18F-FDG PET/CT检测131I-治疗剂量全身显像阴性而甲状腺球蛋白阳性分化型甲状腺癌复发和转移

目的 分析不同大小、位置甲状腺微小乳头状癌（PTMC）的声像图特征,探讨纵横比（A/T）与甲状腺被膜侵犯的关系。方法 收集经病理证实的407例PTMC患者（495个结节）,分为最大径 ≤ 0.5 cm组和最大径>0.5 cm组,观察结节的声像学特征,并分析A/T与被膜侵犯的关系。结果 2组间血流类型、病灶与被膜关系、钙化、形态、A/T差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.05）。与被膜关系密切且A/T ≥ 1的结节中,最大径>0.5 cm组被膜侵犯率（117/185,63.24%）高于最大径 ≤ 0.5 cm组（25/61,40.98%,P<0.01）。以A/T ≥ 1判断最大径 ≤ 0.5 cm组和最大径>0.5 cm组与被膜关系密切的结节出现被膜侵犯的敏感度为89.29%、73.58%,特异度为29.41%、37.61%;紧邻被膜和突破被膜的结节中,A/T ≥ 1与A/T<1的结节间被膜侵犯率差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）;接触被膜的结节中,A/T ≥ 1的结节被膜侵犯率（46/67,68.66%）高于A/T<1的结节（10/27,37.04%）。以A/T ≥ 1判断接触被膜的结节出现被膜侵犯的敏感度为82.14%,特异度为44.74%。结论 超声可观察PTMC大小、A/T及病灶与被膜的关系,为判断PTMC是否出现被膜侵犯提供诊断依据。     

甲状腺微小乳头状癌被膜外侵犯的超声评估

目的探讨超声征象对甲状腺微小乳头状癌(PTMC)被膜外侵犯的预测能力。方法收集经手术治疗的PTMC患者62例,共77个结节,根据术后病理将患者分为无被膜外侵犯组(non-ETE)和有被膜外侵犯(ETE)组。回顾分析声像图特点,探讨其预测PTMC存在被膜外侵犯的能力。结果 non-ETE组43例、55(71.43%)个结节,ETE组19例、22(28.57%)个结节。结节紧邻甲状腺被膜在non-ETE组(8/55)和ETE组(19/22)比较差异有统计学意义(P=0.000),该超声征象诊断PTMC存在被膜外侵犯的灵敏度、特异度、准确度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为94.00%、70.37%、85.71%、85.45%和86.36%。甲状腺被膜连续性中断或消失在non-ETE组(3/55)和ETE组(15/22)比较,差异亦有显著统计学意义(P=0.000),其诊断PTMC存在被膜外侵犯的灵敏度、特异度、准确度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为83.33%、88.14%、87.01%、68.18%和94.55%。上述两项超声指标联合诊断PTMC存在被膜外侵犯的ROC曲线下面积为0.885(0.790~0.981)。结论应用超声观察结节与甲状腺被膜的关系以及被膜的完整性对判断PTMC是否存在被膜外侵犯具有重要价值。     

超声诊断甲状腺囊性乳头状癌

目的 分析甲状腺囊性乳头状癌的超声表现。方法 收集经病理诊断为甲状腺囊性乳头状癌的94例患者（94个病灶）的超声和临床资料,分析其超声图像特征。结果 94个病灶中,结节最大径（25.41±13.07）mm,结节内偏心性无回声区93个（93/94,98.94%）;纵横比≥1者30个（30/94,31.91%）;形态不规则70个（70/94,74.47%）;边界不清59个（59/94,62.77%）;以实性成分为主77个（77/94,81.91%）,液性为主17个（17/94,18.09%）;实性成分为低回声74个（74/94,78.72%）,内部出现微钙化89个（89/94,94.68%）;甲状腺被膜浸润45个（45/94,47.87%）;Alder血流评级0级19个（19/94,20.21%）,1级43个（43/94,45.74%）,2级25个（25/94,26.60%）,3级7个（7/94,7.45%）,平均血流速度（31.23±2.57）cm/s;66个结节行CEUS,表现为不均匀低增强55个（55/66,83.33%）;49个结节行弹性成像,平均弹性应变率比值3.41±1.62。超声诊断淋巴结转移准确率56.41%（22/39）;诊断甲状腺囊性乳头状癌准确率73.40%（69/94）。结论 甲状腺囊性乳头状癌超声表现具有一定的特征性,有助于该病的诊断。     

