改良大骨瓣减压治疗以额颞脑挫裂伤为主的重型颅脑外伤

探讨改良大骨瓣开颅术治疗重型额颞部颅脑外伤的临床效果。认为采用改良大骨瓣开颅术是治疗重型颅脑外伤有效方法,与标准外伤大骨瓣开颅术比较具有皮瓣设计更合理,减少了外减压的盲目性,减少了并发症。     

重型颅脑损伤的治疗进展

重型颅脑损伤病死率高达 30 % 50 %。为此 ,各国非常重视重型颅脑损伤救治的基础与临床研究 ,并取得了大量具有临床实用价值的研究成果。这些成果为挽救伤员生命 ,降低病死率发挥了重要作用。1　标准大骨瓣开颅术重型颅脑损伤开颅术经过几十年的实践与探索 ,已经形成一套标准的开颅术式。采用标准大骨瓣开颅术能清除约 95%单侧幕上颅内血肿 ,其余 5%幕上顶后叶、枕叶及颅后窝血肿则须行其他骨瓣开颅术。标准大骨瓣开颅术能达到下列目的 :( 1 )清除额颞顶硬膜外、硬膜下及脑内血肿 ;( 2 )清除额叶、颞前及眶内等挫裂伤区坏死脑组织 ;( 3)控制…     

标准大骨瓣开颅术治疗重型脑损伤的临床效果

重型颅脑损伤常合并有严重的急性颅内压增高,病死率高达42%-70%[1].急诊开颅手术是治疗重型颅脑损伤的最主要的方法,但疗效并不理想.我国于20世纪90年代由江基尧等[2]最先引进标准大骨瓣开颅术(又称标准大骨瓣减压术),近年来已经在国内临床得到广泛应用.我科自2004年1月以来,采用标准大骨瓣开颅术治疗重型颅脑损伤患者71例,并与2001年1月至2003年12月间采用常规开颅手术治疗的重型颅脑损伤患者68例进行比较.现报告如下.     

重型颅脑损伤临床规范化治疗的探讨

目的：探讨改良大骨瓣开颅术辅助选择性亚低温救治重型颅脑损伤,术后配合中医药的疗效。方法：将96例重型颅脑损伤病人随机分为2组：A组：行改良大骨瓣开颅术辅助选择性亚低温治疗62例;B组：行标准大骨瓣开颅术常规治疗34例。术后均配合中医药治疗。根据预后评分（GOS）评价病人预后。结果：术后随访1～6个月,平均3各月。A组恢复率为60%,与B组比较,具有显著性差异（P〈0.01）;A组重残率7%,低于B组（P〈0.05）;A组死亡率15%,与B组比较有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论：改良大骨瓣开颅术可降低重型颅脑损伤的死亡率;选择性亚低温治疗具有脑保护功能,加快神经功能恢复,提高其恢复良好率;术后中医参与治疗,使意识恢复加快,并发症减少。改良大骨瓣开颅术辅助选择性亚低温中医药参与的联合治疗,是降低重型颅脑损伤的死亡率、重残率,提高患者生存质量的有效措施。     

标准去大骨瓣减压术治疗重型颅脑损伤临床效果观察

目的探讨标准去大骨瓣减压术治疗重型颅脑损伤的临床效果。方法将2006—2010年中国医科大学附属第一医院鞍山医院收治的50例行常规颞顶瓣开颅术的重型颅脑损伤患者纳入常规骨瓣组,将2014—2018年收治的50例行标准去大骨瓣减压术的重型颅脑损伤患者纳入大骨瓣组。比较两组患者术前和术后第1、3、7天的颅内压,以及术后并发症发生情况;并于术后1个月随访患者生活状态,采用格拉斯哥预后评分评定患者预后。结果常规骨瓣组和大骨瓣组患者术前颅内压比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);大骨瓣组患者术后第1、3、7天的颅内压均低于常规骨瓣组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。大骨瓣组患者术后的脑梗死、切口疝、癫痫发生率均低于常规骨瓣组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。术后随访1个月,大骨瓣组恢复较好患者比例高于常规骨瓣组,死亡患者比例低于常规骨瓣组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论标准去大骨瓣减压术是治疗重型颅脑损伤的有效方法,可明显降低患者死亡风险,提高术后生活质量。     

