌细胞凋亡指数,与缺血再灌注组比较,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）。阿魏酸川芎嗪各项指标优于川芎嗪（P＜0.05或P＜0.01）。结论：阿魏酸川芎嗪能减轻大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤;其抗缺血再灌注诱导的心肌细胞凋亡的机制可能与其上调Bcl-2蛋白和下调Bax蛋白表达有关。     

柴胡皂苷A减轻脑缺血再灌注大鼠海马神经元损伤

目的 探讨柴胡皂苷A（Saikosaponin A,SA）通过上调SIRT1水平减轻脑缺血再灌注（ischemia reperfusion,I/R）大鼠海马神经元损伤的作用。 方法 大鼠随机分为6组,每组9只,分别为假手术组（Sham）、模型组（I/R）、柴胡皂苷A 1 mg/kg组（I/R + SA 1 mg/kg）、柴胡皂苷A 5 mg/kg组（I/R + SA 5 mg/kg）、柴胡皂苷A 10 mg/kg（I/R + SA 10 mg/kg）和尼莫地平1 mg/kg组（I/R + NMDP 1 mg/kg）。双侧颈总动脉用微动脉夹夹闭法构建脑缺血再灌注模型,灌胃给药7 d。记录各组大鼠跳台实验犯错次数和Y迷宫实验检测新异臂进入次数,HE染色观察脑组织病理损伤,采用2,3,5-三苯基氯化四氮唑法计算各组大鼠脑梗死率、脑组织含水量及脑指数,尼氏小体染色检测神经元凋亡,免疫印迹法检测Caspase3,Caspase9,Bax／Bcl-2和SIRT1的表达,试剂盒检测SOD、MDA、LDH的含量,RT-PCR检测SIRT1的表达。 结果 柴胡皂苷A能减少大鼠跳台实验犯错次数,增加新异臂进入次数,减少脑梗死率、脑组织含水量及脑指数,降低Bax/Bcl-2和Cleaved caspase3/caspase3、Cleaved caspase9/caspase9的比值,降低MDA和LDH的含量,升高SOD活性,上调SIRT1表达水平（P<0.05）。 结论 胡皂苷A能缓解缺血再灌注大鼠海马神经元损伤和氧化应激,这与SIRT1上调有关。     

BARF1表达下调通过活化caspase依赖的线粒体通路诱导EBV阳性胃癌细胞凋亡

目的:研究BARF1表达下调对EBV阳性胃癌细胞凋亡的影响,以及BARF1基因沉默介导细胞凋亡的分子机制。方法:siRNA和NCsiRNA分别转染NUGC3和SNU719细胞,运用Western blot测定细胞中BARF1、Bcl-2、Bax、细胞色素C、caspase 3和caspase 9的蛋白表达;RT-PCR测定BARF1、Bcl-2和Bax mRNA的表达;台盼蓝染色法测定细胞存活率;Annexin V-FITC/PI染色法和流式细胞仪测定细胞凋亡;细胞凋亡因子抗体芯片分析细胞中凋亡相关蛋白的表达;线粒体膜电位检测试剂盒测定线粒体膜电位;免疫共沉淀检测细胞中Apaf-1和caspase 9的相互作用。结果:与空白对照组和阴性对照组相比,BARF1基因沉默显著诱导NUGC3和SNU719细胞凋亡,而线粒体膜电位显著降低。BARF1沉默基因能促进促凋亡蛋白的表达并抑制抗凋亡蛋白的表达,Bcl-2/Bax比例显著降低;而caspase抑制剂能抑制由BARF1基因沉默介导的细胞凋亡。在siRNA转染的细胞中,caspase 3和caspase 9蛋白发生裂解,细胞色素C的浓度显著高于阴性对照组,Apaf-1蛋白与caspase 9蛋白在细胞质中能够发生相互作用。结论:BARF1基因沉默通过线粒体途径调节Bcl-2和Bax蛋白的表达进而诱导NUGC3和SNU719细胞凋亡,并呈caspase通路依赖关系。     

