社会工作者心理资本在组织支持感与职业倦怠间的中介作用

目的考察社会工作者组织支持感和职业倦怠的关系,以及心理资本对社会工作者组织支持感与职业倦怠的中介效应。方法采用方便取样,以294位广州市社会工作者为样本,用心理资本量表、组织支持感量表和职业倦怠量表测查心理资本在组织支持感影响职业倦怠中的作用。结果①相关分析结果表明,组织支持感总分与心理资本总分呈正相关(r=0.411,P0.01),组织支持感总分与职业倦怠总分呈负相关(r=-0.265,P0.01),心理资本总分与职业倦怠总分呈负相关(r=-0.247,P0.01);②回归分析表明,当心理资本进入回归方程后,组织支持感的回归系数减小但达显著水平。结论社会工作者的组织支持感和心理资本对其职业倦怠有较强的预测作用;心理资本在社会工作者的组织支持感和职业倦怠间起到部分中介作用。     

劳务工骨折患者应激相关因素对焦虑情绪的效应分析

目的探讨劳务工骨折患者状态焦虑的原因,为焦虑情绪预防性心理干预提供科学的理论依据。方法采用生活事件量表、状态焦虑量表、领悟社会支持量表、防御方式问卷和艾森克个性问卷等多种方式对110名劳务工骨折患者进行心理评估,通过回归方差分析,研究个体状态焦虑与生活事件、领悟社会支持、人格特征、防御方式等因素是否有关。结果家庭支持、内外向、成熟、朋友支持、生活事件对状态焦虑有直接和间接影响(F=25.58,P0.05),反映其直接影响强度的通路系数依次分别为-0.169、-0.158、-0.254、-0.220、0.417。结论生活事件、领悟社会支持、人格特征、防御方式等社会心理因素是影响劳务工骨折患者情绪障碍发生、发展的重要原因。     

“以人为中心”理念在心理委员培训中的应用

目的将＂以人为中心＂的心理咨询理念应用于心理委员培训,并探索其有效性。方法从教师的准备、学习内容的选择、学习纪律的制定、教师的教学4个方面深入贯彻＂以人为中心＂理念,由参加培训的74名心理委员采用《辅导效果问卷》和《我的收获开放问卷》进行效果评估。结果①效果问卷总分以及在悲痛症状、人际关系和社会角色上的得分都在培训前后显著降低 ②＂我的收获＂开放式问卷的频次分析反映,大部分心理委员接受了人本主义心理咨询的基本技巧和理念,并决定用其指导自己以后的工作。结论贯彻＂以人为中心＂心理咨询理念的培训方式,能够改善和提高心理委员的心理健康状况,同时能够有效地促使心理委员接受人本主义心理咨询理念。     

Social workers and their clients: a comparison between primary health care and local authority settings

A social work attachment scheme to several general practitioners was established. Data from the first 300 referrals to the scheme were compared with data from a previous study of referrals to the `intake' teams of the social services department of the same London borough. In addition, data about the activities of the social workers in the `attachment' were collected, and the work was found to be predominantly short-term.

The populations referred to social workers in both settings were found to be similar in age and sex. Although general practitioners in the area referred only a few clients to social services departments, the clients in both groups were generally in poor health.

The psychiatric morbidity of those referred to the attached social workers was significantly higher, however, than those referred to the intake team (p < 0·01), and their problems were also more likely to need psychological help rather than practical measures. These differences were considered to be due mostly to the different types of referral agencies operating in the two settings and to their perceptions of the social worker's role.

The findings support the argument for closer liaison between medical and social services in the community: the attachment of social workers to general practices proved to be particularly valuable in the management and treatment of patients with emotional and mental illness.

     

团体心理干预对受艾滋病影响儿童的效果研究

目的探讨团体心理干预对受艾滋病影响儿童的影响和效果。方法将自愿参加小组心理辅导和干预的受艾滋病影响儿童28人分为2个小组,对小组成员进行为期7次,每次2～3小时的团体心理干预辅导,采用中文版儿童焦虑性情绪障碍筛查表(SCARED)、中文版儿童抑郁自评量表(DSRS)、社会支持评定量表(SSS)、简易应对方式问卷(SCSQ)及青少年心理韧性量表(RSCA)对干预效果进行评估。结果干预后小组成员的焦虑、抑郁情绪有所改善;在寻求社会支持和心理韧性方面也有显著变化。结论团体心理干预对改善受艾滋病影响儿童的心理问题、增强其社会支持和同伴支持、提高心理韧性方面有一定效果。     