标准大骨瓣开颅救治Ⅳ～Ⅴ级高血压脑出血效果观察

目的 :探讨标准大骨瓣开颅救治Ⅳ～Ⅴ级高血压脑出血的效果。方法 :采用标准大骨瓣开颅清除血肿 4 6例 ,小骨窗开颅清除血肿 4 7例 ;依据日常生活能力疗效评价指标随防 3个月～ 2年 ,评价标准大骨瓣组与小骨窗组的治疗效果。结果 :大骨瓣组日常生活恢复能力Ⅱ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ级分别为 8 7%、13 0 %、2 1 7%、13 0 % ,明显高于小骨窗组 (P <0 0 5 )。结论 :救治Ⅳ～Ⅴ级高血压脑出血宜首选标准大骨瓣开颅术     

对冲性硬膜下血肿大骨瓣开颅减压预防急性脑膨出的效果

 目的 探讨对冲性硬膜下血肿行标准外伤大骨瓣开颅减压术预防急性脑膨出的效果。方法 回顾性分析2010-05至2015-05本院神经外科收治的86例对冲性颅脑外伤患者,按手术方式分为大骨瓣开颅减压组和常规组,每组各43例,常规组患者实施常规骨瓣开颅减压术,大骨瓣开颅减压组行标准外伤大骨瓣开颅减压术,比较两组治疗效果。结果 大骨瓣开颅减压组患者的术中脑膨出率39.53%、术后切口疝发生率11.63%均显著地低于常规组的67.44%、34.88%(P<0.05),大骨瓣开颅减压组患者术后脑中线恢复率72.09%显著地高于常规组的46.51%(P<0.05);两组患者迟发性血肿发生率、术中病死率差异无统计学意义。术后第1、3、7天大骨瓣开颅减压组患者的格拉斯哥昏迷评分(GCS)值显著地高于常规组患者(P<0.05)。根据格拉斯哥预后评分(GOS)评价标准,大骨瓣开颅减压组患者术后6个月的预后效果优于常规组(P<0.05)。结论 对冲性硬膜下血肿颅脑外伤患者行标准外伤大骨瓣开颅减压术对于防治术中急性脑膨出具有显著地效果,同时有利于改善患者的近期预后。     

改良去大骨瓣减压术治疗重型颅脑损伤64例

目前,对重型颅脑损伤的手术治疗一般采用额颞顶“?”形皮切口标准大骨瓣开颅,但其并发症发生率高,如术后头皮切口长期疼痛、咀嚼功能障碍、颞肌肿胀、切口感染和脑脊液漏等.我院神经外科2009年1月-2011年7月对部分需要行大骨瓣开颅术的重型颅脑损伤患者应用额顶枕弧形改良皮切口,显著降低了术后头皮切口长期疼痛、咀嚼功能障碍等并发症的发生率.现报告如下.     

双额大骨瓣开颅术在急性弥漫性脑肿胀中的应用

外伤后急性弥漫性脑肿胀( posttraumatic acute diffuse brain swelling,PADBS)属重型、特重型颅脑损伤,其病情危重,死亡率高.既往开颅多采用标准外伤大骨瓣的演变、组合术式.我院神经外科于2008年9月- 2010年12月采用双额大骨瓣手术治疗17例PADBS患者,效果满意.现报告如下.     

重症颅脑损伤355例手术治疗体会

目的：总结1 000余例开颅手术治疗重症颅脑损伤的治疗经验。方法：我院神经科10年间共收治颅脑损伤1 000余例,其中行病灶清除、去骨瓣减压术的重型颅脑损伤病例355例。结果：死亡135例,死亡率38.0%。其中冠状切口32例,死亡16例,单侧标准外伤大骨瓣279例,死亡94例,双侧开颅36例,死亡21例,后颅窝开颅8例,死亡4例。结论：开颅手术在重症颅脑损伤的治疗中起着至关重要的作用。     

Optimization of the system of medical service of students of Cadet Schools of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation

One of the factors of the successful military career guidance Cadet schools students is preserving and promoting their health. Medical support of children and adolescents aged 10-17 years should include the full range of medical and preventive measures defined for this group. The state of providing outpatient care for pupils at the Cadet School in St. Petersburg was studied. These results show that full medical care in accordance with the standards can be based only on children's health clinics. It is important that the organization of medical support pupils cadet schools should be cooperate with civilian health care.     

