房颤患者应用华法林抗凝治疗的临床体会

目的探讨房颤患者应用华法林抗凝治疗的疗效。方法用药前测INR1次,每天服用1次华法林,初始剂量2．5—3．0mg／d,应用华法林3d后复查INR,以后每天监测,根据INR调整剂量,每次0．5mg为调整单位。若INR连续2d稳定在2．0～3．0之间,每周检测2～3次,以后每周检测1次,1个月后改为每月检测1次,6个月后改为每2个月检测1次。若有出血等不良反应和栓塞并发症发生时即查血浆凝血酶原时间（PT）、INR。结果52例患者均得到随访,随访时间6个月～4年,华法林维持量为（3．0±0．05）mg／d。随访期间血栓栓塞并发症及不良反应脑栓塞2例,其中1例为既往发生过脑卒中的高血压患者;1例为瓣膜病患者;脑出血2例,为人工瓣膜患者,因咳嗽、咯痰、发热,在院外静点头孢曲松钠3．0g（1次／d）,1周后复查INR为8．45;黑便1例、血尿1例、球结膜出血2例、皮下出血2例、牙龈出血2例,经调整华法林剂量及对症处理后出血症状消失。结论心房颤动一旦确诊,又无抗凝禁忌,应常规给予华法林抗凝治疗,以尽早达到治疗效果。     

华法林在房颤治疗中的应用观察

目的 探讨华法林在房颤治疗中的疗效.方法 回顾分析120例患者的临床资料.结果 本组大多有恶心、腹胀、转氨酶轻度升高等不良反应,经对症处理后消失.2例有并发出血,其中1例为严重出血,合并气道内出血,经抢救无效死亡.所有患者随访期间无缺血脑卒中及其他部位的血栓.结论 华法林抗凝治疗可房颤患者脑卒中发生率明显降低,同时不会增加严重出血并发症的发生率.应用华法林抗凝治疗心房颤动过程中,严格掌握适应证并加强INR的监测,随时调整剂量使INR保持在1.6-2.5之间是安全有效的.     

华法林在房颤抗凝治疗中的应用

房颤的抗凝治疗历来是一个值得关注的问题,房颤患者经过抗凝治疗后可以明显降低血栓和脑卒中的发病率。本文根据近年研究,对房颤华法林抗凝治疗的适应证与注意事项、如何监测及调整剂量、抗凝过度的处理等问题做一概述。     

华法林在慢性房颤患者治疗中的研究进展

1前言慢性心房颤动(chronic atrial fibrillation,CAF),简称房颤,是临床上最常见的有害性心律失常之一,据临床统计房颤的发生率约占总人群的1%,而在65岁以上人群中发生率可达5%[1]。CAF患者的最严重并发症是血栓栓塞,临床研究发现CAF患者较正常人的血栓栓塞危险性升高6倍,这是CAF患者的致残率和病死率增加的最主要原因。国外的临床资料显示中年CAF患者的脑栓塞发生率在5%左右,较正常人相比升高     

不同抗凝强度华法林对虚证非瓣膜病性心房颤动患者的影响

目的探讨不同抗凝强度的华法林对虚证非瓣膜病性心房颤动患者抗栓治疗的疗效和安全性。方法选择80例口服华法林的中医辨证分型属虚证的患者,随机分为4个组,即国际标准化比值（INR）〈1.50、1.50~1.99、2.00~2.49、2.50~2.99组,每组20人,统计4组栓塞及出血事件。结果 INR〈1.50组栓塞事件较其他3组明显增多（P〈0.05）,2.50~2.99组出血事件较其他3组明显增多（P〈0.05）。结论口服华法林的虚证非瓣膜病性心房颤动患者将INR控制在1.50~2.49之间,能降低栓塞的发生率,同时不增加出血的发生率,具有较好疗效及安全性。     

