200例非瓣膜性心房颤动住院病人抗凝治疗现状及影响因素分析

目的 了解非瓣膜性心房颤动(NVAF)住院病人抗凝治疗的现状并探讨其影响因素。方法 回顾性分析2017年1—5月南京医科大学附属南京医院200例NVAF住院病人的临床特征及抗凝治疗方案,应用CHA₂DS₂-VASc和HAS-BLED评分对卒中风险和出血风险进行评估;根据危险分层分析抗凝药物的临床应用情况;并运用logistic回归分析讨论抗栓治疗的影响因素。结果 入选病人CHA₂DS₂-VASc评分平均(4.55±2.01)分,卒中高危组189例(94.5%),卒中中危组11例(5.5%);HAS-BLED评分平均(2.04±1.26)分,高出血风险组69例(34.5%),低出血风险组131例(65.5%)。仅36.0%病人接受抗凝治疗,抗凝治疗率随卒中风险的增加呈先升后降的趋势,卒中高危组抗凝治疗率(36.5%)高于卒中中危组(27.3%),差异无统计学意义(χ²=1.305,P=0.521);抗凝治疗率随着出血评分的增加而降低,低出血风险组的抗凝治疗率(44.3%)高于高出血风险组(20.3%),且差异有统计学意义(χ²=11.350,P=0.003)。抗凝亚组中,高出血风险组较低出血风险组倾向于选择新型口服抗凝药(P=0.031)。logistic回归分析表明合并血管疾病(OR=0.867)、药物(OR=2.182)、PCI术后(OR=3.557)、房颤消融术后(OR=0.255)及病人因素(OR=4.504)均影响抗凝方案的选择,且PCI术后和病人因素的影响差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05)。结论 目前南京医科大学附属南京医院对NVAF的抗凝治疗与指南推荐有一定的差距,未按危险分层标准抗凝且整体的抗凝治疗率低。     

房颤合并肝硬化患者的口服抗凝药物选择及抗栓策略研究

目的 探讨房颤合并肝硬化患者临床治疗中口服抗凝药物的选择及安全性。方法 在1例房颤合并乙型肝炎肝硬化患者房间隔修补术后抗栓方案的制定中,通过查阅指南和文献,总结、分析房颤合并肝硬化患者口服抗凝药物的疗效及安全性评价现状。结果 通过综合评估患者情况,停用华法林,予达比加群酯110 mg,bid,联合氯吡格雷75 mg,qd抗栓6个月,之后达比加群酯110 mg,bid长期抗凝治疗。结论 房颤合并肝硬化患者抗栓治疗,应充分评估血栓及出血风险,制定个体化的抗栓策略。房颤合并Child-Pugh A级肝硬化,新型口服抗凝药均可使用;合并Child-Pugh C级肝硬化,口服抗凝剂均不建议使用;合并Child-Pugh B级肝硬化,出血风险高的患者长期抗凝治疗中可选用小剂量达比加群酯。     

基于临床参考及基因因素建立华法林稳定维持剂量预测模型

目的 探讨华法林应用的临床参考因素及基因因素与华法林稳定维持剂量的相关性,并尝试构建适用于非瓣膜病心房纤颤（non-valvular-disease atrial fibrillation,NVAF）患者华法林稳定维持剂量的预测模型。方法 按照纳入标准共纳入126例患者,应用测序反应通用试剂盒及荧光检测仪检测细胞色素P450 2C9和维生素K环氧化物还原酶基因多态性,同时记录华法林应用的临床参考因素：年龄、体质量、房颤栓塞风险评分系统（CHA₂DS₂-VASc）评分、房颤出血风险评分系统（HAS-BLED）评分、谷丙转氨酶（glutamic-pyruvic transaminase,ALT）、肾小球滤过率（glomerular filtration rate,GFR）、左心室射血分数（left ventricular ejection fraction,LVEF）、二尖瓣环水平左室侧壁组织多普勒S波;采用相关性分析探讨临床参考因素及基因多态性与华法林稳定维持剂量的相关性,并通过多元线性回归建立了华法林稳定维持剂量预测模型。结果 体质量、ALT水平、二尖瓣环水平左室侧壁组织多普勒S波与华法林稳定维持剂量成正相关,年龄、CHA₂DS₂-VASc评分、HAS-BLED评分则成负相关,而LVEF、GFR未显示明显的相关性。建立的预测模型对已有样本验证准确率达55.6%。结论 该模型可用于预测NVAF患者华法林稳定维持剂量。     

