锤头状核酶抑制CTLL-2细胞凋亡而增强其对Yac-1细胞杀伤活性的实验研究

目的　研究抗fas的锤头状核酶对小鼠细胞毒性T淋巴细胞 (CTL)系CTLL 2细胞fas基因的表达及其介导的细胞凋亡抑制作用 ,探索供者淋巴细胞输注 (DLI)时增强T细胞抗白血病的新途径。方法设计并合成抗fas的锤头状核酶基因 ,将其导入CTLL 2细胞 ,通过RT PCR、Westernblot和流式细胞仪分别检测核酶对CTLL 2细胞fasmRNA和Fas蛋白表达的抑制 ,以MTT法检测CTLL 2细胞与Fas抗体结合后的增殖活性 ,以半胱天冬酶 3(caspase 3)活性检测试剂盒检测细胞caspase 3蛋白酶活性 ,以流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡 ,以乳酸脱氢酶法检测CTLL 2细胞的体外杀伤活性。结果锤头状核酶基因导入CTLL 2细胞后 ,可使其表面的Fas表达降低达 5 0 % ,细胞经Fas抗体 (JO2 )处理后 ,与空白对照、转染空载体的细胞相比 ,转染核酶的细胞增殖活性增加了 1倍 ,caspase 3活性降低近 5 0 % ,而细胞的凋亡率显著降低 ,只有 37% ,且CTLL 2细胞的体外杀伤活性为对照组的 2倍。结论该核酶具有切割fas基因的良好活性 ,并可抑制Fas介导的CTLL 2细胞凋亡 ,增加该细胞存活率 ,从而增强对Yac 1细胞的杀伤活性。     

小鼠急性粒-单核白血病WEHI-3细胞表面免疫应答分子的表达与Fas配体功能研究

为了研究小鼠急性粒-单核白血病细胞株WEHI-3细胞表面免疫应答分子Fas、Fas配体(FasL)、CD80分子表达以及FasL的功能,应用流式细胞术检测WEHI-3细胞表面Fas、FasL和CD80分子表达情况,同时采用氚胸腺嘧啶核苷(3H-TdR)掺入法检测FasL功能。结果表明:WEHI-3细胞表面CD80和Fas表达率分别为(5.06±0.41)%、(6.75±2.31)%(n=5),但FasL表达率高达(63.73±5.23)%(n=5),当WEHI-3(效应细胞,E)和Fas+YAC-1细胞(靶细胞,T)以3∶1、10∶1和30∶1混合培养时,YAC-1细胞的凋亡率分别为(26±4.5)%,(35±3.2)%和(43±2.7)%(n=5)。结论:WEHI-3细胞高表达FasL,低表达Fas和CD80,并能诱导Fas+YAC-1细胞凋亡。     

锤头状核酶在抗白血病基因治疗中的作用

锤头状核酶是一类具有酶活性的RNA，可以序列特异性地定点切割靶RNA，从而阻断有害基因的表达。在基因调控、抗病毒复制、抑制癌基因方面有较大进展。本文主要阐述锤头状核酶在抗白血病基因治疗中的作用。     

基因芯片技术用于筛选小鼠粒单核细胞白血病标志基因的研究

我们将WEHI-3细胞接种于BALB/c小鼠,诱导建立小鼠白血病模型,然后利用小鼠全基因组芯片技术筛选出小鼠粒-单核细胞白血病差异表达基因,并利用荧光定量PCR方法进行鉴定,旨在寻找新的小鼠白血病基因标志物,现报道如下.     

锤头状核酶在抗白血病基因治疗中的作用

锤头状核酶是一类具有酶活性的RNA,可以序列特异性地定点切割靶RNA,从而阻断有害基因的表达.在基因调控、抗病毒复制、抑制癌基因方面有较大进展.本文主要阐述锤头状核酶在抗白血病基因治疗中的作用.     