华法林在心房颤动长期抗凝治疗中的合理应用

心房颤动(房颤)主要危害之一是血栓栓塞,脑栓塞是房颤引起的最主要的栓塞事件,也是房颤患者致残率和病死率最高的并发症。我国部分地区房颤住院病例回顾性调查资料中,房颤患者脑卒中的患病率为17.5%[1]。北京协和医院单中心研究发现,未抗凝治疗的房颤患者缺血性卒中的年发生率为4.1%,且半数患者遗留不同程度的肢体障碍[2]。因此,国内外     

华法林在心房颤动长期抗凝治疗中的合理应用

心房颤动(房颤)主要危害之一是血栓栓塞,脑栓塞是房颤引起的最主要的栓塞事件,也是房颤患者致残率和病死率最高的并发症.我国部分地区房颤住院病例回顾性调查资料中,房颤患者脑卒中的患病率为17.5%[1].北京协和医院单中心研究发现,未抗凝治疗的房颤患者缺血性卒中的年发生率为4.1%,且半数患者遗留不同程度的肢体障碍[2].因此,国内外建议与共识[3,4]均高度强调了房颤防栓的重要性,建议除孤立性房颤和有禁忌证外,所有房颤患者应当抗栓治疗.房颤血栓栓塞预防试验的荟萃分析提示,华法林使脑卒中的相对危险降低68%[5].目前临床上公认的首选抗栓药物仍是华法林.     

房颤患者华法林治疗临床探讨

目的探讨华法林在房颤患者抗凝治疗中的使用方法及临床效果,以减少房颤患者脑卒中的发生率,强调需密切监测标准化比值（INR）,以减少华法林的不良反应。方法总结2004年5月至2009年5月使用华法林抗凝治疗的房颤患者60例,进行回顾性分析。结果房颤患者使用华法林抗凝治疗后脑卒中的年发生率为3．33％、无出血并发症的发生。结论无抗凝禁忌证的房颤患者,均应使用华法林抗凝治疗,但应密切监测服用期间国际标准化比率（INR）,确保华法林的安全使用。     

华法林对非瓣膜病心房颤动抗凝的疗效观察

评价华法林在非瓣膜性心脏病中抗凝的作用。入选从2011年²012年在我院诊断为永久性房颤且无瓣膜性病变的器质性心脏病患者共56例,随机分为两组各28例。一组为对照组,常规给予拜阿司匹林100 mg、1次/天,早餐后服用治疗;另一组为治疗组,给予华法林口服治疗,根据INR值及变化趋势调整华法林用量。观察所有患者血栓栓塞事件、出血事件、死亡事件的发生情况从而评价华法林在非瓣膜性心脏病中抗凝治疗的有效性和安全性。平均随访12个月。华法林能使非瓣膜性心房颤动患者血栓栓塞的发生率明显降低。     

华法林在非瓣膜病心房颤动并发脑栓塞患者中的应用效果观察

目的观察华法林应用于非瓣膜病心房颤动(房颤)合并脑栓塞症治疗中的效果。方法择取2013年8月至2017年8月间收治的200例非瓣膜病房颤合并脑栓塞症患者,将其随机分对照组100例和实验组100例,对照组用阿司匹林口服治疗,实验组用华法林口服治疗,对比治疗效果。结果对照组治疗后总有效率67.0%,实验组92.0%,组间相比区别显著(P <0.05)。结论华法林应用在非瓣膜病房颤合并脑栓塞症治疗中效果显著,值得借鉴。     