89SrCl2治疗恶性肿瘤骨转移的影响因素分析

目的 探讨⁸⁹SrCl₂治疗恶性肿瘤骨转移的疗效影响因素。方法 选择南充市川北医学院附属医院2013年2月至2016年9月行⁸⁹SrCl₂治疗的恶性肿瘤骨转移患者99例,分析患者的年龄、性别、肿瘤病理类型、⁸⁹SrCl₂治疗次数、手术切除原发灶、放疗、化疗、肿瘤骨转移的病灶数量、联合止痛药状况以及碱性磷酸酶（ALP）是否会影响⁸⁹SrCl₂的治疗效果。结果 ⁸⁹SrCl₂治疗的总有效率为63.6%。单因素分析结果显示不同肿瘤病理类型、不同治疗次数、是否联合放射治疗、是否手术切除原发灶、不同肿瘤骨转移病灶数量及是否联合止痛药患者的治疗效果进行比较,差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。logistics回归分析显示,患者的肿瘤病理类型、⁸⁹SrCl₂治疗次数、手术切除原发灶、肿瘤骨转移的病灶数量及联合止痛药是影响⁸⁹SrCl₂疗效的独立因素（P<0.05）。结论 肿瘤病理类型、⁸⁹SrCl₂治疗次数、手术切除原发灶、肿瘤骨转移病灶数量以及联合止痛药能影响⁸⁹SrCl₂治疗恶性肿瘤骨转移的疗效。     

冠状动脉介入术后发生肝素诱导的血小板减少症抗栓治疗的药学监护

目的 探讨临床药师在急性心肌梗死（AMI）患者经皮冠脉介入术（PCI）后发生肝素诱导的血小板减少症（heparin-induced thrombocytopenia,HIT）抗栓治疗方案制定及药学监护。方法 临床药师利用急性冠脉综合征临床风险评分（GRACE）及抗血小板、抗凝治疗出血风险评分（Crusade）进行死亡风险及缺血、出血风险评估,及时调整抗栓治疗方案。出现HIT后分析血小板减少的原因及凝血功能,确定可能的相关药物因素,选择阿加曲班替代抗凝治疗,并及时监测活化部分凝血活酶时间（APTT）进行剂量调整。从药物的作用机制,不良反应,安全经济性,阐述出院带药选择华法林对患者的用药优势。结果 选择阿加曲班替代抗凝治疗,维持双联抗血小板（阿司匹林+氯吡格雷）方案,患者情况控制平稳,未出现出血及血栓栓塞并发症,顺利出院。结论 临床药师需要充分了解药理学及药动学变化,可协助临床发现药物治疗相关问题。同时需加强监测,以便及时调整用药方案,提高临床用药的安全性和合理性,为患者提供更好的药学服务。     

我院非瓣膜性房颤患者抗凝药物应用现状

摘 要 目的:了解我院非瓣膜性房颤患者抗凝药物应用现状,为临床合理使用抗凝药物提供依据。方法：采集2013年1～12月诊断为非瓣膜性房颤的住院患者共149例,结合血栓栓塞风险评分、出血风险评分、INR在治疗范围的时间比例（TTR）等对其抗凝药物应用情况进行分析评价。结果：149例患者中有144例使用抗凝药物治疗,其中使用华法林的110例（TTR≥60%76例）,使用阿司匹林24例,使用达比加群酯10例。经血栓栓塞风险评分,高危、中危、低危分别有80例、46例、23例。阿司匹林治疗患者中有2例发生脑卒中,华法林治疗患者中8例发生非严重的出血事件。年龄大、合并疾病多、栓塞及出血风险高等因素影响抗凝药物的选择。结论：我院非瓣膜性房颤患者抗凝现状较好,与国外指南推荐使用的抗凝方案基本相符。     

