不同剂量右美托咪定对腮腺手术患者全麻苏醒质量的影响

目的:观察不同剂量右美托咪定对腮腺手术患者全麻苏醒质量的影响.方法:80例行腮腺切除术患者随机分为4组,分别为低、中、高剂量右美托咪定组(D1、D2、D3组)及对照组(C组),每组20例.各组麻醉诱导及维持相同,手术结束前30 min,D1、D2、D3组分别将右美托咪定0.4、0.8、1.2μg/kg用生理盐水稀释到20 mL,10 min内缓慢泵入,C组泵入等量生理盐水.分别于麻醉诱导前(TO)、拔管即刻(Tl)、拔管后5 min(T2)、拔管后10 min(T3)记录收缩压、舒张压、心率;PACU期间呛咳、躁动的发生率及程度;拔管即刻的Ramsay镇静评分及数字等级疼痛评分(NRS);拔管时间及定向力恢复时间.使用SPSS20.0软件包对数据进行统计学分析.结果:拔管即刻C、D1组血压、心率较拔管前显著升高(P＜0.05),D2、D3组升高不显著(P＞0.05).拔管即刻及拔管后5、10 min,D1组收缩压、舒张压、心率及在PACU的躁动发生情况与C组相近(P＞0.05),呛咳的发生率及程度有降低趋势,但无显著差异(P＞0.05);拔管即刻的Ramsay镇静评分及NRS与C组亦无显著差异(P＞0.05).D2、D3组收缩压、舒张压、心率均较同时点C、D1组显著降低,躁动、呛咳发生率及程度显著低于C、D1组(P＜0.05),Ramsay镇静评分显著增高(P＜0.05),NRS显著降低(P＜0.05).D3组的Ramsay镇静评分较D2组显著增高(P＜0.05),NRS显著降低(P＜0.05).D3组患者拔管时间、定向力恢复时间较D1、D2、C组显著延长(P＜0.05).结论:腮腺手术结束前泵注右美托咪定可以减少苏醒期间血流动力学波动,提高苏醒质量,中等剂量的右美托咪定(0.8 μg/kg)更安全,不延长拔管和定向力恢复时间.     

不同剂量的右美托咪定在全麻儿童全口龋齿治疗中的应用

目的 观察不同剂量的右美托咪定用于全麻下儿童全口龋齿治疗中的效果。方法 将120例在全麻下行全口龋齿治疗的儿童随机分为3组，对照组C组，低剂量右美托咪定组（L组）和高剂量右美托咪定组（H组），每组40例。静脉给予咪唑安定1 mg，芬太尼1.5 μg/kg，丙泊酚2 mg/kg，罗库溴铵0.6mg/kg，气管插管，吸入1~2%七氟烷，静脉泵入丙泊酚5~8 mg/（kg·h）和不同负荷剂量右美托咪定（10min内滴完）并维持。C组，生理盐水； L组右美托咪定0.5 μg/kg并以0.2 μg/（kg·h）维持， H组右美托咪定1 μg/kg并以0.4 μg/（kg·h）维持。记录诱导前（T1）、插管后（T2）、插管后15 min（T3）、术后拔管时（T4）的收缩压和心率。记录拔管时间以及在苏醒期间的PAEDs评分。记录患儿入手术室、术后15min、术后30 min的Ramsay评分。采用GraphPad Prism5软件包进行统计学分析。结果 L组和H组在T3、T4时间点的血压和心率均低于C组，且差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。术后拔管时间L组和C组间无明显差异，但H组术后拔管时间明显延长。和C组比较， H组和L组PAEDs评分均有显著性差异。术后Ramsay评分有显著性差异：术后30 min L组的均值接近2， H组到45 min才接近2。结论 右美托咪定用于儿童全口龋齿全麻治疗安全性良好，能提高苏醒质量，建议采用右美托咪定负荷剂量0.5 μg/kg，以0.2 μg/（kg·h）维持。     