不同抗凝强度华法林治疗非瓣膜性房颤的安全性及缺血性脑卒中发生的危险因素评估

目的 评估华法林不同抗凝强度治疗非瓣膜性房颤的安全性,以及缺血性脑卒中发生的危险因素。方法 纳入2012年1月—2013年12月收治的130例非瓣膜性房颤患者,根据华法林抗凝治疗的强度分为中强度组：华法林中等强度抗凝治疗,国际标准化比率(international normalized ratio,INR)控制在2.0＜INR≤3.0;低强度组：华法林低等强度抗凝,INR控制在1.6≤INR≤2.0,记录2组患者治疗和随访期间缺血性脑卒中、出血栓塞等不良反应的发生率,ROC曲线法分析INR诊断抗凝出血风险,多因素Logistic回归分析患者缺血性脑卒中的危险因素。结果 中强度组缺血性脑卒中、短暂性脑缺血发作和外周动脉栓塞发生率分别为6.70%,3.45%和1.72%,与低强度组的8.33%,4.17%和4.17%比较,无统计学差异(P>0.05);中强度组华法林用量(3.13±0.45)mg·d^-1,INR值2.61±0.32,出血发生率为24.14%;低强度组华法林用量(2.63±0.32)mg·d^-1,INR值 1.84±0.30,出血发生率为9.72%。采用INR诊断患者出血风险,ROC曲线下面积为0.858(95%CI：0.791~0.924),INR的cut-off值2.85,该值下判断出血敏感性为81.1%,特异性为67.2%;多因素logistic回归分析发现年龄、合并高血压、糖尿病、心力衰竭、脑卒中病史、INR、治疗窗内时间、卒中危险评分是非瓣膜性房颤患者缺血性脑卒中发生的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。结论 中、低强度华法林抗凝治疗均有较好的抗凝效果,非瓣膜性心房颤动患者伴有血栓栓塞危险因素应尽早应用华法林抗凝治疗,严密监测INR,INR值控制在1.6≤INR≤2.0,降低和避免出血并发症。     

1例房颤患者服用华法林抗凝治疗的药学监护

1例86岁男性房颤患者,入院后给予华法林抗凝治疗,期间发现患者国际标准化比值(INR)波动较大。临床药师从疾病及药物相互作用等多方面因素进行分析,同时结合药物代谢动力学和药效学特点,向临床提供合理建议,对患者进行用药指导,保障患者用药安全。     

Management of Stroke Prevention in Canadian Patients with Atrial Fibrillation at Moderate to High Risk of Stroke

Background

Many patients with atrial fibrillation who are at moderate to high risk of stroke do not receive anticoagulation with vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) in accordance with recommendations.

Objective:

To determine (1) why Canadian patients with atrial fibrillation who are potentially eligible for VKA do not receive this therapy, (2) why Canadian primary care physicians discontinue VKA therapy, and (3) why VKA therapy is perceived as difficult to manage.

Methods:

The study involved a chart review of 3 cohorts of patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation at moderate to high risk of stroke: patients who had never received VKA treatment (VKA-naive), those whose treatment had been discontinued, and those whose VKA treatment was considered difficult to manage.

Results:

Charts for 187 patients (mean age 78.4 years, standard deviation 8.9 years) treated at 39 primary care sites were reviewed (62 treatment-naive, 42 with therapy discontinued, and 83 whose therapy was considered difficult to manage). Atrial fibrillation was paroxysmal in 82 (44%) of the patients, persistent in 47 patients (25%), and permanent in 58 (31%). One patient in each of the 3 cohorts had experienced a stroke during the 6 months before study participation. Bleeding events were more frequent among patients who had discontinued VKA therapy than in the other 2 groups. Among those whose therapy was discontinued and those whose therapy was difficult to manage, the mean time in the therapeutic range was 46.3% and 56.4%, respectively. The most common reason for not initiating VKA therapy in treatment-naive patients was the transient nature of atrial fibrillation (25/62 [40%]). The most common reason for discontinuation of VKA therapy was a bleeding event (10/42 [24%]). The presence of a concomitant chronic disease was the most common reason that a patient’s therapy was considered difficult to manage (46/83 [55%]).

Conclusions:

VKA therapy was not initiated or was discontinued for various reasons. Multiple comorbid conditions made management of VKA therapy more difficult. These findings reflect the challenges that primary care physicians experience in managing the care of patients with atrial fibrillation.     

