重型颅脑损伤并发中枢性低钠血症临床分析

目的 总结分析重型颅脑损伤后中枢性低钠血症的临床特点、诊断和治疗.方法 回顾性分析我科2009-2011年收治的25例重型颅脑损伤并发低钠病人临床表现和血、尿电解质、渗透压等的检测结果.结果 本组均有相似的临床表现和实验室检查,其中16例符合抗利尿激素分泌异常综合征(syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion,SIADH),其中治愈15例,死亡1例;9例颅脑损伤符合脑性耗盐综合征(cerebral salt wasting syndrome,CSWS),治愈9例,无死亡病例.结论 重型颅脑损伤后中枢性低钠血症有CSWS和SIADH两类,SIADH血容量增加,限水治疗有效;CSWS血容量减少,补钠、补液治疗有效.     

重型颅脑损伤后低钠血症42例诊治分析

目的：探讨重型颅脑损伤后低钠血症的治疗。方法回顾性分析42例重型颅脑损伤后并发低钠血症患者,根据中心静脉压和尿量、尿钠含量,分为抗利尿激素分泌异常综合征（SIADH）和脑性盐耗综合征（CSWS）和其他类型,并分别给予限水、补钠等治疗措施。结果 SIADH 12例全部治愈, CSWS 21例中18例治愈,3例在治疗过程中死亡,其他类型9例治愈。结论重型颅脑损伤后低钠血症原因不同,应根据不同类型给予相应治疗。     

重型颅脑损伤后并发中枢性低钠血症临床观察

目的探讨重型颅脑损伤后并发中枢性低钠血症的临床表现、诊断及治疗效果。方法回顾性分析本院收治的重型颅脑损伤并发中枢性低钠血症患者共32例,根据患者临床症状和体征进行鉴别诊断,其中上述患者中5例患者为抗利尿激素分泌异常综合征,其他27例患者为脑性盐耗综合征。抗利尿激素分泌异常综合征患者严格限制输入的液体量,慎重补盐。脑性盐耗综合征给予高渗盐水静脉滴注。结果所选的32例重型颅脑损伤患者术后发生中枢性低钠血症,其中5例患者为抗利尿激素分泌异常综合征,其他27例患者为脑性盐耗综合征。上述患者中根据具体诊断进行适当处理,患者的血钠水平均恢复正常水平。补钠时间5～14d。结论重症颅脑损伤可合并中枢性低钠血症,处理过程要鉴别抗利尿激素分泌异常综合征和脑性盐耗综合征,利于正确治疗,改善患者预后。     

重型颅脑损伤后并发中枢性低钠血症32例临床分析

目的探讨重型颅脑损伤后并发中枢性低钠血症的临床表现、诊断及治疗效果。方法回顾性分析本院收治的重型颅脑损伤并发中枢性低钠血症患者共32例,根据患者临床症状和体征进行鉴别诊断,其中上述患者中5例患者为抗利尿激素分泌异常综合征,其他27例患者为脑性盐耗综合征。抗利尿激素分泌异常综合征患者严格限制输入的液体量,慎重补盐。脑性盐耗综合征给予高渗盐水静脉滴注。结果所选的32例重型颅脑损伤患者术后发生中枢性低钠血症,其中5例患者为抗利尿激素分泌异常综合征,其他27例患者为脑性盐耗综合征。上述患者中根据具体诊断进行适当处理,患者的血钠水平均恢复正常水平。补钠时间5—14d。结论重症颅脑损伤可合并中枢性低钠血症,处理过程要鉴别抗利尿激素分泌异常综合征和脑性盐耗综合征,利于正确治疗,改善患者预后。     

