慢性化脓性中耳炎手术疗效及相关因素探讨

目的 探讨开放式鼓室成形术(CWdT)和乳突根治术治疗慢性化脓性中耳炎(CSOM)的手术疗效及相关因素.方法 总结2000年3月至2006年1月CSOM手术51例(耳),其中CWdT 13例(耳),乳突根治术38例(耳),并对2种手术方法和预后进行分析比较.结果 术后随访6月后,CWdT组均干耳,无复发,鼓膜穿孔愈合率100%,术后0.5、1.0、2.0 KHz(语言频率)气导纯音听阀均值(PTA)获得保存(PTA变化-4～5 dBHL)和提高(≥6 dBHL)者占84.6%.乳突根治术组38例患者中术后复发或再手术20例,复发率52.6%,术后气导PTA保存和提高者占23.7%.结论 CWdT和乳突根治术治疗CSOM,前者基本无复发,并可根据病变的类型和程度选择术式,绝大多数患者术后可保存或提高听力,一般病变愈单纯,术后听力改善愈佳;后者复发率高,需再手术者不在少数,仅少数患者术后可保存或提高听力.二者比较,差异显著.     

乳突根治术和鼓室成形术后不干耳原因分析

传统的乳突根治术虽能清除病灶 ,防止并发症 ,但术后听力改善不明显 ,乳突腔易堆积痂皮 ,部分病例术后尚不能达到干耳。开放式一期鼓室成形术旨在彻底清除中耳乳突病变的基础上 ,保留并重建鼓室正常结构 ,恢复中耳传音功能 ,增进听力 ,保证干耳 ,但乳突根治术后及鼓室成形术后不干耳的情况时有发生 ,为提高对不干耳的原因的认识 ,现对我科收治的 31例乳突根治或鼓室成形术后不干耳的患者的临床资料分析如下 :1　临床资料1 1　一般资料　本组 31例中 ,男 2 2例 ,女 9例 ,年龄 15～74岁 ,平均 32岁。行乳突根治术 2 3例 ,鼓室成形术 8例 ,术后…     

儿童胆脂瘤型中耳炎的诊断与治疗

目的 探讨儿童胆脂瘤型中耳炎的临床特点与手术方法.方法 回顾分析30例(34耳)胆脂瘤型中耳炎的临床资料,33耳行开放式手术,其中25耳行改良乳突根治术,8耳行改良乳突根治加鼓室成形术.1耳行完壁式鼓室成形术.结果 术后一次性干耳30耳,干耳率94.1%,单纯行改良乳突根治的25耳中,术后听力提高8耳,不变10耳,下降7耳,其余9耳行听力重建均有不同程度的的听力提高.结论 儿童胆脂瘤型中耳炎病变广泛,手术以清除病变为主,以获得干耳,在彻底清除病变后可考虑行鼓室成形术.     

70例胆脂瘤型中耳炎Ⅰ期开放式鼓室成形术疗效分析

目的探讨胆脂瘤型中耳炎Ⅰ期开放式鼓室成形术的疗效及提高听力方法。方法对70例胆脂瘤型中耳炎患者行乳突根治并同时Ⅰ期完成开放式鼓室成形术。结果经半年以上随访观察,全部病例干耳,仅1例胆脂瘤复发。语言频率听力提高30dBHL以上16耳、20dBHL16耳、10dBHL30耳,保持原有听力14耳,仅有1例短暂轻度面瘫。结论对胆脂瘤型中耳炎患者行乳突根治术清除病灶,同期行开放式鼓室成形术,不仅能要根治病变而且同时提高听力,疗效满意。     

儿童胆脂瘤型中耳炎54例临床分析

目的 探讨儿奄胆脂瘤型中耳炎的特点和手术方式.方法 回顾分析1999年1月～2005年1月我院收治的54例儿童胆脂瘤的临床资料.结果 所有病例术后随访1～5年,单纯乳突根治术10例,术后9例干耳;完壁式乳突根治 鼓室成形术14例,再发2例:开放式乳突根治 鼓室成形术30例,术后28例干耳.35例同期耳甲腔成行术.结论 儿童胆脂瘤型中耳炎具有较强侵袭性的特点.病变范围大.早期难以得到及时诊断及治疗.手术方式的选择应根据患者的具体情况而定,在彻底清楚病灶的基础上尽可能保存或提高听力.同期行鼓室成形术是可行的.耳甲腔成行术可缩短干耳时间.     