Timing of Initiation of Oral Anticoagulation after Acute Ischemic Stroke in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation

Patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) who suffer an acute ischemic stroke are at risk for both hemorrhagic transformation and recurrent ischemic stroke in the acute post-stroke period. Oral anticoagulants are recommended for secondary stroke prevention in patients with AF. The optimal time to initiate anticoagulant therapy after acute ischemic stroke in patients with AF is uncertain. There is concern that early initiation increases the risk of hemorrhagic transformation, whereas delayed initiation leaves the patient at risk for recurrent ischemic stroke. In this article, we provide a review of the risk of hemorrhagic transformation of acute ischemic stroke as well as review the literature and major guidelines addressing the timing of anticoagulation initiation after an acute ischemic stroke in patients with AF. Relevant articles published from 1990 to the present were identified using the PubMed and Embase databases. The majority of available literature is observational data. Large ischemic lesions, cerebral microbleeds, thrombolytic therapy, and other clinical factors may increase the risk of hemorrhagic transformation of an acute ischemic stroke. Parenteral anticoagulation within 48 hours is associated with an increased risk of hemorrhagic transformation and is not recommended. Insufficient data exist to support the safety of routine oral anticoagulant (direct oral anticoagulants or warfarin) initiation within 48 hours of an acute ischemic stroke. Direct oral anticoagulant initiation within 2 days of an acute ischemic stroke is associated with a 5% rate of hemorrhagic transformation. Infarct size and presence of hemorrhage are important factors in identifying the optimal time to initiation and should guide decisions when available. A recommended framework for patient decision making is provided. Randomized controlled trials in this area are needed to identify the optimal timing of anticoagulation initiation, and such trials are under way.     

房颤合并冠心病PCI术后抗凝治疗的药学监护

目的:临床药师通过参与房颤合并冠心病经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)术后患者抗凝治疗的药学实践,优化选择有利于患者药物治疗的方案。方法:临床药师根据患者病情变化,从疾病及药物相互作用等多方面因素进行分析,提供咨询意见,与临床医师协商,制定个体化的治疗方案并随时调整。结果:经过反复调整华法林剂量以及其他治疗药物,并进行详细的患者教育,最终达到满意的抗凝治疗效果。结论:临床药师参与临床治疗实践,有利于制定个体化给药方案,有利于提高患者用药依从性,更好地保障用药的有效性和安全性。     

阿哌沙班与华法林用于非瓣膜性房颤患者卒中防治的成本效果分析

目的 评估中国非瓣膜性房颤患者使用阿哌沙班或华法林预防卒中的成本效果。方法 基于全球性临床试验ARISTOTLE的研究数据及中国目前医疗成本,建立1年期决策树及长期外推Markov模型的方法,通过计算新型口服抗凝药物阿哌沙班(5 mg bid)及华法林(INR控制在2.0~3.0)的质量调整生命年(quality-adjusted life-years QALYs)及治疗成本,对阿哌沙班用于中国房颤患者卒中预防的成本效果进行了分析和研究。结果 阿哌沙班和华法林的总成本分别为271 826元和40 126元,阿哌沙班组患者可获得的QALYs为6.256,华法林组患者的QALYs为5.614。阿哌沙班较华法林的增量成本效果比(incremental cost-effectiveness ratio,ICER)为360 903元/QALY。ICER>3倍中国人均GDP,但<3倍部分城市人均GDP。敏感度分析显示该成本效果分析结果稳定可靠。结论 在中国目前整体经济形势下,与华法林相比,将阿哌沙班预防非瓣膜性房颤患者卒中预防不具备成本效果优势。目前仅在中国经济发达的某些城市,可推荐阿哌沙班替代华法林成为房颤卒中治疗药物。     

New Oral Anticoagulants for Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation: More Choices Bring More Challenges

For patients with atrial fibrillation, anticoagulant therapy is essential to reduce the risk of ischemic stroke that is associated with this arrhythmia. Historically, warfarin has been the preferred treatment for patients at moderate to high risk despite many potential limitations. With the development of newer oral anticoagulants, clinicians now have 3 additional options: dabigatran, rivaroxaban, and apixaban. Although these agents clearly offer some advantages over warfarin, they may not be appropriate for all patients. This article will discuss factors that should be considered when selecting among these various anticoagulants.     