新一代抗肿瘤药物：BCL-2家族配体

Bcl-2在凋亡抑制过程中起关键作用。目前，抑制Bcl-2活性的方法主要有反义寡核苷酸、单链抗体、锤头状核酶和小分子配体。近年采用现代重组技术、计算机筛选途径发现Bcl-2的小分子配体(如HAl4-1)可诱导Bcl-2高表达细胞凋亡，与其他方法联合使用表现出协同阻滞效应。Bcl-2家族配体可能成为新一代抗肿瘤药物。     

HA-1树突状细胞核酸疫苗的构建及其特异性CTL的诱导

本研究以次要组织相容性抗原HA-1为靶点，构建HA-1树突状细胞核酸疫苗用于造血干细胞移植后抗白血病治疗。体外培养移植供者树突状细胞，用流式细胞术、混合淋巴细胞反应检测其免疫活性，通过电转法将HA-1基因转染树突状细胞，构建树突状细胞核酸疫苗。48小时后检测HA-1蛋白表达情况。将转染后的树突状细胞与同基因淋巴细胞共孵育诱导特异性CTL，应用LDH释放实验检测其体外杀伤活性。结果表明：经外周血单核细胞诱导的树突状细胞表达树突状细胞表型，能刺激同种淋巴细胞增殖。电转48小时后，Western blot可检测到HA-1蛋白表达。诱导的CTL体外杀伤活性高于对照组。结论：次要组织相容性抗原HA-1可作为造血干细胞移植后抗白血病治疗的靶点。     

氯氧甲苯咪唑诱导白血病细胞凋亡的实验研究

为了研究氯氧甲苯咪唑(econazole)诱导鼠粒单核白血病细胞WEHI-3凋亡的机制，利用Annexin-V／PI双染实验测定细胞凋亡，Fura-2荧光负荷技术检测细胞内游离钙离子浓度([Ca^2 ]i)，并抽取WEHI-3细胞内质网部分蛋白，利用Western blot测定caspase-7、caspase-12的蛋白表达。结果显示ieconazole作用后WEHI-3出现典型的凋亡改变，细胞内游离[Ca^2 ]i较对照明显升高，caspase-12和caspase-7表达随着细胞内钙离子浓度的提高而逐渐增加。结论：econazole能诱导WEHI-3细胞凋亡，caspase-12在此过程中起重要作用。     

K562细胞血管内皮生长因子自分泌链作用的实验研究

目的探讨抗VEGF抗体及抗VEGF发夹状核酶基因对K562细胞增殖、凋亡及相关基因表达的影响及其分子机制。方法将不同浓度的VEGF抗体作用于K562细胞，应用脂质体介导的方法将抗VEGF发夹状核酶基因真核表达载体pcDNA-RZ转染K562细胞，采用MTT法、甲基纤维素半固体培养法和细胞周期测定分析抗VEGF抗体及发夹状核酶基因对白血病细胞增殖的影响；DNA凝胶电泳和AnnexinⅤ标记法检测白血病细胞的凋亡程度；RT-PCR法测定K562细胞中相关基因表达的变化。结果抗VEGF抗体能抑制K562细胞生长，促进其凋亡，这一作用呈剂量依赖关系。0．165μg／ml VEGF抗体作用于K562细胞72h，DNA凝胶电泳出现梯状条带，当抗体浓度增加到0．825μg／ml时，梯状条带更为清晰；RT-PCR显示，VEGF抗体作用后，K562细胞MRP、TOPOⅡ基因的表达较对照组下调，而GST基因表达无明显改变。与K562及K562／PC细胞（转染空质粒的K562细胞）相比，转染抗VEGF核酶基因的K562／RZ细胞VEGF mRNA和蛋白的表达量明显降低；生长曲线提示K562／RZ细胞生长缓慢，甲基纤维素集落形成率较对照组明显下降，对照组集落形成率为（30．5±3．3）％，而K562／RZ组为（16．3±2．8）％，细胞周期动力学分析结果显示K562／RZ细胞G1期细胞增多，S期细胞显著减少；在小剂量As2O3作用下，K562／RZ细胞凋亡数量较对照明显增高（凋亡率对照组为13．4％，K562／RZ组为31．5％）。结论抗VEGF抗体阻断K562细胞VEGF自分泌环路或者抗VEGF发夹状核酶减少K562细胞中VEGF的合成，能抑制K562细胞的增殖，促进K562细胞的凋亡，引起部分与细胞凋亡和多药耐药相关的基因表达改变。     

