绝经后阴道出血临床特征分析

目的探讨绝经后阴道出血的临床特征。方法回顾性分析我院诊治的180例，绝经后阴道出血（PMB）患者的临床和病理资料。结果PMB原因良性疾病占66．6％（120／180），非器质性病22．2％（40／180）；恶性肿瘤占11．1％（20／180）。恶性肿瘤发病年龄大、绝经年限长、出血持续时间长、子宫内膜厚度明显增厚。与良性疾病及非器质性病差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论绝经后阴道出血的病因复杂，以良性病变较常见，但随着绝经年限延长，恶性肿瘤的发病率也随之增加。妇女绝经后一旦出现阴道出血，均应及时检查。     

绝经后阴道出血360例分析

目的分析引起绝经后阴道出血的病因及诊断方法。方法对360例绝经后阴道出血患者进行临床及病理分析。结果因良性疾患引起的出血占55．00％，非器质性疾病占28．33％，恶性肿瘤占16．67％。子宫内膜病理检查显示：破碎子宫内膜38例，增生期子宫内膜45例，萎缩型子宫内膜6例，分泌期子宫内膜6例，因子宫内膜不典型增生过长及宫颈上皮非典型增生引起的出血20例（占5．36％）。恶性肿瘤以宫颈癌和宫体癌为主。患者出血时年龄（〉58岁），绝经年限（〉10年）及子宫增大，宫腔深（〉8cm），恶性肿瘤发生率高。结论对绝经后阴道出血患者的诊断应注重常规的妇科检查和必要的辅助检查以明确病因，早期治疗可以阻止肿瘤的发生。     

绝经后阴道不规则出血的原因分析(附186例报道)

目的探讨绝经后阴道出血(PMB)的原因。方法回顾性分析博兴县中医院诊治的186例PMB患者的临床和资料,进行常规妇科检查,选择进行阴道分泌物涂片、盆腔B超、宫颈刮片、阴道镜、宫颈活体组织检查、超声、分段性诊断性刮宫及(或)子宫切除后标本的病理检查。观察PMB的相关因素;阴道超声检查子宫内膜厚度与子宫内膜病理检查的关系,进行统计学比较。结果PMB原因良性疾病124例,感染性疾病80例、子宫肌瘤27例、子宫内膜不典型增生13例、卵巢良性肿瘤4例;非器质性病42例:功能性子宫出血36例、带节育器6例;恶性肿瘤20例:子宫内膜癌12例、宫颈癌5例、卵巢癌3例。不同病理类型的阴道出血患者的发病年龄、绝经年限、子宫内膜厚度、出血持续时间差别均有显著性意义(P<0.05),而孕次、产次间差别无显著性意义(P>0.05)。结论PMB的病因复杂,以良性病变较常见、多发,但随着绝经年限延长,恶性肿瘤的发病率也随之增加,应加强妇女围绝经期保健工作,定期开展普查普治,明确原因,谨防误诊。     

绝经后阴道出血213例临床及病理分析

目的：探讨绝经后阴道出血年龄，绝经年限和子宫内膜病理类型关系，方法：对213例绝经后阴道出血患者进行临床和病理分析，结果：因良性疾患引起的出血101例（47．7％），非器质性疾患71例（33．3％），恶性肿瘤41例（19．2％），恶性肿瘤以宫颈癌及宫体癌为体，结论：患者出血时年龄愈大，绝经时间愈长，恶性肿瘤的发生率愈高。     

绝经后阴道出血65例分析

目的探讨绝经后阴道出血的相关因素。方法回顾性分析65例绝经后阴道出血患者的临床资料。结果65例绝经后阴道出血患者中,良性病变48例（74％）,恶性肿瘤8例（12％）,功能性病变9例（14％）。恶性病变患者的发病年龄、绝经年限、子宫内膜厚度及出血距初诊时间均大于良性病变和功能性病变者,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论绝经后阴道出血患者大部分是良性病变,发病年龄越大、绝经年限长、子宫内膜厚度大及出血距绝经时间越长,恶性肿瘤的发生率越高。     