Analysis of Antithrombotic Therapy After Cardioembolic Stroke Due to Atrial Fibrillation or Flutter

Background:

Guidelines recommend that all patients with atrial fibrillation and a history of ischemic stroke should receive an anticoagulant. Prior analyses show that warfarin is underutilized in most populations.

Objective:

To examine the use of antithrombotic and anticoagulant therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation or flutter during the index hospitalization for acute, ischemic stroke.

Methods:

Retrospective electronic medical record review of 200 patients treated at a tertiary care hospital with a primary ICD-9 code for ischemic stroke and a secondary ICD-9 code for atrial fibrillation or flutter. Exclusion criteria were active bleeding, pregnancy, age less than 18, pre-existing warfarin allergy, or dabigatran use.

Results:

Fifty-two percent of patients received at least one dose of warfarin during the index hospitalization. There was no relationship between CHADS₂ score and likelihood of receiving warfarin (P > .05). There was no significant difference in adverse event rate in patients receiving warfarin compared to those receiving aspirin (3.8% vs 9.1%; P = .14), but the rate of hemorrhagic transformation was lower in patients receiving warfarin (1% vs 7%; P = .03). The composite of hemorrhagic stroke or hemorrhagic transformation was significantly lower in patients receiving bridging therapy (0% vs 11%; P = .03). Sixteen patients were readmitted for stroke within 3 months of discharge. Ten were readmitted for ischemic stroke, 3 for hemorrhagic stroke or hemorrhagic transformation, and 3 for systemic bleeding. Ten patients (62.5%) were receiving warfarin at readmission, but only one of these patients had a therapeutic INR.

Conclusions:

Warfarin was underutilized as secondary stroke prophylaxis in these high-risk patients. Bridging therapy appeared to be safe and was not associated with an increase in adverse events.     

1例动脉源性急性缺血性脑卒中合并非瓣膜性房颤的抗栓方案的分析

临床药师参与1例动脉源性急性缺血性脑卒中合并非瓣膜性房颤患者抗栓治疗的全过程。临床药师对患者血栓风险和出血风险进行评估;参与制定抗栓治疗方案;对患者进行药学监护与用药教育。临床药师的参与,提高了用药的准确性和治疗效果,保障了患者用药安全有效。     

Anticoagulation Bridge Therapy in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation: Recent Updates Providing a Rebalance of Risk and Benefit

In 2011 we reviewed clinical updates and controversies surrounding anticoagulation bridge therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). Since then, options for oral anticoagulation have expanded with the addition of four direct oral anticoagulant (DOAC) agents available in the United States. Nonetheless, vitamin K antagonist (VKA) therapy continues to be the treatment of choice for patients who are poor candidates for a DOAC and for whom bridge therapy remains a therapeutic dilemma. This literature review identifies evidence and guideline and consensus statements from the last 5 years to provide updated recommendations and insight into bridge therapy for patients using a VKA for AF. Since our last review, at least four major international guidelines have been updated plus a new consensus document addressing bridge therapy was released. Prospective trials and one randomized controlled trial have provided guidance for perioperative bridge therapy. The clinical trial data showed that bridging with heparin is associated with a significant bleeding risk compared with not bridging; furthermore, data suggested that actual perioperative thromboembolic risk may be lower than previously estimated. Notably, patients at high risk for stroke have not been adequately represented. These findings highlight the importance of assessing thrombosis and bleeding risk before making bridging decisions. Thrombosis and bleeding risk tools have emerged to facilitate this assessment and have been incorporated into guideline recommendations. Results from ongoing trials are expected to provide more guidance on safe and effective perioperative management approaches for patients at high risk for stroke.