抗血管内皮生长因子发夹状核酶基因抑制白血病细胞裸鼠体内生长和肿瘤内血管生成

目的探讨抗血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)发夹状核酶基因对白血病细胞裸鼠体内生长和肿瘤内血管生成的影响。方法采用脂质体介导的方法将抗 VEGF 发夹状核酶基因真核表达载体pcDNA-RZ 转染白血病细胞系 K562,G418抗性筛选获得阳性克隆;抽提基因组 DNA,用 PCR 方法验证核酶基因已转入 K562细胞;荧光定量 PCR 和免疫印迹反应检测白血病细胞中 VEGF mRNA 和蛋白表达量的改变;将白血病细胞皮下接种 BALB/c 裸鼠,观察转染细胞在裸鼠体内成瘤及生长情况;组织形态学和免疫组织化学法检测裸鼠移植瘤微血管密度(MVD)。结果抗 VEGF 发夹状核酶基因真核表达载体 pcDNA-RZ 转入白血病细胞系 K562(K562/RZ),G418筛选两周获得阳性克隆,PCR 检测证实核酶基因整合入白血病细胞基因组 DNA;与 K562及 K562/PC 细胞(转染空质粒的 K562细胞)相比,K562/RZ 细胞 VEGF mRNA 和蛋白的表达量明显降低。接种 K562、K562/PC 和 K562/RZ 细胞组小鼠肿瘤终体积分别为(3.21±0.89)cm~3,(3.42±1.01)cm~3,(1.71±0.94)cm~3;肿瘤重量分别为(4.43±0.87)g,(3.96±0.94)g,(2.24±0.56)g;瘤体内 MVD 分别为4.70±1.25,4.67±1.31和1.80±1.55。以上各组之间的差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论转导抗 VEGF 发夹状核酶基因能减少白血病细胞中 VEGF 的合成,细胞裸鼠致瘤能力明显减弱,瘤体内血管形成能力降低。     

Dual Signaling of the Fas Receptor: Initiation of Both Apoptotic and Necrotic Cell Death Pathways

Murine L929 fibrosarcoma cells were transfected with the human Fas (APO-1/CD95) receptor, and the role of various caspases in Fas-mediated cell death was assessed. Proteolytic activation of procaspase-3 and -7 was shown by Western analysis. Acetyl-Tyr-Val-Ala-Asp-chloromethylketone and benzyloxycarbonyl-Asp(OMe)-Glu(OMe)-Val-Asp(OMe)-fluoromethylketone, tetrapeptide inhibitors of caspase-1– and caspase-3–like proteases, respectively, failed to block Fas-induced apoptosis. Unexpectedly, the broad-spectrum caspase inhibitors benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp(OMe)-fluoromethylketone and benzyloxycarbonyl-Asp(OMe)-fluoromethylketone rendered the cells even more sensitive to Fas-mediated cell death, as measured after 18 h incubation. However, when the process was followed microscopically, it became clear that anti-Fas–induced apoptosis of Fas-transfected L929 cells was blocked during the first 3 h, and subsequently the cells died by necrosis. As in tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-induced necrosis, Fas treatment led to accumulation of reactive oxygen radicals, and Fas-mediated necrosis was inhibited by the oxygen radical scavenger butylated hydroxyanisole. However, in contrast to TNF, anti-Fas did not activate the nuclear factor κB under these necrotic conditions. These results demonstrate the existence of two different pathways originating from the Fas receptor, one rapidly leading to apoptosis, and, if this apoptotic pathway is blocked by caspase inhibitors, a second directing the cells to necrosis and involving oxygen radical production.     