右美托咪定对儿童牙科日间全麻手术苏醒期躁动的影响

目的 将右美托咪定用于儿童牙科日间全麻手术的维持,探讨其对苏醒期躁动发生的影响。方法 将拟全麻下行口腔治疗的80例儿童牙科患儿随机分为A组和B组,每组40例。A组在全麻维持期静脉注射1 μg·kg^-1负荷量右美托咪定（生理盐水稀释至10 mL）,然后以0.1~0.4 mL·（kg·h）^-1的速度静脉注射至手术结束前45 min,B组以同样方式注射生理盐水。记录2组患儿的年龄,性别,体重,美国麻醉医师协会病情分级（ASAPS）,不同时间点的心率（HR）、平均动脉压（MAP）、氧饱和度（SpO₂）,舒芬太尼用量,手术持续时间,手术结束到拔管的时间,拔管到清醒的时间、清醒后行为评分（FPAS）,达离院标准的时间等指标,并进行统计分析。结果 2组手术开始、手术10 min、30 min、1 h、2 h及拔管后的HR、MAP均有统计学差异,A组低于B组（P<0.05）;舒芬太尼用量及苏醒期躁动率也有统计学差异,A组低于B组（P<0.05）;2组拔管到清醒的时间及达离院标准的时间为A组长于B组（P<0.05）。其他指标2组均无统计学差异。结论 右美托咪定用于儿童牙科日间全麻手术,能降低苏醒期躁动发生率,术中生命体征更平稳。     

不同右美托咪定给药时机在全麻儿童龋齿治疗中的效果比较

目的 探讨不同右美托咪定给药时机在全麻儿童龋齿治疗中的效果。方法 将120例择期行全麻龋齿治疗的患儿随机分为D1组、D2组、D3组,每组40例。所有患儿术中均使用七氟烷1.5 MAC维持麻醉,D1组术中不给予右美托咪定;D2组于麻醉诱导插管后给予0.5 μg/(kg·h)右美托咪定,持续泵注10 min;D3组于手术结束前泵注0.5 μg/(kg·h) 右美托咪定10 min。记录3组患儿入室时(T0)、手术开始时(T1)、手术1 h时(T2)、术毕时(T3) 的心率及平均动脉压; 从七氟烷关闭至拔管时间及苏醒时间;入麻醉后监测治疗室(PACU) 的麻醉苏醒躁动评分（PAED）和疼痛评分（FLACC）。采用SPSS 21.0软件包对数据进行统计学分析。结果 与同组T0时相比,3组T1、T2和T3时心率、平均动脉压显著降低(P<0.05);与D1组相比,D2组T1、T2和T3时心率和平均动脉压显著降低(P<0.05),D3组T3时心率和平均动脉压显著降低(P<0.05)。与D1组相比,D2组D3组PAED和FLACC评分显著低于D1组(P<0.05)。结论 麻醉诱导插管后泵入 0.5 μg/(kg·h) 右美托咪定10 min,可使术中血流动力学稳定,减少麻醉苏醒躁动,同时不会影响麻醉苏醒及拔管时间,是较为合理的临床用药时机。     

瑞芬太尼与右美托咪啶对口腔颌面外科全麻苏醒期的影响

目的:观察瑞芬太尼与右美托咪啶对口腔颌面外科全麻苏醒期的影响.方法:口腔颌面外科全麻手术患者60例,性别不限,年龄18 ～65岁,随机分为3组:瑞芬太尼组(R组)、右美托咪定组(D组)和对照组(C组).在手术结束10 min前,R组予以持续TCI输注瑞芬太尼,血浆浓度为1.5 ng/mL;D组给予右美托咪定0.5 μg/kg;C组给予生理盐水.观察3组患者苏醒期间血流动力学变化、Ramsay镇静评分、呛咳人数、躁动人数、拔管时间和不良反应的发生率.使用SPSS 20.0软件包对数据进行统计学分析.结果:R组和D组心率、平均血压在拔管时显著低于C组(P＜0.05);R组和D组Ramsay评分在拔管后5、10min显著高于C组,且D组显著高于R组(P＜0.05);R组和D组发生呛咳和躁动的人数均显著低于C组(P＜0.05),3组患者拔管时间无显著差异.结论:瑞芬太尼和右美托咪定均可明显减轻口腔颌面外科全麻患者苏醒期血流动力学变化,减少呛咳和躁动,不延长拔管时间.右美托咪定较瑞芬太尼在苏醒期间能提供更长时间的镇静作用.     