超高效液相色谱-荧光法测定丹参饮片中黄曲霉毒素

目的 建立超高效液相色谱-荧光法测定丹参饮片中黄曲霉毒素B₁、B₂、G₁、G₂。方法 样品经70%甲醇提取,通过免疫亲和柱净化后,用超高效液相色谱-荧光法进行分析测定,WatersAcquity UPLC BEH C₁₈色谱柱（100 mm×2.1 mm,1.7 μm）;流动相为甲醇-乙腈（1∶1）、水,梯度洗脱;体积流量0.4 mL/min;柱温30℃;荧光检测器激发波长365 nm;发射波长456 nm;进样量2 μL。结果 黄曲霉毒素B₁、B₂、G₁、G₂分别在0.120 1～1.920 8、0.036 1～0.577 2、0.122 1～1.954 0、0.042 1～0.673 2 ng/mL内线性关系良好,r均大于0.99;定量限分别为0.10、0.03、0.39、0.03 ng/mL;黄曲霉毒素B₁的回收率为107%,RSD为6%;黄曲霉毒素总含量的回收率为80%,RSD为9%。专属性、重复性、精密度、稳定性试验均符合检测要求。结论 所建立的方法准确、可靠、专属性强,可准确地测定丹参饮片中黄曲霉毒素的含量。     

超脉冲CO2激光联合光动力治疗女性外阴复发性尖锐湿疣的临床疗效

目的 观察超脉冲CO₂激光联合5-氨基酮戊酸光动力治疗女性外阴复发性尖锐湿疣（CA）的临床疗效。方法 选取2015年1月至2017年1月在孝感市中心医院皮肤科治疗的120例女性外阴复发性CA患者,按照随机数字表法分为治疗组和对照组,各60例。治疗组接受超脉冲CO₂激光联合光动力治疗,对照组仅接受超脉冲CO₂激光治疗。两组患者治疗3次结束后,随访6个月,观察两组患者治愈率、再次复发率及治疗后不良反应发生情况。结果 治疗组治愈率为85.00%,水肿发生率为41.67%,均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;治疗组再次复发率为15.00%,低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论 超脉冲CO₂激光联合光动力疗法治疗女性外阴复发性CA的治愈率高,再次复发率低,无严重不良反应且患者耐受,值得临床推广应用。     

联合测定非霍奇金淋巴瘤患者血清乳酸脱氢酶及β2-微球蛋白的临床意义

目的 探讨血清乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)和β₂-微球蛋白(β₂-MG)在非霍奇金淋巴瘤(NHL)患者中的水平及临床意义。方法 回顾性分析2009年1月至2014年1月住院治疗的280例初治NHL患者治疗前后血清LDH及β₂-MG动态水平,并组成A组(研究组),另选取门诊同期进行健康体检者270例组成B组(对照组),按淋巴瘤国际预后指数(IPI)评分分为低危及中低危组(0~2分)95例,中高危及高危组(3~5分)185例,对比分析A组和B组血清中LDH及β₂-MG水平。结果 A组血清LDH及β₂-MG水平范围为488.11±222.13U/L和4.48±1.21 mg/L;B组血清LDH及β₂-MG水平范围为116.05±106.51 U/L和1.61±0.37 mg/L;两组比较,A组明显高于B组(P < 0.05);LDH和β₂-MG水平在Ⅲ~Ⅳ期患者高于Ⅰ~Ⅱ期患者(P < 0.05),有全身症状组与无全身症状组以及IPI(3~5分)组与(0~2分)组比较,前者LDH及β₂-MG的范围为(573.71±257.28) U/L和(5.75±0.81) mg/L,后者LDH及β₂-MG的范围为352.81±188.02 U/L和2.8±0.58 mg/L,两者比较,前者明显高于后者(P < 0.05);A组患者治疗后血清中LDH及β₂-MG水平明显低于治疗前,差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.05);血清LDH及β₂-MG水平正常的NHL患者临床疗效优于血清LDH及β₂-MG水平异常患者。结论 血清LDH及β₂-MG水平可作为NHL的辅助诊断及患者分型、分期、疗效的评估和预后判断的一个有效指标。     