Fas-mediated killing of primary prostate cancer cells is increased by mitoxantrone and docetaxel

Therapies for prostate cancer based on Fas (CD95) modulation have been under active development at the preclinical stage using immortalized cell lines. To address clinical applicability, the potential of 11 cultures of primary prostate cancer cells to be killed by Fas-mediated apoptosis was investigated. In addition, the effect of the chemotherapeutic agents mitoxantrone and docetaxel on this killing was determined. Apoptosis was induced in patient-derived, primary prostate cancer cells using effector cells engineered by recombinant lentivirus infection to express Fas ligand (FasL) and measured by 51Cr release assays. All cultured prostate cells were found to undergo Fas-mediated killing; cytotoxicity ranged from 12% to 87% after 6 h. These cells were significantly more sensitive to FasL-mediated killing than PC-3 cells. The basal expression of Fas or the expression of five inhibitors of apoptosis (c-FLIP, survivin, cellular inhibitors of apoptosis protein 1 and 2, and bcl-2) was not found to correlate with susceptibility to Fas-mediated killing. Both mitoxantrone and docetaxel were able to induce Fas receptor expression on primary prostate cancer cells, which translated into a 1.5- to 3-fold enhancement of apoptosis mediated by FasL. Whereas mitoxantrone increased the Fas-induced apoptotic response of all cultured prostate cells tested, docetaxel pretreatment was found to preferentially enhance the killing of bcl-2-expressing cells. These findings show that cultured primary prostate cancer cells are sensitive to Fas-mediated apoptosis. Furthermore, the incidence of apoptosis was found to be improved by combining Fas-mediated therapy with standard chemotherapeutic agents. These findings may have significant implications for prostate cancer therapy.     

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1beta increase the Fas-mediated apoptosis of human osteoblasts.

Our recent work demonstrated functional Fas expression on human osteoblasts, and the histologic examination of the periarticular osteoporosis region in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) showed apoptosis in osteoblasts. High concentrations of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and IL-6--which are thought to increase bone resorption--have been determined in RA synovium. We investigated the effect of these cytokines on the Fas-mediated apoptosis of human osteoblasts. The human osteoblastic cell line MG63 and human primary osteoblast-like cells from bone biopsy specimens were used as human osteoblasts. Fas expression on these cells was examined by flow cytometry, and Fas-mediated apoptosis induced by anti-Fas immunoglobulin M (IgM) was determined by a chromium 51 release assay, the presence of cells with hypodiploid DNA, staining with Hoechst 33258 dye, and the detection of DNA fragmentation on agarose gel electrophoresis. The proliferation of osteoblasts was analyzed by a tritiated thymidine incorporation assay. Spontaneous apoptosis was not found on cultured osteoblasts. The apoptosis of human osteoblasts was not induced by TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, or IL-6 alone in the absence of anti-Fas IgM. In addition, proliferation of the cells was not affected by these cytokines. Fas was constitutively expressed on unstimulated osteoblasts, and treatment of these cells with IL-1beta or TNF-alpha significantly augmented Fas expression. Human osteoblasts were committed to apoptosis with anti-Fas IgM, and the treatment of both IL-1beta and TNF-alpha markedly increased Fas-mediated apoptosis. TNF-alpha augmented both Fas expression and Fas-mediated apoptosis more efficiently than did IL-1beta. In addition, an additive effect on both Fas expression and Fas-mediated apoptosis was demonstrated when TNF-alpha and IL-1beta were added to osteoblasts. IL-6 influenced neither Fas expression nor the Fas-mediated apoptosis of osteoblasts. Furthermore, no synergistic effect of IL-6 with IL-1beta or TNF-alpha was observed. IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, or IL-6 did not change Bcl-2 expression. Our results suggest that IL-1beta and TNF-alpha regulate osteoblast cell number by up-regulating the Fas-mediated apoptosis of osteoblasts, one of the putative mechanisms inducing periarticular osteoporosis in patients with RA.     