右美托咪定用于困难气道患者苏醒期拔管时的镇静效果

目的:观察右美托咪定用于困难气道患者苏醒期拔管时的镇静效果及其对血流动力学的影响。方法:选择ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级、择期全麻下行口腔颌面部肿瘤切除术的困难气道患者(Mallampati分级≥Ⅲ级)30例,随机分为2组(每组15例)。所有患者在手术结束前10min分别静脉推注生理盐水(NS组)或右美托咪定0.5μg/kg(DEX组),推注时间为10min。比较2组的拔管时间、苏醒拔管期间患者呛咳和躁动的情况以及患者对拔管事件的回忆情况;观察HR、SBP、DBP、RR的变化和不良事件发生率。采用SAS 9.13软件包对数据进行统计学处理。结果:2组拔管时间无显著差异(P>0.05)。拔管期间DEX组呛咳评分和躁动评分显著低于NS组(P<0.01);Ramsay评分和回忆度评分显著高于NS组(P<0.01)。与诱导前相比,用药后DEX组HR、SBP、DBP均显著降低(P<0.01),拔管时HR、SBP略上升,拔管后1、5、10min时HR、SBP、DBP、RR与诱导前无明显差异(P>0.05);NS组HR、SBP、DBP在苏醒拔管期间均显著高于诱导前,且高于DEX组(P<0.01)。NS组寒颤发生率高于DEX组(P<0.05)。结论:右美托咪定用于困难气道患者苏醒期拔管,能明显减少患者呛咳和躁动,产生良好的遗忘作用,且不延长拔管时间。     

婴幼儿唇腭裂修补全麻术后运用右旋美托咪定预防患儿苏醒期躁动的效果研究

目的 研究探讨婴幼儿唇腭裂修补全麻术后,运用右旋美托咪定预防患儿苏醒期躁动的效果。方法 选取我院2017年12月到2019年12月收治的婴幼儿唇腭裂患者共60例,按照随机数字表法随机分为研究组(30例)和对照组(30例),患儿经常规全身麻醉诱导后均给予七氟醚吸入维持,对照组患儿给予1 μg/(kg·h)的生理盐水持续泵入维持,研究组患儿给予同等容积的右美托咪定泵入维持。比较两组患儿的血流动力学指标、血气分析指标以及麻醉苏醒期躁动指标。结果 两组患儿在T0、T1以及T2阶段的心率(heart rate, HR)和平均动脉压(mean arterial pressure, MAP)差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。研究组患儿在T3、T4以及T5阶段的HR和MAP明显低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。研究组患儿T5阶段的血气分析pH值显著低于对照组,对照组患儿T5阶段的pH值显著高于T0阶段,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),研究组患儿T5阶段pH值与T0阶段比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。研究组患儿T5阶段PaCO₂显著高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),两组患儿T5阶段与T0阶段比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。研究组患儿躁动评分、缝合口出血发生率及疼痛评分均显著低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组患儿自停止给予七氟醚吸入直至睁眼达到拔管指征的时间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 右旋美托咪定可显著减轻婴幼儿唇腭裂修补全麻术后苏醒期躁动的发生风险,可稳定血流动力学,有利于麻醉管理。     