超声造影及BRAF基因突变诊断甲状腺乳头状癌被膜外侵犯

目的探讨超声造影(CEUS)及BRAF基因突变在术前诊断甲状腺乳头状癌(PTC)被膜外侵犯中的价值。方法入组119例患者共129个PTC病灶,25个存在被膜外侵犯(A组),104个无被膜外侵犯(B组)。记录传统超声(US)及CEUS模式下PTC与被膜接触范围、是否出现被膜中断现象及患者BRAF基因突变检测结果,计算上述特征单独及联合诊断PTC被膜外侵犯的效能。结果A组BRAF基因突变阳性率、US及CEUS被膜接触范围及被膜中断率均高于B组(P均<0.05)。US及CEUS均以接触范围≥25%为界值诊断被膜外侵犯准确率最高。各超声特征单独及联合BRAF基因突变用于诊断时,CEUS准确率均高于US,CEUS联合BRAF准确率88.37%(114/129)。结论PTC被膜外侵犯特征包括BRAF基因突变阳性、US及CEUS显示结节与被膜接触≥25%及被膜中断。CEUS联合BRAF基因突变对于术前诊断PTC被膜外侵犯具有重要价值。     

超声造影在诊断甲状腺乳头状癌被膜侵犯中的应用价值

目的探讨常规超声和超声造影在诊断甲状腺乳头状癌（PTC）被膜侵犯中的应用价值。 方法纳入浙江省肿瘤医院术后病理确诊为PTC且术前均行常规超声和超声造影检查的患者54例，共69个PTC结节。分析超声造影增强程度与PTC被膜侵犯的关系，比较常规超声与超声造影对PTC被膜侵犯的诊断效能。 结果术后病理结果显示，69个PTC结节中，被膜侵犯发生率为37.7%（26/69）。69个PTC结节中，超声造影表现为低增强、等增强、高增强的分别为31个（31/69，44.9%）、35个（35/69，50.7%）、3个（3/69，5.5%）。31个低增强PTC结节中7个（7/31，22.6%）发生被膜侵犯，38个等及高增强PTC结节中19个（19/38，50.0%）发生被膜侵犯，2者比较差异有统计学意义（χ²=5.466，P=0.019）。以术后病理为"金标准"，超声造影诊断PTC被膜侵犯的敏感度、阴性预测值、准确性分别为92.31%、95.12%、91.30%，均高于常规超声的42.31%、71.70%、71.01%，2者差异有统计学意义（P=0.000、0.003、0.002）。超声造影和常规超声诊断PTC被膜侵犯的阳性预测值、特异度分别为85.71%、90.70%和68.75%、88.37%，2者比较差异均无统计学意义（P=0.180、0.725）。 结论超声造影对PTC被膜侵犯的诊断效能高于常规超声，值得临床推广应用。     

超声人工智能辅助诊断系统用于甲状腺髓样癌

目的 以甲状腺乳头状癌（PTC）为对照,对比超声甲状腺人工智能（AI）辅助诊断系统（AI 辅助诊断系统）与不同年资超声医师诊断甲状腺髓样癌（MTC）的效果。方法 纳入经病理证实的63枚MTC、70枚PTC和62枚良性结节。以AI辅助诊断系统分析并识别结节,将恶性概率值 ≥ 0.40者诊断为恶性结节;由高、中及初级职称医师各1名利用我国甲状腺影像报告和数据系统（C-TIRADS）对甲状腺结节进行分类;对比两种方法诊断MTC及PTC的效能。结果 AI辅助诊断系统诊断MTC和PTC的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值、准确率及曲线下面积（AUC）均低于3名医师;高、中级职称医师与AI辅助诊断系统诊断MTC和PTC的AUC差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.01）,初级职称医师与AI辅助诊断系统AUC差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）。AI辅助诊断系统诊断MTC的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值、准确率及AUC均低于其诊断PTC,但AUC差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论 超声甲状腺AI辅助诊断系统诊断MTC效能较高。     

