四物汤对脂多糖诱导乳鼠星形胶质细胞表达组织因子的影响

目的:观察四物汤对脂多糖(LPS)诱导大鼠星形胶质细胞表达组织因子(TF)的影响。方法:培养Wistar乳鼠星形胶质细胞,用抗神经胶质纤维酸性蛋白单克隆抗体确认星形胶质细胞。细胞冻融液TF活性检测采用一期血浆复钙时间法。结果:与对照组相比,LPS使星形胶质细胞表达,TF明显增加(591±33 mU／ml vs 382±25 mU／ml,n=12,P<0.01),并呈剂量依赖性(r=0.993);四物汤能明显地抑制LPS诱导星形胶质细胞表达TF(39±1.2 mU／ml vs 591±33mU／ml,n=12,P<0.01)。结论:LPS促进星形胶质细胞表达TF,而四物汤能抑制LPS诱导星形胶质细胞表达TF。     

灵芝合剂对乳鼠星形胶质细胞组织因子表达的影响

目的观察灵芝合剂(GJLM)对脂多糖(LPS)诱导大鼠星形胶质细胞表达组织因子(TF)的影响。方法培养Wistar乳鼠星形胶质细胞,用抗神经胶质纤维酸性蛋白单克隆抗体确认星形胶质细胞。细胞冻融液TF活性检测采用一期血浆复钙时间法。结果与对照组相比,LPS使星形胶质细胞表达TF明显增加(591±33 mU/mL vs382±25 mU/mL,n=12,P<0.01),并呈剂量依赖性(r=0.993);GJLM能明显地抑制LPS诱导星形胶质细胞表达TF(108±19 mU/mL vs 591±33 mU/mL,n=12,P<0.01)。结论LPS促进星形胶质细胞表达TF,而GJLM能抑制LPS诱导星形胶质细胞表达TF。     

姜黄素调控脂多糖诱导成骨细胞线粒体功能改变及凋亡研究

目的：研究脂多糖（lipopolysaccharide,LPS）和姜黄素（curcumin,Cur）对成骨细胞线粒体功能活性改变及凋亡的影响。方法：体外培养小鼠原代成骨细胞,并将细胞分为4组：无任何处理的对照组（N组）;10 μmol/L姜黄素预处理2 h,使用正常培养基培养24 h组（Cur组）;用1 mg/L LPS处理24 h组（LPS组）;用10 μmol/L姜黄素预处理2 h,然后再用1 mg/L LPS处理成骨细胞24 h组（Cur +LPS组）。利用线粒体荧光探针测量线粒体活性氧的产生,检测线粒体氧化呼吸链酶活性、线粒体膜电位、细胞内ATP的合成及细胞凋亡情况。结果：在经过1 mg/L LPS刺激后,小鼠成骨细胞线粒体内活性氧（reactive oxygen species,ROS）生成为对照组的2.59倍;与对照组相比,LPS组氧化呼吸链酶Ⅰ活性降低21%,氧化呼吸链酶Ⅲ活性降低26%,氧化呼吸链酶Ⅳ活性降低28%;线粒体细胞膜电位降低32%,ATP合成量为（0.79±0.06） μmol/mg蛋白,细胞凋亡数目增加3.2倍;而Cur+LPS组较LPS组相比,小鼠成骨细胞内ROS水平降低（1.48±0.21 vs. 2.59±0.32,P=0.003）,氧化呼吸链酶Ⅰ活性升高（0.98±0.02 vs. 0.79±0.03,P=0.000）,氧化呼吸链酶Ⅲ活性升高（0.93±0.03 vs. 0.74±0.03,P=0.004）,氧化呼吸链酶Ⅳ活性升高（0.92±0.05 vs. 0.72±0.02,P=0.009）,线粒体膜电位增加（0.91±0.04 vs. 0.68±0.04,P=0.002）,ATP合成量增加（1.53±0.05 vs. 0.79±0.06,P=0.000）,细胞凋亡数目减少（1.67±0.42 vs. 5.33±0.80,P=0.002）。结论：姜黄素预处理组的成骨细胞线粒体功能得以明显改善,并且细胞凋亡数目明显减少,为姜黄素可能被进一步应用于临床治疗慢性牙周炎提供一定的实验依据。     

白血病细胞钠,钾腺苷三磷酸酶活性的实验观察

应用“铷示踪法测定小鼠淋巴白血病细胞(P_3细胞)和人慢性粒细胞白血病细胞(K_(62)细胞)的钠钾转运活性,并同其各自相应正常组织细胞进行比较,发现此二种肿瘤细胞的钠,钾腺苷三磷酸酶(Na~+,K~+-ATP酶)转运活性(41.178±5.312和55.124±9.756nmol K~+/10~6 cells/h)远较正常细胞(5.615±2.879和15.911±3.913nmol K~+/10~6 cells/h)为高(P<0.001),而非Na~+,K~+-ATP酶转运活性(14.521±2.224和89.034±11.428nmol K~+/10~6 cells/h)与正常细胞(13.041±4.480和91.700±19.128nmol K~+/10~6 cells/h)无明显差异。证明此二种白血病细胞具有高Na~+,K~+-ATP酶活性的特征。     