2种瓷贴面材料修复前牙的效果比较

目的 比较铸瓷贴面与ZrO₂瓷贴面修复前牙的效果。方法 选择2014年8月至2015年7月在合肥市口腔医院修复科就诊的53例（122颗）前牙美学修复患者,根据患者自身意愿选择修复方式分成铸瓷组（28例,65颗）与ZrO₂组（25例,57颗）,分别采用铸瓷贴面和ZrO₂瓷贴面修复前牙,并于治疗后1、6、12、24个月回访,评价两组瓷贴面的效果。结果 2年后,铸瓷组修复成功62颗,不成功3颗;ZrO₂组复成功47颗,不成功10颗。铸瓷组修复成功率（95.38%）优于ZrO₂组（82.46%）,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论 铸瓷贴面的修复前牙的效果优于ZrO₂瓷贴面,是一种理想的前牙修复材料。     

Efficacy and safety analysis of new P2Y12 inhibitors versus clopidogrel in patients with percutaneous coronary intervention: a meta-analysis

Objective:

New P2Y₁₂ inhibitors, classified as oral (prasugrel and ticagrelor) and intravenous (cangrelor and elinogrel) drugs, have shown improved antithrombotic effects compared with clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) or patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in landmark trials. The purpose of this study was to perform a meta-analysis of randomized trials that compared new P2Y₁₂ inhibitors with clopidogrel to determine their efficacy and safety in patients undergoing PCI.

Methods:

Randomized controlled trials of at least 4 weeks, comparing new P2Y₁₂ inhibitors with clopidogrel in PCI, were identified using the electronic databases Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Medline, PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar from January 1, 1980, to July 31, 2014.

Main outcome measures:

The primary efficacy endpoints were all-cause death and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs). The primary safety endpoint was thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) major bleeding.

Results:

Twelve studies including 71,097 patients met the inclusion criteria. New P2Y₁₂ inhibitors significantly reduced all-cause death (odds ratio [OR]: 0.81; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.73–0.90, p?p?p?p?=?0.03) and cardiovascular death (OR 0.82; 95% CI 0.73–0.92, p?=?0.001) compared with clopidogrel. There were no significant differences between stroke (OR 0.87; 95% CI 0.72–1.05, p?=?0.14) and major bleeding events (OR 1.22; 95% CI 0.99–1.52, p?=?0.06) between the new P2Y₁₂ inhibitor and clopidogrel groups.

Conclusion:

New P2Y₁₂ inhibitors decreased death in patients undergoing PCI compared with clopidogrel with a considerable safety and tolerability profile; however, the risk/benefit ratio of ischemic and bleeding events should be further investigated.     

Stroke risk reduction outweighed bleeding risk increase from vitamin K antagonist treatment among nonvalvular atrial fibrillation patients with high stroke risk and low bleeding risk

Objective: Warfarin is widely used for stroke prevention in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). We compared the rates of stroke and major bleeding in NVAF patients with a high stroke risk and low bleeding risk profile during warfarin treated (W+) and warfarin untreated (W?) periods.

Method: Insurance claims from six commercial, Medicaid or Medicare databases were analyzed from 2000 to 2014. NVAF patients treated with warfarin, with a CHADS₂/CHA₂DS₂-VASc score ≥2, and an ATRIA score ≤3 at baseline were identified. Incidence rate ratios (IRRs) of stroke and major bleeding were calculated for W?+?versus W? episodes of person-time, as well as for first 30 days versus beyond 30 days of W?+?episodes.

Results: Among 316,145 patients, anticoagulant prophylaxis with warfarin significantly reduced stroke risk, with IRRs ranging from 0.48 (95% CI: 0.46–0.51) to 0.80 (95% CI: 0.70–0.91), and increased major bleeding risk, with IRRs ranging from 1.13 (95% CI: 1.10–1.15) to 1.95 (95% CI: 1.10–3.45). Stroke and major bleeding rates were higher during the first 30 days of W?+?than beyond.

Conclusion: In NVAF patients at high risk for stroke and low risk for bleeding, our data confirm the effectiveness of anticoagulation for stroke prevention. The decrease in stroke risk of anticoagulation may outweigh the risk of major bleeding events, particularly among elderly patients. Potential risks of warfarin during initiation warrant attention, especially among patients who stop and start therapy repeatedly.     