Characteristics of participants in a large group awareness training

A study was conducted to assess the psychosocial characteristics of individuals who become involved in large group awareness training (LGAT) programs. Prospective participants in The Forum, which has been classified as an LGAT, were compared with nonparticipating peers and with available normative samples on measures of well-being, negative life events, social support, and philosophical orientation. Results revealed that prospective participants were significantly more distressed than peer and normative samples of community residents and had a higher level of impact of recent negative life events compared with peer (but not normative) samples. Prospective participants also held preparticipation values more similar to those espoused by the LGAT than peer or normative samples, and the three groups failed to be distinguished by their levels of social support. The implications of the findings are considered for understanding participation in LGATs and other self-change promoting activities.     

Social incompetence in children with ADHD: possible moderators and mediators in social-skills training

Children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) often encounter problems in social interactions with peers and are confronted with peer rejection and social isolation. The most common approach to social problems in children is social skills training. This intervention concept represents a variable mixture of cognitive-behavioral intervention elements. In this article the outcome of social skills training (SST) for children with ADHD is reviewed. Four experimental SSTs are detected and analyzed for potential mediators and moderators of treatment efficacy. Candidate mediators (social cognitive skills, parenting style and medication-induced reduction of key symptoms) are discussed within an empirical and theoretical context. Candidate moderators (subtype, comorbidity, gender and age) are evaluated for their empirical support. It is argued that, although fragmented, there is ample evidence and knowledge to adapt the SST-paradigm towards the specific needs of children suffering from ADHD and to guide future research towards more effective, "well established" interventions.     

How brief is solution focussed brief therapy? a comparative study

Solution Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT) focuses on clients' strengths and expressed goals in an attempt to produce therapeutic change as quickly as possible. This study examined whether clients seen for SFBT were seen for fewer sessions than those seen for cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) in a clinical psychology service taking adult referrals from primary care. The study was a retrospective one using pseudo-randomization. The results indicated that SFBT clients (n = 41) were seen for two sessions on average compared to five for CBT (n = 119). This difference was accounted for by a higher proportion of the SFBT group being seen for one session only, which is consistent with the approach. A simple therapist-rated outcome scale showed no significant difference between the two groups. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Social support as a moderator of the relationship between work stressors and psychological dysfunctioning: a longitudinal study with objective measures.

The match hypothesis proposed by S. Cohen and T. A. Wills (1985) is extended, and the buffer effect of social support is tested within a longitudinal study with objective measures (N = 90 male blue-collar workers in the German metal industry). Stressors at work were ascertained by observers and a variant of a peer rating. Psychological, physical, and social stressors at work and leisure time stressors were ascertained. The dependent variables of dysfunctioning were psychosomatic complaints, depression, irritation/strain, and (social) anxiety. There were moderator effects of social support on the relationship between stressors and psychological dysfunctioning. Results are in line with the match hypothesis as social stressors and socially oriented aspects of psychological dysfunctioning were affected most strongly.     

Near‐peer driven dissection selective: A primer to the medical school anatomy course

In the anatomy laboratory, skill remains a critical component to unlocking the true value of learning from cadaveric dissection. However, there is little if any room for provision of instruction in proper dissection technique. We describe how near‐peer instructors designed a supplemental learning activity to enhance the dissection experience for first‐year medical students. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of this curriculum in improving participants' understanding of dissection technique and its impact on perceived challenges associated with the anatomy course. Curriculum was designed under faculty guidance and included didactic sessions, low‐fidelity models, dissection, student presentations, and clinical correlations. Participants' (n = 13) knowledge of basic dissection techniques and concepts were assessed before the selective, and both participants' and nonparticipants' (n = 39) knowledge was assessed at the end of week one and week seven of the anatomy course. Scores were compared using repeated measures ANOVA followed by post hoc t‐tests. Thirteen deidentified reflective essays were reviewed by four independent reviewers for themes that aligned with learning objectives. Participants in the selective course scored higher on assessment of dissection techniques and concepts one week after the selective compared to both nonparticipants and their own baseline scores before the selective. Analysis of student reflections resulted in four themes: confidence with dissection skill, sharing resources and transfer of knowledge, learning environment, and psychological impact of perceived challenges of the anatomy course. Near‐peer driven supplemental exercises are effective in facilitating dissection skills. This dissection primer increases student confidence and alleviates apprehension associated with anatomy courses. Clin. Anat. 28:985–993, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Type 2 diabetes peer support interventions as a complement to primary care settings in high-income nations: A scoping review