A novel gene coding for a Fas apoptosis inhibitory molecule (FAIM) isolated from inducibly Fas-resistant B lymphocytes

The sensitivity of primary splenic B cells to Fas-mediated apoptosis is modulated in a receptor-specific fashion. Here we used a differential display strategy to detect cDNAs present in B cells rendered Fas resistant but absent in those rendered Fas sensitive. This led to the cloning and characterization of a novel 1.2-kb gene that encodes a Fas apoptosis inhibitory molecule (FAIM). faim-transfected BAL-17 B lymphoma cells were less sensitive by half or more to Fas-mediated apoptosis than were vector-transfected controls, using Fas ligand-bearing T cells or a cytotoxic anti-Fas antibody to trigger Fas, and this was associated with inhibition of Fas- induced poly-ADP ribose polymerase (PARP) cleavage. In primary B cells, the time course of faim mRNA and FAIM protein expression correlated with the induction of Fas resistance by surface (s)Ig engagement. Thus, FAIM is an inducible effector molecule that mediates Fas resistance produced by sIg engagement in B cells. However, faim is broadly expressed in various tissues and the faim sequence is highly conserved evolutionarily, suggesting that its role extends beyond lymphocyte homeostasis. As FAIM has no significant regions of homology to other gene products that modulate Fas killing, it appears to represent a distinct, new class of antiapoptotic protein.     

反义Fas阻断激活T细胞凋亡的研究

目的：探索阻断激活Ｔ细胞凋亡的途径，增加激活的Ｔ细胞数量，提高肿瘤免疫治疗的疗效。方法：应用ＣＤ３诱导Ｊｕｒｋａｔ细胞的凋亡作为激活的Ｔ细胞凋亡模型，应用逆转录病毒载体将反义Ｆａｓ转染Ｊｕｒｋａｔ细胞，观察反义Ｆａｓ对ＣＤ３及抗Ｆａｓ单克隆抗体（单抗）对Ｊｕｒｋａｔ细胞凋亡的影响。结果：构建一个反义Ｆａｓ的逆转录病毒载体ｐＬＸＳＮ－反义Ｆａｓ，并转染Ｊｕｒｋａｔ细胞，发现Ｊｕｒｋａｔ细胞Ｆａｓ蛋白表达量下降，并部分阻断ＣＤ３及抗Ｆａｓ单抗诱导的Ｊｕｒｋａｔ细胞凋亡。结论：应用反义技术阻断Ｆａｓ基因表达，可部分阻断ＣＤ３及抗Ｆａｓ单抗诱导的Ｊｕｒｋａｔ细胞凋亡。     

Selective apoptosis of CD4+CD8+ thymocytes by the anti-Fas antibody

Fas is a cell surface protein that mediates apoptosis. A mouse mutant, lpr (lymphoproliferation), has a mutation in the Fas gene. In this report, we studied the expression and function of Fas in various subpopulations of mouse thymocytes. Abundant expression of Fas was detected on CD4+CD8+ double positive as well as CD4+ or CD8+ single positive thymocytes in wild-type mice. Little or low levels of Fas were expressed in CD4-CD8- double negative thymocytes except for the CD4-CD8- CD3+ phenotype, which expresses Fas as abundantly as double positive or single positive subsets. On the other hand, no Fas expression was detected in any population of thymocytes from lpr mice. When the wild- type thymocytes were treated with the agonistic anti-Fas antibody, double positive cells from the wild-type mice were selectively killed by apoptosis, whereas, the single positive cells were resistant to its cytolytic activity despite their abundant expression of Fas. Unlike the apoptosis of thymocytes induced by glucocorticoid or T cell activator, the Fas-induced apoptosis of thymocytes was enhanced by metabolic inhibitors such as cycloheximide. Furthermore, intraperitoneal administration of the anti-Fas antibody into mice caused rapid apoptosis of thymocytes in vivo.