声辐射力脉冲技术鉴别诊断甲状腺良恶性结节

目的 探讨声辐射力脉冲（ARFI）技术鉴别甲状腺良恶性结节的价值。方法 对106例甲状腺结节患者于术前行ARFI检查,根据术后病理结果,分析甲状腺良恶性结节ARFI表现及ARFI对甲状腺良恶性结节的鉴别诊断价值。结果 甲状腺恶性结节声触诊组织成像（VTI）分级高于良性结节（Z=8.65,P<0.05）;以VTI≥4级作为恶性结节的标准,诊断敏感度、特异度分别为79.40%、96.80%。甲状腺良恶性结节的声触诊组织量化（VTQ）值差异有统计学意义（t=4.25,P<0.05）;以VTQ≥2.50m/s作为良恶性结节诊断点,其敏感度、特异度分别为75.00%、70.00%。联合应用VTI和VTQ,ARFI对甲状腺良恶性结节的诊断敏感度、特异度分别为95.24%、87.71%。结论 ARFI有助于鉴别诊断甲状腺良恶性结节。     

CEUS灌注模式鉴别诊断甲状腺良恶性结节

目的 探讨CEUS灌注模式鉴别诊断甲状腺良恶性结节的价值。方法 回顾性分析111例甲状腺结节患者（111个结节）的颈部CEUS图像及临床资料,通过评价造影灌注模式判断结节的良恶性。以病理结果为最终诊断标准,评价CEUS对甲状腺良恶性结节的诊断效能。结果 病理诊断甲状腺良性结节14例,恶性结节97例。CEUS诊断甲状腺结节良恶性的敏感度为92.78%（90/97）,特异度64.29%（9/14）,准确率89.19%（99/111）,阳性预测值94.74%（90/95）,阴性预测值56.25%（9/16）。结论 CEUS灌注模式对鉴别诊断甲状腺良恶性结节具有一定价值。     

超声造影及BRAF基因突变在甲状腺乳头状癌被膜外侵犯诊断中的应用价值

目的：探讨超声造影（CEUS）及BRAF基因突变在甲状腺乳头状癌（PTC）被膜外侵犯术前诊断中的价值。 方法：入组119名患者共129个PTC病灶，其中25个经术后病理证实存在甲状腺被膜外侵犯。记录传统超声（US）及CEUS模式下PTC与被膜接触范围、是否出现被膜中断现象，以及患者BRAF基因突变检测结果。计算上述特征单独及联合诊断PTC被膜外侵犯的效能。 结果：被膜外侵犯组BRAF基因突变阳性率、US及CEUS被膜接触范围及被膜中断率均显著高于无侵犯组（P<0.05）。接触范围中，US及CEUS均以?25%为界值诊断被膜外侵犯准确度最高。在各超声特征单独及联合BRAF基因突变用于诊断时，CEUS准确度均高于US，CEUS联合BRAF准确度88.38%。 结论：PTC被膜外侵犯临床、超声特征包括：BRAF基因突变阳性、US及CEUS显示结节与被膜接触?25%及被膜中断。CEUS诊断准确度高于US。CEUS联合BRAF基因突变在术前诊断PTC被膜外侵犯中具有重要意义。     

常规超声和超声造影鉴别诊断甲状腺皱缩结节与乳头状癌

目的 评价常规超声和超声造影（CEUS）鉴别诊断甲状腺影像报告和数据系统（TI-RADS）4类及以上甲状腺皱缩结节（MTN）与甲状腺乳头状癌（PTC）的价值。方法 纳入52例MTN、53个结节（MTN组）和47例PTC、48个结节（PTC组）,比较组间常规超声和CEUS特征差异,评价MTN特异性超声征象诊断MTN的效能。结果 组间TI-RADS分类差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。常规超声显示组间结节位置、纵横比、钙化形态、钙化位置、血流分布、囊壁塌陷征、同心圆征及声晕差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.05）;结节最大径及回声特点差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）;组间结节CEUS增强模式和壁增强模式差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.05）。根据常规超声囊壁塌陷征、同心圆征、黑白双晕及CEUS结节无增强、壁增强诊断MTN的特异度及阳性预测值均为100%;无增强模式诊断MTN的敏感度、准确率与阴性预测值均显著高于常规超声指标及壁增强（P均<0.05）。结论 CEUS诊断MTN的效能显著优于常规超声,鉴别MTN与PTC具有较高临床价值。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.