Clopidogrel hydrogen sulphate for atrial fibrillation

Introduction: Atrial fibrillation is a common cardiac rhythm abnormality with a considerable cardiovascular disease burden worldwide. It is an independent major risk factor for stroke. Stroke prevention with anticoagulation or antiplatelet agents has been an important area of clinical research. Warfarin is the most widely used antithrombotic therapy for stroke prophylaxis for last several years, and now dabigatran (150 mg b.i.d.) is more effective than warfarin in stroke prevention in individuals at increased of stroke. In addition, several studies have evaluated the efficacy of clopidogrel for stroke prophylaxis either alone or in combination with aspirin.

Areas covered: This review summarizes the key findings of the trials looking at the efficacy of clopidogrel in stroke prevention. A literature search was performed using PubMed and Google Scholar. The trials that evaluated the efficacy of clopidogrel in preventing atherothrombotic events or stroke were also included.

Expert opinion: Clopidogrel prevents more vascular events, including stroke, in patients with a recent myocardial infarction, stroke or peripheral vascular disease than aspirin. Combination of clopidogrel and aspirin provides a greater reduction of stroke than aspirin or clopidogrel monotherapy, but at an increased risk of bleeding. Dual antiplatelet therapy (clopidogrel and aspirin) is inferior to warfarin in primary stroke prevention for patient with atrial fibrillation and thus should be considered for stroke prophylaxis only in patients ineligible for warfarin. However, with the advent of newer agents, like direct thrombin inhibitors and Factor Xa inhibitors, the role of antiplatelet therapy for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation remains unclear.     

Antithrombotic strategies for preventing long-term major adverse cardiovascular events in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation who undergo percutaneous coronary intervention

Introduction: Balancing the risk of recurrent ischemia and bleeding among patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation who undergo percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is challenging. Postprocedural antithrombotic therapy aims to reduce the risk related to coronary artery disease, stent placement, and atrial fibrillation, with acceptable risks of bleeding.

Areas covered: This review summarizes evidence and recommendations related to long-term antithrombotic strategies in such patients. An overview of the findings from recent meta-analyses and select observational studies is provided, and important completed and ongoing randomized trials are described in detail. Recommendations pertaining to treatment intensity and duration, including the choice of specific anticoagulant and antiplatelet agents, are given.

Expert opinion: Triple therapy (oral anticoagulation with dual antiplatelet therapy) is associated with an increased bleeding risk compared with double therapy (oral anticoagulation with a single antiplatelet agent), but double therapy does not appear to be associated with an increased risk of recurrent ischemia or death. Completed trials make a compelling case for double therapy with clopidogrel, not aspirin, when compared with full-intensity triple antithrombotic therapy. We believe that double therapy with an anticoagulant and clopidogrel should generally be favored instead of triple antithrombotic therapy.     

高风险冠心病合并房颤用抗凝和双联抗栓治疗的疗效及安全性观察

目的观察冠心病合并房颤患者抗栓与抗凝治疗的疗效及安全性。方法将67例栓塞风险评分（CHADS2）为3-6分,出血风险评分（HEMORR2HAGES）〉2分的冠心病合并房颤患者随机分为抗凝组与抗栓组,抗凝组使用华法林钠,抗栓组使用阿司匹林和氢氯吡格雷,随访观察4年,比较两组栓塞事件及出血事件的发生情况,并重新使用2010版血栓栓塞风险评估评分法（CHA2DS2-VASC）和出血风险评估法（HAS—BLED）进行回顾性评分。结果抗凝组栓塞事件发生较抗栓组明显减少,两组差异有统计学意义;而出血风险抗凝组较抗栓组有增高趋势．但差异无统计学意义。结论抗凝治疗可以减少高卒中高出血风险冠心病合并房颤患者栓塞风险。     

老年冠心病合并房颤患者行经皮冠状动脉介入治疗术后的抗栓治疗策略及安全性

不少老年心房颤动（简称房颤）合并冠心病患者需行冠脉介入治疗,然而其术后的抗栓治疗面临极大挑战,华法林联合抗血小板双联治疗所致出血危险增加,而停用华法林所致脑卒中发生率又显著升高,上述患者最佳抗栓治疗策略尚无定论。本文简要回顾近年房颤患者术后抗栓治疗的策略及安全性。