右美托咪定复合七氟烷在儿童口腔全麻治疗中的效果评价

目的: 观察右美托咪定复合七氟烷用于儿童口腔全麻治疗的疗效及其影响因素。方法: 将120例拟行口腔全麻治疗（>90 min）的患儿随机分为右美托咪定复合七氟烷组（D组）和七氟烷组(S组),每组60例。D组经面罩吸入4%~6%七氟烷,静脉推注芬太尼1 μg/kg,咪唑安定0.1 mg,丙泊酚2 mg/kg,罗库溴铵0.3 mg/kg。待患儿睫毛反射消失后,进行气管插管,以2%~3%七氟烷吸入维持。手术开始时,泵注丙泊酚,速度为9~12 mg/(kg·h);同时先以1 μg/kg速度泵注右美托咪定15 min后,减为0.5 μg/（kg·h）维持直至手术结束。S组未泵注右美托咪定。监测患儿入室（T1）、睫毛反射消失（T2）、泵注右美托咪定10 min（T3）、手术开始（T4）、手术结束（T5）时的心率（HR）、平均动脉压（MAP）及Ramsay镇静评分,记录手术完成时间、手术后患儿苏醒时间、拔管时间、麻醉后恢复室（PACU）内小儿苏醒期躁动评分（PAED）。采用 SPSS 20.0软件包对数据进行统计学分析。结果: 2组手术完成时间比较差异无统计学意义;术中T3-T5时D组MAP、HR显著低于S组（P<0.05）, Ramsay镇静评分显著高于S组（P<0.05）;D组苏醒时间、拔管时间显著高于S组;在PACU内,D组小儿苏醒期PAED评分显著低于S组。结论: 右美托咪定复合七氟烷用于儿童口腔全麻手术,患儿循环指标稳定,对呼吸影响小。虽然苏醒时间有所延长,但可提高苏醒质量。     

右美托咪定对舌癌患者围手术期炎症因子的影响

目的探讨右美托咪定（Dex）对接受舌癌根治术患者围手术期血清炎症因子水平的影响。 方法将行舌癌根治术的60例患者为研究对象,根据维持麻醉所用药物不同,随机分成对照组和右美托咪定组（Dex组）,每组30例。采用酶联免疫吸附剂测定（ELISA）法检测麻醉诱导前30 min、切皮前、切皮后1 h、术毕、术后6 h、术后24 h患者血清中的白细胞介素1（IL-1）、IL-6、超敏C反应蛋白（hs-CRP）、肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）水平。采用SPSS 16.0统计软件对数据进行统计分析。资料以 ±s表示,组内比较采用配对t检验,组间比较采用t检验。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。 结果两组围手术期血清中炎症因子IL-1、IL-6、hs-CRP、TNF-α水平在手术中、术毕、术后6 h、术后24 h较切皮前明显升高,差异有统计学意义（P<0.01）;在术毕时达到最高峰,术后逐渐下降。与对照组相比,Dex组的血浆IL-1、IL-6、hs-CRP、TNF-α水平在手术中、术毕、术后6 h、术后24 h均显著降低,差异有统计学意义（P<0.01）。 结论右美托咪定可降低舌癌根治术患者围手术期的炎症因子水平,从而减轻舌癌根治术后的炎症反应。     

The Association of Early Dental Caries Patterns with Caries Incidence in Preschool Children

Objectives : This study assessed the development of caries in preschool children over two years according to baseline caries pattern. Methods : Connecticut Head Start children (n=142, mean age=3.8 years) were examined for dental caries at baseline (spring 1991) and once annually for two years. Children were categorized at baseline as caries-free, having pit and fissure (PF) caries, or having maxillary anterior (MA) caries. Results : After two years, children who presented at baseline with MA or PF caries had a mean posterior dmfs of greater than seven and four times, respectively, that of children who were caries-free at baseline. When dental caries of the primary dentition was categorized by specific posterior patterns (i.e., posterior proximal [PPJ] and buccal/lingual [BL]), change in dmfs for the PP and BL patterns in the group that presented with pit/fissure caries at baseline were nearly four and three times greater, respectively, than for those in the caries-free group. The group that presented with maxillary anterior caries at baseline had PP and BL caries increments eight times those of children who began caries-free. Conclusion : Dental caries presentation in 3- to 4-year-old children can identify those children and tooth surfaces that will be at the greatest risk for future caries development.     