大鼠肝脏冷缺血再灌注损伤时姜黄素后处理对肝细胞凋亡的影响

背景:姜黄素预处理可减轻肢体缺血再灌注对肝脏的损伤,但姜黄素后处理对肝脏冷缺血再灌注损伤是否有保护作用及其机制目前研究甚少。目的:探讨大鼠肝脏冷缺血再灌注损伤时姜黄素后处理对肝细胞凋亡的影响。方法:选取成年雄性SD大鼠80只,采用随机数字表法将其分成4组(n=20):假手术组、冷缺血再灌注组、姜黄素后处理组、地塞米松组。使肝脏血流处于完全阻断状态,随后以脾静脉作为流入道和右肾上腺静脉作为流出道注入0℃复方乳酸林格液,冷灌注30min;停止冷灌注后,结扎近端脾静脉和右肾上腺静脉,切除脾脏,随即恢复肝脏血流,完成制作冷缺血再灌注模型。在大鼠冷缺血30min后,姜黄素后处理组经尾静脉注射姜黄素60 mg/kg,地塞米松组尾静脉注射地塞米松0.5 mg/kg,其他组以等量的生理盐水替代。再灌注6 h时经下腔静脉取血,检测血清天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶、丙氨酸转移酶水平,随后处死大鼠,取肝组织检测丙二醛水平;采用苏木精-伊红染色观察肝脏病理变化;Hoechst33258染色法检测肝细胞凋亡指数;Westernblot检测肝组织Bcl-2和Bax蛋白表达;RT-PCR检测肝组织促细胞凋亡基因Caspase-9m RNA表达;ELISA检测肝组织肿瘤坏死因子α及白细胞介素1β水平。结果与结论:①与假手术组比较,冷缺血再灌注组天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶、丙氨酸转移酶、丙二醛和凋亡指数明显升高(P<0.05);苏木精-伊红染色切片可见肝血窦内有大量炎性细胞浸润,肝细胞嗜酸性变,胞浆内疏松化,肝细胞呈气球样变,偶可见斑片状坏死,散在点状坏死灶;Bcl-2表达下降,Bax表达明显升高(P<0.05);Caspase-9 mRNA表达、肿瘤坏死因子α及白细胞介素1β水平明显升高(P<0.05);②与冷缺血再灌注组比较,姜黄素后处理组天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶、丙氨酸转移酶、丙二醛和凋亡指数明显下降(P<0.05);苏木精-伊红染色可见肝血窦内炎性浸润明显减轻,胞浆嗜酸性变和气球样变的肝细胞明显减少,但偶可见少量散在的点状坏死;Bcl-2表达升高,Bax表达明显下降(P<0.05);Caspase-9 mRNA表达、肿瘤坏死因子α及白细胞介素1β水平明显下降(P<0.05);③姜黄素后处理组上述各指标与地塞米松组比较差异无显著性意义(P>0.05);④综上所述,姜黄素后处理可减轻大鼠肝脏冷缺血再灌注损伤,其作用机制可能通过上调Bcl-2/Bax比值,抑制凋亡启动子Caspase-9mRNA的表达,减少炎性因子肿瘤坏死因子α和白细胞介素1β的释放,发挥抗凋亡的肝保护作用。     

Poly (ADP-ribose) synthetase inhibitor has a heart protective effect in a rat model of experimental sepsis

The aim of this study is to investigate whether PARP inhibitor could reduce cell apoptosis and injury in the heart during sepsis. Materials and methods: 60 healthy male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into 4 groups---sham group, modal group, 3-AB pretreatment group and 3-AB treatment group, 15 rats per group. The cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) model of sepsis was used. The following were determined--levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), ATP and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), expression of PARP, Bcl-2, Bax, cytochrome C and caspase 3 activity in the myocardium tissue, levels of serum creatine kinase muscle brain (CK-MB) fraction and troponin I. Results: Histological and molecular analyses showed that myocardial cells apoptosis were associated with mitochondria injury, with an increase in the amount of PARP and a decrease in ATP and NAD+ levels in model group. In addition, the levels of Bax, cytochrome C and caspase 3 activity, serum levels of CK-MB and troponin I increased, but levels of Bcl-2 significantly decreased. Inhibition of PARP upregulated the levels of ATP, NAD + and Bcl-2, and significantly reduced the activation of PARP and caspase 3, decreased the levels of MDA, cytochrome C, CK-MB and troponin I. As a result, apoptosis in the heart was attenuated. Conclusion: These results indicate that PARP activation may be involved in apoptosis in the heart induced by sepsis and 3-AB could improve it.