ObjectivesInadequate social support make way for peer support initiatives to complement the health system delivery of diabetes self-management education programs for type 2 diabetes (T2D). This review synthesizes knowledge about T2D peer support in terms of their various models and impact, endorsement, and contextual information in high-income nations.MethodsA scoping review was conducted on published and grey literature in four electronic bibliographic databases between January 2007 to December 2021.Results76 records were included. Face-to-face self-management programs and telephone-based peer support seem the most promising modalities given the largest scientific coverage on T2D outcomes. Face-to-face self-management programs were the most preferred by ethnic minority groups. Unlike peer supporters, healthcare professionals had mixed views about T2D peer support interventions. Managers of peer support programs perceived cultural competency as a cornerstone for peer support implementation. Care must be taken in recruiting, training and retaining peer supporters for sustainable practice.ConclusionsVarious T2D peer support models lie at the interface between primary care and community-based settings.Practice implicationsFostering the role of peer support beyond healthcare organizations should be encouraged to engage the hardly reached, and to leverage community support to complement the health system.     

初中生应激生活事件、社会支持、应对方式与心理症状关系的结构模型

目的:构建初中生应激生活事件、社会支持、应对方式与心理症状的关系模型.方法:对1009名初中生分别采用应激生活事件问卷、应对方式问卷、社会支持问卷和症状自评量表进行测量,进而用结构方程模型的方法构建了潜变量之间的关系模型.结果:应激生活事件、社会支持、积极应对、消极应对对症状总分有直接影响(权重分别是0.565、-0.064、-0.172、0.377),应激生活事件、社会支持、消极应对对症状总分有间接影响(权重分别是0.161、-0.042、-0.115).结构方程分析表明,女生的社会支持、消极应对对症状总分的影响比男生组更大(女生权重为-0.142和0.292,男生权重为-0.097和0.198).结论:应激生活事件、社会支持、应对方式对心理症状的作用得到结构方程模型的有力支持.     

骨折患者心理应激状况与应激相关因素关系的通路分析

目的探讨劳务工骨折患者焦虑情绪与应激相关因素的关系,为制定心理健康教育策略提供理论依据。方法对165例劳务工骨折患者入院1周内分别采用应激生活事件问卷、应付方式问卷、社会支持问卷和状态焦虑量表进行心理评估,选出与焦虑相关具显著意义的变量做逐步回归筛选,用逐步回归筛选到的生活事件(X1)、积极应对(X2)、消极应对(X3)为原因变量,焦虑(Y)为结果变量构筑模型。结果本组劳务工骨折患者状态焦虑评分明显高于常模(P0.001),社会支持与焦虑呈负相关(P0.050),但逐步回归筛选并未选入;X1、X2、X3与Y的通路系数依次为0.211、-0.291、0.341;X1.X2、X1.X3的通路系数依次为-0.437、0.375。结论本组劳务工骨折患者社会支持不足,应激生活事件、应对方式对焦虑的作用得到通路模型的有力支持。     

Helping the helpers: an international training program for professionals providing social services for hiv‐positive children and their families in Southern Kazakhstan

Over one hundred children and some of their parents were infected with HIV in state hospitals in the Chimkent region in Southern Kazakhstan. After this tragedy, the Regional Department of Public Health organized social services for these families and asked the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (JDC) to provide them with training and supervision. Twelve seminars were conducted for the social workers in Chimkent over an 18‐month period. The JDC team also met with the local medical staff as well as with governmental and nongovernmental organizations to assess their needs and provide organizational support for the social services. This article presents an analysis of the psychosocial challenges associated with the mass HIV infection episode in Kazakhstan. The analysis is based on Hofstede's ( 2001 ) theory of cultural values, theories on cross‐cultural interaction (Cushner & Brislin, 1995 ), and principles of multicultural social work (Potocky‐Tripodi, 2002 ). The training program is described, and its results are discussed. General principles and practical recommendations for planning and implementing cross‐cultural international humanitarian programs in the field of HIV are suggested. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Country watch: Dominican Republic