Recent Dental Caries and Treatment Patterns in US Children

This report presents dental caries and treatment patterns found in a longitudinal study of US children between 1978 and 1982 who were geographically dispersed across several fluoridated and nonfluoridated sites. The analyses include first- and fifth-grade children examined annually for four years in the National Preventive Dentistry Demonstration Program and who did not receive effective preventive procedures. The results indicate that in association with the caries decline in US children, treatment ratios increased by over 20 percent during the study period. FS/DFS ratios averaged 79 percent for the four grade/fluoridation status cohorts analyzed and were significantly higher in fluoridated than in nonfluoridated sites. The single-fissured surface was the dominant treatment or disease area observed and these surfaces tended to be restored early. In assessing tooth-surface status changes annually, tooth surfaces were more than twice as likely to change from sound to filled than from sound to decayed between yearly examinations at fluoridated sites. The lower levels of decay and higher degree of restorative care observed were not observed in lower SES and black children nearly to the extent as those for higher SES and white children in the population. The dental profession should shift its emphasis from the early restoration of fissured-surface defects to an expanded use of sealants for those with reduced decay and focus resources on a minority of the population with high caries levels who receive limited care.     

Satisfaction of Parents and Caregivers with Dental Treatment of Children Under General Anesthesia in a Day Care Surgery Setting

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to examine the satisfaction of parents and caregivers of patients who underwent dental treatment in general anesthesia (GA) in a day-care surgery setting.Material and MethodsAnonymous questionnaire was sent to parents/caregivers of patients who underwent full mouth restoration in GA. The survey consisted of 4 parts: general data, data about procedure, satisfaction with various aspects of care and the perception of parents/caregivers about the condition of their child in relation to the time before dental treatment in GA.Results66 parents/caregivers (30.5%) responded to the questionnaire. Overall satisfaction with the treatment was high (4.69). Respondents expressed the highest degree of satisfaction with communication with nurses (4.92), and the lowest with the waiting time for the procedure (3.89). Parents/caregivers of patients who reported difficulty eating expressed significantly lower overall satisfaction than the subjects whose children did not report difficulty eating. Also, the more treatments the patients underwent, the lower was the overall satisfaction than of those subjects whose children were never treated in such a manner before.ConclusionsSince patient satisfaction has a beneficial impact on treatment outcome and adherence to preventive recommendations, all health care providers should strive to achieve it.     

学龄前儿童乳牙龋病与相关因素的分析

目的研究学龄前儿童患龋情况与口腔卫生习惯、饮食情况、家庭有关因素的关系。方法1149名学龄前儿童随机分为龋病组和无龋病对照组。应用x^2检验筛选出乳牙龋患儿的相关因素，建立logistic回归模型，进行分析。结果餐后漱口、睡前吃零食、母乳喂养与乳牙龋病有关（P〈0．01），每日刷牙次数和母亲文化程度对乳牙龋病也有关（P〈0．05），而用含氟牙膏刷牙与乳牙龋病无关（P〉0．05）。结论加强对家长及儿童口腔卫生保健知识的指导，宣传科学的饮食方式可有效的预防乳牙龋病。     

鼻腔喷雾右美托咪定在下颌第三磨牙拔除术中的应用

目的:探讨鼻腔喷雾右美托咪定在下颌第三磨牙拔除术中的临床应用价值。方法 :30例需拔除下颌第三磨牙的患者随机分为右美托咪定组(DEX组)和对照组(C组),每组15例。DEX组鼻腔喷雾1.5μg/kg右美托咪定,C组鼻腔喷雾生理盐水,30 min以后实施局部麻醉,拔出下颌第三磨牙。每10 min记录患者的收缩压(SBP)、心率(HR)、血氧饱和度(SpO2),评估患者的改良OAA/S评分,同时记录注射局麻药时的VAS评分。结果:DEX组的SBP和HR在鼻腔喷雾给药后的30⁶0 min出现一定程度下降,与C组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。DEX组在给药后2060 min出现一定程度下降,与C组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。DEX组在给药后20⁶0 min时出现镇静作用,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。注射局麻药时两组患者均感到轻微疼痛,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:鼻腔喷雾右美托咪定1.5μg/kg,能够有效、安全且便捷地应用于健康成人下颌第三磨牙拔除术中的镇静,缓解患者的焦虑情绪。     

