联立方程新解法测定扑龙滴鼻液中2种成分的含量

目的:测定扑龙滴鼻液中醋酸泼尼松龙和马来酸氯苯那敏的含量.方法:采用新Vierordt法,以二组分的最大吸收波长242.5 nm和261.5 nm为测定波长,以无水乙醇作为空白,不经分离直接测定扑龙滴鼻液中二组分的含量.结果:两组分的浓度与其吸收度之间有良好线性关系,两组分回归系数分别为0.9998(1.7754～17.754μg·ml-1)和0.999 7(2.656～26.56 μg·m-1),回收率分别为100.26%,RSD=0.39%;100.31%,RSD=0.74%.αβ＜0.5,A/βA＞1.2,A/αA＞1.2,符合要求.结论:本方法简便快速,重复性好,消除了二组分相互干扰,结果满意.     

联立方程新解法测定复方氯霉素洗剂中两种成分的含量

目的:测定复方氯霉素洗剂中氯霉素和水杨酸的含量。方法:采用新Vierordt法,以二组分的最大吸收波长277.5nm和297nm为测定波长,以75%乙醇作空白,不经分离直接测定复方氯霉素洗剂中二组分的含量。结果:两组分的浓度与其吸收度之间有良好线性关系,两组分线性关系相关系数均为0.999 9线性范围为3.264～13.056和6.380 8～25.5232μg.mL-1回收率分别为99.71%,(RSD=0.38%)和99.33%(RSD=0.58%)。αβ<0.5,Aλa1+b/βAλa2+b>1.2,Aλa2+b/αAλa1+b>1.2符合要求。结论:方法简便快速,重复性好,消除了二组分相互干扰,结果满意。     

高效液相色谱法测定复方地塞米松庆大霉素滴鼻液中两组分含量

目的探讨用高效液相色谱法（HPLC法）同时测定复方地塞米松庆大霉素滴鼻液中盐酸麻黄素和地塞米松磷酸钠的含量。方法采用美国Waters高效液相色谱仪，流动相为甲醇-0．1mol／L醋酸铵溶液（50：50，用磷酸调pH值至4．0），流速为1．0mL／min，检测波长为256nm。结果盐酸麻黄碱和地塞米松磷酸钠在此条件下可实现基线分离，两组分质量浓度线性范围分别为50—500μg／mL（r=0．9995）和3．5～35μg／mL（r=0．9994），平均回收率分别为99．5％（RSD=0．8％）和99．4％（RSD=1．3％）。结论HPLC法简便快速，准确可靠，可作为复方地塞米松庆大霉素滴鼻液的质量控制方法。     

紫外分光光度法测定复方薄荷脑滴鼻液中樟脑含量

目的建立测定复方薄荷脑滴鼻液中樟脑含量的方法。方法采用紫外分光光度法，在289nm波长处测定樟脑的含量。结果樟脑质量浓度在1．50～3．50mg／mL范围内与吸光度线性关系良好，回归方程为A=0．217C-0．0303（r=0．9999），平均回收率为100．1％，RSD=1．4％（n=9）。方法精密度的RSD=1．7％（n=5）。结论所建方法简便、准确、重现性好，可用于复方薄荷脑滴鼻液的樟脑含量测定。     

双波长倍率系数法和一阶导数光谱法测定复方苯甲酸酊的含量

目的:建立复方苯甲酸酊中苯甲酸和水杨酸的含量测定方法。方法:采用倍率系数法于(272±1)nm和(301±1)nm波长处直接测定苯甲酸含量;采用一阶导数光谱法于(318±1)nm波长处直接测定水杨酸的含量。结果:苯甲酸:在19.34～27.08μg/mL浓度范围内,线性关系良好,相关系数r=0.999 9,平均回收率99.4％,RSD为0.80％。水杨酸:在24.48～34.27μg/mL浓度范围内,线性关系良好,相关系数r=0.999 9,平均回收率99.6％,RSD为0.490A。结论:本方法简便、快速、准确。     