In the Dominican Republic, 93% of female sex workers did not use condoms because of client refusal according to a survey. The organizations PROCETS and COIN carried out a project to learn why clients refused and to develop educational materials to assist sex workers. The project held 8 focus group discussions with 65 women and identified clients' most common arguments against condom use, compiled a list of successful strategies, and developed 5 profiles of clients: the executive, the smooth talker, the macho, the stubborn one, and the indomitable one. These typical clients were featured in a comic book with 5 stories in which Maritza, a clever sex worker, counters the men's refusal to use condoms and convinces 4 of them to do so. In the 5th story, she tells a young sex worker that she should refuse clients who do not want safer sex. The women participated in all stages of the comic book's development. The project then trained other sex workers to use the comic book in peer education and discussion to enhance the sex workers' sense of self-efficacy. In the first 2 months, peer educators distributed 2895 copies of the comic book to sex workers in 2 major cities. A follow-up survey is evaluating the comic's impact by comparing the women who read the comic with those who did not to determine correlations between self-efficacy and safer sex negotiation and condom use. In a 3rd stage, male clients will be approached so that appropriate interventions can be developed with them. The Maritza comic book has been used for a flipchart series to train on sexually transmitted diseases (STD) prevention. Some of the issues addressed include the uselessness of vaginal douches against STDs, the need to talk frankly with physicians about symptoms, the importance of using all medicines prescribed for treatments, and the incubation periods of diseases.     

The extent of mental and physical ill-health of clients referred to social workers in a local authority department and a general attachment scheme.

Information regarding the physical and mental health of clients referred to social workers in a local authority intake team and to a general practice attachment scheme was collected over a 3-month period. Although returns to the Department of Health and Social Security during this period indicated that a very low proportion of clients were physically or mentally ill, it is clear that these figures greatly underestimate the extent of illness present. While social workers operating outside hospital and general practice attachments have been shown to have little contact with medical staff, in this study high proportions of their clients were ill and their social problems were often associated with their illness.     

Colorectal cancer survivors undergoing genetic testing for hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer: motivational factors and psychosocial functioning

Hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) represents about 1-3% of all cases of colorectal cancer (CRC). The objectives of the study were to examine motivational factors, expectations and psychosocial functioning in a sample of CRC survivors undergoing genetic testing for HNPCC. A cross-sectional survey of 314 colorectal cancer patients recruited through a population-based colon cancer family registry was conducted. Motivations for genetic testing for hereditary cancer were similar to those of clinic-based samples of CRC patients and included learning of the increased risk to offspring and finding out if additional screening was needed. While age at diagnosis and sex were associated with psychological functioning, significant predictors of post-counseling distress were perceived lower satisfaction with social support, an escape-avoidant coping style and the anticipation of becoming depressed if a mutation was present. Most cancer survivors anticipated disclosing test results to relatives and physicians. Cancer survivors reported several motivations for genetic testing for HNPCC that varied by sex. A subgroup of survivors with lower satisfaction with social support and an escape-avoidant coping style were worried about the potential impact of genetic test results and demonstrated more distress following counseling. Findings have implications for future research and potential support needs during the genetic counseling and testing process.     

Referrals to social workers: a comparative study of a local authority intake team with a general practice attachment scheme

We studied clients seen by social workers in two settings, one a conventional intake team in a social services department and another where clients were referred to social workers attached to a primary health care team.

In both groups a high proportion of clients were either physically ill or disabled and the attachment group had a high proportion of clients with mental ill health. A large proportion of both groups were elderly and in general they had similar characteristics.

However, clients referred to intake teams were more likely to be unemployed, to be living on benefits in council or rented accommodation, and to have had some contact with social services before. The attachment group consisted of more women who were either housewives or working, living on either their own earnings or their husbands', and were more likely to own their own homes and not to have had previous contact with social services.

Clients referred to attached social workers were more likely to have an emotional or relationship problem, and many had practical problems as well. The implication is that attachment schemes will tap a wider section of the community and that the additional clients will have as many and as severe problems as clients referred to intake teams.

     

生活事件、社会支持、应付方式及自我效能感对心理健康的影响

目的 探讨初中学生生活事件、社会支持、应对方式及自我效能感与心理健康的关系.方法 对232名初中学生施测普通健康问卷、青少年生活事件量表、领悟社会支持量表、应付方式问卷、一般自我效能感量表.结果 (1)生活事件与心理健康有显著的负相关,应付方式、自我效能感、社会支持与心理健康有显著的正相关.(2)应付方式、自我效能感对心理健康有显著的直接影响,同时自我效能感还通过应付方式间接影响心理健康;生活事件需要透过应付方式间接影响心理健康,社会支持透过自我效能感与应付方式间接影响心理健康.结论 应付方式、自我效能感直接影响心理健康,而生活事件、社会支持是间接影响心理健康.