银川市儿童青少年龋病患病趋势分析

的　分析银川市儿童青少年龋病患病的发展趋势及特点。方法　1990、1996和2001年采用WHO口腔 流行病学调查方法对银川市3岁、5岁、12岁和15岁的儿童青少年进行调查,记录龋均、龋面均和龋齿充填比率,并 进行统计分析。结果　1990~2001年,3岁、5岁和12岁儿童青少年的龋患呈下降趋势(P<0·01), 15岁青少年龋 患无明显变化;少部分儿童乳牙龋患严重;龋齿的充填比率较低。结论　随着口腔健康教育的开展,银川市儿童青 少年龋患呈下降趋势,但应加强对龋易感儿童的诊断、预防和早期治疗,提高龋齿充填比率。     

开封市12岁学生恒牙龋齿情况调查分析

目的　了解开封市区 12岁学生恒牙龋发病情况。方法　按照全国第 2次口腔流行病学调查标准对随机抽取的 10 33名 12岁学生进行检查并记录。结果　 12岁学生恒牙患龋率为 19 6 5 % ,龋均为 0 32 ,符合我国规定的口腔保健目标要求。恒牙龋中 ,牙牙合面患龋率高于其他牙面 ,第一恒磨牙患龋率最高。结论　儿童口腔保健知识普及较好 ,但有待进一步加强 ,建议推广应用窝沟封闭防龋 ,并提高龋齿的充填率     

GIS-Based Study of Dental Accessibility and Caries in 3-Year-Old Japanese Children

ObjectiveThis study aimed to reveal the geographic accessibility of dental clinics for most municipalities in Japan in 2015 and to explore the association between dental accessibility and dental caries status in 3-year-old children.MethodsWe computed the accessibility index and accessibility index rate for the population outside a 1-km radius of dental clinics using a geographic information system. We also used spatial autocorrelation analysis (Moran's I statistic) to examine the spatial clustering patterns of dental accessibility in Japanese municipalities. In addition, we adjusted the prevalence of dental caries for most municipalities using empirical Bayesian estimation. Finally, we applied multiple linear regression to scrutinise the associations between dental caries status, including the prevalence of dental caries and decayed and filled teeth (dft), and dental accessibility, with adjustments made for other sociodemographic variables.ResultsThe distribution of dental accessibility in Japanese municipalities is relatively unequal. Dental accessibility is decent in the 3 metropolitan areas around Tokyo, Osaka, and Nagoya but poor in the Tohoku and Kyushu regions. In addition, dental accessibility is significantly related to the prevalence of dental caries and dft after adjusting for other sociodemographic variables (P < .005).ConclusionsThis study suggests that dental accessibility is considerably connected to the dental caries status of 3-year-old children after excluding financial burden. Preschool children in areas with poor dental accessibility are likely to have poor dental caries status. We also verified the inequality of dental accessibility amongst Japanese municipalities. For the future development of primary oral health care, more attention should be paid to people with a disadvantage in terms of dental accessibility.     

Caries Risk Factors in Children under Treatment with Sectional Brackets

Objective:To longitudinally investigate the caries risk levels in children undergoing orthodontic treatment with sectional brackets.Materials and Methods:A total of 42 children scheduled for orthodontic treatment with sectional orthodontic appliances participated in this study. They were divided into two groups based on decayed, missing, and filled permanent and deciduous teeth (DMFT/dmft) scores and counts of mutans streptococci (MS) prior to treatment. One was the low caries risk group (n  =  26) and the other was the high caries risk group (n  =  16). Paraffin-stimulated whole saliva was collected for examination of salivary flow rate, buffer capacity, and MS and lactobacilli (LB) levels before treatment, 2 and 4 months after appliance placement, and 2, 4, and 8 months after appliance removal.Results:The pretreatment salivary flow rates, buffer capacity, and MS levels remained statistically unchanged during and after active orthodontic treatment in both groups. The levels of LB in the high caries risk group were significantly elevated by appliance placement, but upon appliance removal started to fall significantly and came a little short of the pretreatment levels. In the low caries risk group, the pretreatment levels of LB remained statistically unchanged during and after treatment. There were no significant differences in salivary flow rate or buffer capacity, but there were significant differences in MS and LB scores between the two groups at every measurement time.Conclusions:In children undergoing orthodontic treatment with sectional brackets, LB levels are an important part in making caries risk assessment.