姜黄素抑制脂多糖诱导视网膜色素上皮细胞炎症反应

目的：探讨姜黄素（curcumin）对脂多糖（lipopolysaccharide,LPS）诱导视网膜色素上皮细胞（retinal pigment epithelial cells, RPE）炎症反应的抑制作用。方法：体外培养人RPE细胞株ARPE-19,CCK-8测定不同浓度姜黄素（5、10、20、30、40 ?滋mol/L）或不同浓度姜黄素和脂多糖（5 ?滋g/mL）刺激后细胞的活性,以此确定姜黄素的最适作用浓度。实时荧光定量（real-time poly－merase chain reaction, RT-PCR）检测白细胞介素（interleukin,IL）-8和IL-6的mRNA表达变化,酶联免疫吸附测定法（enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA）测定IL-6和IL-8的蛋白表达水平。Western blot检测IκB-α、p-IκB-α蛋白表达变化。结果：CCK-8：不同浓度姜黄素对ARPE-19细胞活性无影响（P5 ?滋mol/L=0.998,P10 ?滋mol/L=1.000,P20 ?滋mol/L=0.124,P30 ?滋mol/L=0.092,P40 ?滋mol/L=0.078）,预先作用不同浓度的姜黄素对细胞活性有保护作用,20 ?滋mol/L保护作用明显（P=0.041）。PCR：姜黄素+LPS组IL-8的mRNA相对表达量（4.965±3.863）比LPS组（106.331±37.314）明显降低（P=0.000）,姜黄素+LPS组IL-6的mRNA相对表达量（0.992±0.374）比LPS组（2.175±0.560）明显降低（P=0.005）。ELISA：姜黄素+LPS组IL-8的蛋白表达量[（191.600±18.773） pg/mL]比LPS组[（589.025±38.880） pg/mL]明显降低（P=0.000）,姜黄素+LPS组IL-6的蛋白表达量[（113.906±27.947） pg/mL]比LPS组[（243.380±38.001） pg/mL]明显降低（P=0.000）。Western blot：与LPS组相比较,姜黄素+LPS组的p-IκB-α蛋白的表达水平降低（P=0.001）。结论：姜黄素通过抑制NF-κB活性抑制了脂多糖诱导视网膜色素上皮细胞的炎症反应,保护视网膜色素上皮细胞。     

低压缺氧和亚低温复合因素对小鼠免疫功能的影响

目的 :研究模拟高空低压缺氧和亚低温复合环境 ,对小鼠血浆神经肽含量和免疫功能的影响 .方法 :采用放免法检测高空缺氧和亚低温复合因素作用下 ,小鼠血浆 β 内啡肽 (β EP)和亮氨酸脑啡肽 (L EK)的含量 ;采用MTT法检测ConA或LPS诱导的脾细胞增殖反应 ,胸腺细胞IL 1和脾细胞IL 2的活性 .结果 :7km高空缺氧室温组 (2 2± 2 )℃血浆β EP含量 (ng·L-1)显著高于地面室温组 (395± 6 6vs 2 71±37,P <0 .0 1) ,7km 5℃组血浆 β EP含量显著低于 7km室温组 (2 83± 5 9vs 2 71± 37,P <0 .0 1) .地面 5℃组血浆L EK含量显著高于相应的室温组 (5 75± 88vs 4 0 5± 6 5 ,P <0 .0 1) .7km 10℃组ConA或LPS诱导的脾细胞增殖 (MBq)反应显著低于 7km室温组 (6 2 .5± 6 .8vs 2 .1± 0 .2 ,5 8.8± 8.1vs 30 .6± 3.9,P <0 .0 1) ;7km 5℃组ConA或LPS诱导的脾细胞增殖反应显著高于地面 5℃组 (2 3.3± 3.8vs 4 4 .8±4 .4 ,31.9± 0 .5vs 6 6 .0± 2 .7,P <0 .0 1) .7km 10℃组IL 1活性显著高于 7km室温组 (2 .88± 0 .4 9vs1.5 1± 0 .31,P <0 .0 1) ,7km 5℃组IL 1活性显著低于 7km室温组 (1.2 8± 0 .32vs 1.5 1± 0 .31,P <0 .0 1) .7km 10℃和 5℃组小鼠IL 2活性低于 7km室温组 ,但无显著差异 .结论 :缺氧 1     

急性髓细胞白血病树突状细胞诱导T细胞对自体白血病细胞毒性作用的研究

目的　研究急性髓细胞白血病 (AML)树突状细胞 (DC)诱导 T细胞对自体白血病的细胞毒性作用。方法　分离 AML 患者外周血单个核细胞 (MNC) ,在含有 GM- CSF、IL- 4、TNF- α等刺激因子的培养体系中培养7～ 14 d,通过形态学和免疫表型鉴定 DC。通过反复冻融的方法获取白血病抗原肽 ,分别以白血病抗原肽及白血病抗原肽 - HSP90复合物方式脉冲 DC,再将 DC与自体 T淋巴细胞共同孵育 ,以乳酸脱氢酶的方法检测经不同抗原方式激活的自体 T淋巴细胞对白血病细胞的杀伤效应。结果　急性白血病患者外周血 MNC中培养出 DC为 (6～11)× 10 4 / 10 6 MNC,经两种抗原方式激活的自体 T淋巴细胞对自体白血病细胞的杀伤活性分别为 (6 2 .0 7±8.2 9) %和 (35 .33± 9.0 4 ) % ;体外培养的 AML 患者外周血 MNC可诱导分化出大量 DC。结论　单纯白血病抗原肽与白血病抗原肽 - HSP90复合物方式脉冲的 DC均能够激活自体白血病特异性 T淋巴细胞 ,但后者具有更强的激活能力。     