拉萨地区藏族妇女绝经后阴道出血100例分析

目的探讨绝经后阴道出血（PMB）的病因,为PMB临床诊治和防止恶性肿瘤的发生与发展提供参考。方法我们对2006年7月～2009年8月我院门诊与病房诊治的100例PMB患者进行了临床与病理分析。结果资料显示导致绝经后阴道出血的病因可分为3大类：良性疾病占67%,非器质性疾病占20%,恶性肿瘤占13%。结论在绝经后早期定期行妇科检查,积极治疗能引起PMB的常见疾病,如老年性阴道炎、宫颈糜烂、宫颈息肉、黏膜下肌瘤,子宫内膜节育环刺激炎性病变,功能性子宫出血等,可阻止其发展成恶性肿瘤,从而减少恶性肿瘤的发生。     

B超对绝经后阴道出血诊断的临床价值

目的探讨B超对绝经后阴道出血（PMB）诊断的临床价值。方法本院136例PMB患者均行B超检查，并取子宫内膜进行病理学检查。结果内膜厚度〈5mm86例（63．24％），内膜厚度≥5mm50例（36．76％）。〈5mm与≥5mm内膜厚度的恶性病变率相比，P〈0．05，差异有统计学意义。结论阴道B超检查子宫内膜具有无痛、无创等优点，是PMB患者分段诊刮前有效的筛查方式。     

绝经后出血的病因研究进展

绝经后出血（简称PMB）是指绝经后一年以上的阴道出血，是老年妇女常见的临床病状之一，随着老年医学的发展，PMB已经成为现代围绝经医学的重要研究课题。因为有相当一部分PMB与老年妇女生殖系统恶性肿瘤有关，所以过去一直认为PMB是癌瘤征兆。目前由于医学科学技术的进展，诊断手段的进步，由生殖器官良性疾病引起PMB已经成为主要原因，PMB多源于子宫腔、子宫颈、少数来源于卵巢、输卵管、阴道和外阴的病变，按疾病性质可分为良性疾病、非器质性病变和恶性肿瘤三大类。     

绝经后阴道出血198例临床分析

目的 探讨绝经后阴道出血(PMB)的病因、诊断及与恶性肿瘤的关系。方法 时198例生理性绝经1年以上的阴道出血病人进行妇科普查、超声检查、官颈刮片及宫颈、子宫内膜活检病理作出诊断。结果 生殖器官炎症占61．61％,恶性肿瘤占9．09％,其中子宫内膜癌占恶性肿瘤的57．89％;子宫内膜厚度≥5mm．子宫内膜病理性改变占86．36％。结论 引起PMB的主要原因是生殖器官炎性。随着年龄的增长。绝经时间的延长。恶性肿瘤发病率明显增多,对子宫内膜厚度≥5mm及高危患应常规诊刮,行病理检查明确诊断。     

绝经后阴道出血134例临床分析

目的：分析引起绝经后阴道出血的病因及诊断方法。方法：对134例绝经后阴道出血患者进行临床及病理分析。结果：因良性疾患引起出血占58．20％，非器质性疾病占32．08％、恶性肿瘤占9．70％。子宫内膜病理分析；增生性反应25例、分泌反应3例、萎缩性4例、破碎宫内膜和经期内膜11例。恶性肿瘤以宫颈癌和子宫内膜癌为主，随着绝经后出血时年龄增加，绝经年期的延长，发生恶性肿瘤危险性也随之上升。诊刮中宫腔深度＞8．5cm发生恶性肿瘤可能性上升。结论：绝经后阴道出血虽以良性病变为主，但恶性肿瘤仍占有一定比例，同时随着绝经后出血时年龄增长，绝经年期延长恶性肿瘤的发生有增加，必须重视绝经后阴道出血。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.