RP-HPLC法同时测定复方苯海拉明滴鼻液中3种成分的含量

目的:建立同时测定复方苯海拉明滴鼻液中盐酸麻黄碱、呋喃西林、盐酸苯海拉明含量的方法。方法:采用反向高效液相色谱法。色谱柱为Inertsil ODS-3 C_18,流动相为0.05 mol/L磷酸二氢钾缓冲液(p H 7.0)-乙腈(梯度洗脱),流速为1.0 m L/min,检测波长为256 nm,柱温35℃,进样量为20μL。结果:盐酸麻黄碱、呋喃西林、盐酸苯海拉明检测质量浓度线性范围分别为122.1~366.3μg/m L(r=0.999 9)、5.2~15.5μg/m L(r=0.999 8)、31.5~94.5μg/m L(r=0.999 4);定量限分别为2.442、0.010、2.520μg/m L,检测限分别为0.810、0.003、0.830μg/m L;精密度、稳定性、重复性试验的RSD<1.0%;加样回收率分别为99.2%~101.7%(RSD=0.9%,n=9),96.4%~102.0%(RSD=1.7%,n=9),100.2%~101.9%(RSD=0.4%,n=9)。结论:该方法操作简便、结果准确、重复性好,适用于复方苯海拉明滴鼻液中盐酸麻黄碱、呋喃西林、盐酸苯海拉明含量的同时测定。     

高效液相色谱法测定复方呋喃西林滴鼻液中主药的含量

目的:建立高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定复方呋喃西林滴鼻液中呋喃西林和盐酸麻黄碱的含量.方法:采用HPLC,Agilent Eclipse×OB-C8色谱柱,乙腈:0.05 mol·L-1磷酸二氢钾溶液(22:78)为流动相,检测波长为255 nm.结果:呋喃西林在8～32μg·ml-1浓度范围内,盐酸麻黄碱在400～1600μg·ml-1浓度范围内,峰面积与浓度呈良好的线性关系,其相关系数分别为r=0.999 8和r=0.999 9,呋喃西林的平均回收率为99.66%(RSD为0.68%),日内RSD为0.38%;日间RSD为1.25%;盐酸麻黄碱的平均回收率为99.90%(RSD为0.44%),日内RSD为0.29%,日间RSD为1.12%.结论:本法简便、快速、结果准确,可用于测定复方呋喃西林滴鼻液的含量.     

紫外分光光度法测定复方替硝唑溶液的含量

目的建立复方替硝唑溶液的含量测定方法。方法用紫外分光光度法直接测定替硝唑含量,测定波长为317nm;用双波长分光光度法测定醋酸氯己定含量,测定波长为260nm,参比波长为350．8nm。结果替硝唑质量浓度线性范围是5-25μg／mL,r=0．9999,平均回收率为101．30％,RSD=0．53％（n：6）;醋酸氯己定质量浓度线性范围是2-7．5μg／mL,r=0．9999,平均回收率为98．78％,RSD=0．56％（n=6）。结论所用方法简便、准确,适用于该制剂的质量控制。     

二阶导数分光光度法测定复方氟哌酸滴鼻液中盐酸麻黄碱的含量

目的:建立复方氟哌酸滴鼻液中盐酸麻黄碱的含量测定方法。方法:采用二阶导数分光光度法测定盐酸麻黄碱的含量,取214nm波长处的零谷值作为定量信息。结果:相关系数为r=0.9992,平均回收率为99.7％,RSD为1.2％。结论:方法简便、准确。     

ICP-MS分析参芪扶正注射液中14种微量元素的含量

目的:建立复方二仙汤中盐酸小檗碱和总生物碱的含量测定方法.方法:小檗碱的含量测定应用Hy-persil-BDS C18色谱柱,甲醇-0.02 mol/L NaH2PO4-0.1 mol/L三乙胺(40:60:2)为流动相,检测波长为345nm;采用可见分光光度法于420 nm波长处测定总生物碱的含量.结果:盐酸小檗碱的线性范围为0.51～10.10μg/mL,r=0.999 9,回收率100.07%,RSD为0.4%;总生物碱线性范围为8.0～24.0μg/mL,r=0.999 8,回收率100.46%,RSD为0.58%.结论:该法操作简便、快速且结果准确,可用于该复方的质量控制.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.