补阳还五汤对TNF-a诱导血管内皮细胞释放vWF及表达组织因子的影响

目的 :观察补阳还五汤对TNFa诱导血管内皮细胞释放vWF和表达组织因子的影响。方法 :对传代培养的新生牛主动脉内皮细胞 4～ 8代分别给予不同处理 ,取上清液测vWF ,取细胞冻融液测定组织因子活性。结果 :①与对照组相比 ,TNFa促进内皮细胞表达组织因子 ( 1 2 .79± 2 .59vs.4.69± 0 .83,P <0 .0 1 ) ,并呈剂量依赖性 (r =0 .971 ,0～ 50 0U·ml- 1 ) ,补阳还五汤抑制其效应 (P <0 .0 1 ) ;②与对照组相比较 ,TNFa促进vWF释放 ( 1 3.82± 4.76vs.6.2 4± 2 .84,P <0 .0 1 ) ,补阳还五汤抑制其作用 ( P <0 .0 1 )。结论 :补阳还五汤能抑制TNFα诱导血管内皮细胞表达组织因子和释放vWF     

右美托咪定在减轻脂多糖诱导人肾小管上皮细胞损伤中的作用研究

目的探讨右美托咪定（DEX）在减轻脂多糖（LPS）诱导人肾小管上皮细胞（HK-2）损伤中的作用。方法体外培养HK-2,采用RNA测序检测DEX及LPS处理后细胞的mRNA表达,实时荧光定量PCR及蛋白质印迹法验证DEX及LPS处理后HK-2的干扰素调节因子1（IRF1）表达;通过体外细胞转染上调或下调细胞的IRF1表达,CCK-8活性试验、Edu增殖分析及实时凋亡分析分别检测细胞的活性、增殖和凋亡情况。结果LPS处理后IRF1mRNA水平升高（1.00±0.12比2.69±0.33,P＜0.05）,蛋白表达增加,而DEX处理后IRF1mRNA水平降低（1.00±0.12比0.51±0.09,P＜0.05）,蛋白表达降低。过表达IRF1可以导致HK-2活性降低（2.10±0.02比1.56±0.16,P＜0.05）、增殖减慢且诱导凋亡（20523±2051比62183.26±7585.39,P＜0.05）;敲减IRF1可以增加LPS处理后的HK-2活性（0.65±0.08比1.23±0.13,P＜0.05）、维持增殖且降低LPS诱导的凋亡（85233.59±7952.23比62187.24±8742.68,P＜0.05）。DEX处理后可增加LPS条件下的HK-2活性（0.87±0.12比1.78±0.20,P＜0.05）,但过表达IRF1能够抵消DEX对细胞活性的保护作用（1.78±0.20比1.22±0.12,P＜0.05）。结论DEX可能通过抑制IRF1减轻LPS诱导的HK-2的损伤。     

厄贝沙坦对血管紧张素Ⅱ诱导人内皮细胞产生炎症因子的影响

目的观察厄贝沙坦对血管紧张素Ⅱ(AngⅡ)诱导的人脐静脉内皮细胞(HUVEC)产生炎症因子的影响,以进一步探讨AngⅡ与其诱导产生的炎症因子的关系,以及厄贝沙坦抗动脉粥样硬化(AS)可能的途径。方法Ⅰ型胶原酶法分离并鉴定HUVEC,MTT测各实验组的细胞毒性,免疫组织化学染色测HUVEC细胞间黏附分子(intercellular adhension molecule-1,ICAM-1)、酶联免疫吸附法测各组细胞上清中白介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)和P-选择素的含量。结果AngⅡ呈浓度依赖性诱导HUVEC中P-选择素和IL-6升高(P<0·05),0·1μmol/L的AngⅡ诱导细胞产生ICAM-1差异无显著性(P>0·05),含量为0·5μmol/L的AngⅡ在6h诱导HU-VEC产生ICAM-1达到峰值(178·02±21·55)%,在作用8h,HUVEC的IL-6含量达到峰值(598·02±31·98)pg/ml,P-选择素在12h时,含量为(2·68±0·03)ng/ml;厄贝沙坦均能显著降低AngⅡ诱导的HUVEC中ICAM-1、P-选择素和IL-6的含量(P<0·05)。结论AngⅡ能不同程度的促进HUVEC产生炎症因子,这是AngⅡ促AS形成的机制之一;厄贝沙坦通过拮抗AngⅡ1型受体,降低HUVEC产生各种炎症因子,在抗AS有巨大应用价值。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.