带状疱疹83例误诊原因分析

带状疱疹是由水痘—带状疱疾病毒引起的皮肤科常见疾病。其主要的病理损害,一是受累神经的严重炎症性浸润,继而导致受侵犯神经节内神经细胞变性、坏死;二是皮肤的水泡。迅速抑制神经节和相应的感觉神经纤维的充血、水肿和坏死,防止粘连形成,达到迅速镇痛、改善皮损,缩短病程及防止后遗症的发生是治疗的关键。因而,尽早明确诊断,     

Estimation of accumulated dose of radiation by method of ESR-spectrometry of dental enamel of mammals

ESR-spectrometry was used to investigate radiation-induced paramagnetic centers in enamel of mammals: carnivores (polar bear and fox), ungulates (reindeer, European bison, moose), and man. Values at half the microwave power saturation of the radiation signal, P_1/2, evaluated at room temperature, was found to range from 16 to 26 mW for animals and man. A new approach to discrimination of the radiation induced signal from the total ESR spectrum of reindeer enamel is proposed. ‘Dose-response’ dependencies of enamel of different species mammals were measured within the dose range from 0.48 up to 10.08 Gy. Estimations of ‘radiosensitivity’ enamel of carnivores and ungulates showed good agreement with radiosensitivity enamel of man by ESR method.     

Analysis of the results of the international comparison of activity measurements of a solution of Fe

The results of an international comparison of activity measurements of a solution of ⁵⁵Fe organized by the BIPM in 2005 are reported and analysed. This exercise, which follows the procedures of the CIPM mutual recognition arrangement to update older comparisons, is a renewal of the comparison organized by the BIPM that took place in 1978. A EUROMET comparison was organized in 1996 specifically to compare activity measurements of a ⁵⁵Fe solution by means of liquid-scintillation techniques. Results of these three comparisons are presented and discussed in this paper.

The radionuclide solution was provided by the NPL, which also distributed the samples to the participants. The activity of the ampoules was measured by 16 laboratories using 12 methods producing 25 results. Some general considerations on uncertainty assessments pertaining to the different techniques used are drawn. The outcome of four different estimators is compared from which the presence of at least one outlier can be confirmed. Further measurements should be made to try to reduce the discrepancy between the results. To date the outcome of the present comparison does not show an improvement to that of the 1996 comparison.     

Evaluation of the results of various technics of non-surgical therapy of varicocele

A new method of non-surgical treatment of varicocele syndrome is described: it consists in sclerotherapy of spermatic vein by trans-femoral percutaneous catheterization with balloon-catheters. In 8 cases venous thrombosis has been induced by direct electric clotting. The techniques and a 6 months follow-up are discussed. It is pointed out that this procedure should be considered as the method of choice for tubular lesions and sub-fertility prophylaxis in young people and in childhood.     

延迟性脾破裂误漏诊原因分析

目的探讨延迟性脾破裂误漏诊原因和预防措施.方法回顾性分析总结12例延迟性脾破裂中的诊断和误漏诊的经验与教训.结果本组延迟性脾破裂的误漏诊5例(41.66%).对多发伤与脾破裂并存可能认识不足,外伤史轻微或伤员隐瞒外伤史,缺乏腹痛-缓解-突然再腹痛的典型病史,缺乏“对冲性脾破裂”力学分析和整体化诊断思路等为其误漏诊的主要原因.结论详细的外伤史和全面系统检查,重视腹以外多发伤掩盖腹内脏器伤及延迟性脾破裂可能.确立外伤-腹内脏器伤-脾破裂整体化诊断思路.不间断地辅以B超检查脾形态学变化和腹内有无积液,腹腔穿刺确定有无血腹、X线胸腹部检查观察左侧胸肋角和膈肌运动情况、必要时CT检查以尽早发现脾包膜下血肿,降低延迟性脾破裂误漏诊率.