颅脑损伤后抗利尿激素分泌异常综合征

目的:探讨颅脑损伤后抗利尿激素分泌异常综合征(SIADH)的诊断与治疗。方法:回顾性分析近7年收治的11例颅脑损伤并发SIADH的临床特点。首先按真性失盐常规补钠治疗,2～3d后血钠不回升或继续降低,补钠量与失钠量相当,考虑为SIADH,改为限水限钠治疗。结果:11例颅脑损伤合并SIADH均具有以下临床特点:低钠血症、低血浆渗透压、尿渗透压与血浆渗透压之比>1。治愈10例,死亡1例。结论:颅脑损伤并发SIADH的发病机制与治疗措施不同于低钠血症,早期诊治能降低颅脑损伤患者的病残率和病死率。     

重型颅脑损伤并发脑性盐耗综合征的临床分析

在重型颅脑损伤患者中,常出现低钠血症,其中脑性盐耗综合征（CSWS）是中枢性神经损伤后严重并发症之一。CSWS患者表现为低钠血症、高尿钠、低血容量,部分患者伴有多尿,易与抗利尿激素分泌不适当综合征（SIADH）相混淆,延误诊断。如诊断、治疗不当,则加重病情。现就我科收治的重型颅脑损伤发生脑性盐耗综合征患者21例分析如下。     

重型颅脑损伤并发中枢性低钠血症的诊断与治疗

目的探讨重型颅脑损伤并发中枢性低钠血症的诊断与治疗方法。方法回顾性分析2005-2008年我科收治的38例重型颅脑损伤并发中枢性低钠血症患者的诊断与治疗方法。结果22例抗利尿激素不适当分泌综合征患者20例血钠恢复正常,2例死于肺部感染。16例脑性盐耗综合征患者15例血钠恢复正常,1例死于颅内感染。结论正确区分脑性盐耗综合征和抗利尿激素分泌不当综合征是保证有效治疗的关键。     

重型颅脑损伤后中枢性低钠血症临床分析

目的探讨重型颅脑损伤后中枢性低钠血症的发病机制及治疗方法。方法回顾性分析32例重型颅脑损伤后并发中枢性低钠血症患者的临床表现、实验室资料及治疗效果。结果抗利尿激素分泌失调综合征13例,脑性盐耗综合征19例,治疗后29例血钠正常,3例因脑功能衰竭死亡。结论重型颅脑损伤后中枢性低钠血症发生机制与抗利尿激素分泌失调综合征及脑性盐耗综合征有关,治疗应根据不同的机制采取不同的措施。     

重型颅脑损伤后中枢性低钠血症临床观察及治疗

目的探讨重型颅脑损伤后中枢性低钠血症的治疗方法及临床疗效。方法选取本院26例重型颅脑损伤后中枢性低钠血症的患者为研究对象,根据其临床特点及检查结果分为抗利尿激素分泌不当综合征（SIADH）5例和脑性盐耗综合征（CSWS）21例,给予相应的治疗,总结两组的治疗效果。结果 CSWS组的中心静脉压（CVP）、抗利尿激素（ADH）显著低于SIADH组,CSWS组血浆心钠素（ANP）值显著高于SIADH组,P〈0.05。26例患者中,有2例患者死亡,24例患者低钠血症得到纠正。结论 SIADH和CSWS是引起重型颅脑损伤后中枢性低钠血症的主要原因,应针对不同的病因采取有针对性的治疗,降低病死率。     

颅脑损伤后中枢性低钠血症的诊治分析

目的探讨颅脑损伤后中枢性低钠血症的临床诊断及处理方法。方法回顾性分析我科2007年3月至2012年2月共收治的45例颅脑损伤后并发中枢性低钠血症患者临床资料。结果抗利尿激素分泌异常综合征(SIADH)16例中14例6~13d治愈,2例分别死于多器官功能衰竭和原发性颅脑损伤;脑性盐耗综合征(CSWS)29例中25例1~3周血钠恢复正常,4例死于广泛脑挫裂伤和原发性脑干损伤。结论 SIADH和CSWS发病机制不同,应在积极处理原发病的同时采取针对性治疗措施。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.