自体组织充填乳突腔、耳甲腔成形并一期鼓室成形术

目的观察慢性化脓性中耳炎术中采用自体组织充填乳突腔、耳甲腔成形术、WullsteinⅢ鼓室成形术的手术疗效。方法对45例慢性化脓性中耳炎（胆脂瘤型31例,骨疡型14例）患者采用耳后切口,完成开放式乳突根治术后,乳突腔采用自体组织充填、Wullstein鼓室成形术、耳甲腔成形术。结果术后半年平均听力提高15dB（10~22dB）,骨气导差缩缩小16dB（8~20.5dB）。全部随访2~5年,平均3.8年,耳内镜检查术腔上皮化好,无痂皮堆积,27例鼓膜正常,5例有裂隙样穿孔,延迟愈合,9例鼓膜内陷,全都干耳,干耳率91.1%（41/45）。4例术后间隙流脓,再次完成同样手术后随访半年未再复发,这4例中3例胆脂瘤复发,复发率6.7%（3/45）;41例干耳时间6~9周,平均6.8周。结论慢性化脓性中耳炎（胆脂瘤型与骨疡型）采用开放式乳突根治术,术后乳突腔用自体组织充填、鼓室成形术,同时行耳甲腔成形术,能有效清除病灶,干耳率高,干耳时间短;术后听力提高,术腔上皮化好,疗效满意。     

开放式鼓室成形术与乳突根治术治疗慢性化脓性中耳炎的疗效比较

目的探讨开放式鼓室成形术与乳突根治术治疗慢性化脓性中耳炎的疗效。方法对2008年2月～2011年5月本院收治的37例慢性化脓性中耳炎患者资料进行回顾性分析。37例中29例行开放式鼓室成形术,8例行乳突根治术。结果 29例行开放式术式患者平均干耳时间较8例乳突根治术患者平均提前12d,且术后回访29例无一例复发。结论开放式鼓室成形术不仅能彻底清除病灶,有效预防并发症,而且术后患者听力提高,干耳率高,临床上值得进一步推广应用。     

中耳胆脂瘤患者手术方式选择与术后疗效分析

目的：通过对比不同手术方式的中耳胆脂瘤患者术后疗效,总结中耳胆脂瘤的手术方式及经验。方法回顾性分析手术并随访的中耳胆脂瘤患者的资料,按照不同手术方式分成三组,即A组（乳突根治术）、B组（开放式乳突切开＋鼓室成形术）、C组（完壁式乳突切开＋鼓室成形术）,分析比较各组患者术后干耳时间、手术前后患者听力变化及手术前后耳鸣、眩晕等情况。结果 B组干耳时间较A组短,C组较A组干耳时间短,C组较B组干耳时间短,每组间两两比较差异有统计学意义。术后半年听力结果提示A组患者听力与术前比较差异无统计学意义,B组、C组较术前均有提高,差异有统计学意义。将三组患者术后气骨导差值两两比较,B组与A组的差异有统计学意义,C组与A组的差异有统计学意义,B组与C组的差异无统计学意义。三组手术前均有部分患者伴随耳鸣症状,手术后耳鸣残疾量表（ THI）评分均较术前下降,A组手术前后THI值差异无统计学意义,B组、C组差异有统计学意义。 A组、B组术前有部分患者伴随眩晕症状,两组手术后眩晕致残量表评分较术前均有下降,差异有统计学意义。结论中耳胆脂瘤患者各种手术治疗后均可有效去除病灶,实现干耳,改善眩晕。与乳突根治术相比,开放式乳突切开术＋鼓室成形术和完壁式乳突切开术＋鼓室成形术可以缩短术后干耳时间、提高患者术后听力,减轻耳鸣症状。     

开放式鼓室成形术治疗中耳胆脂瘤的疗效分析

目的 探讨开放式鼓室成形术治疗中耳胆脂瘤的方法及疗效.方法 回顾分析27例有完整资料且随访1年以上的中耳胆脂瘤开放式鼓室成形术患者资料.结果 24例患者术前语言频率气导听力(54.86±8.84)dB,术后1年以上气导听力(39.17±6.72)dB,术后1年以上总手术成功率为62.5％ (15/24),术前与术后言语频率平均纯音听阈(AC)、气骨导差(ABG)差异有统计学意义(均P＜0.05).结论 对于中耳胆脂瘤范围大、术耳乳突气化差的患者行开放式鼓室成形术能彻底清除病灶,提高听力,并较快干耳.     

上鼓室鼓窦开放术治疗胆脂瘤型中耳炎

目的 为探讨胆脂瘤型中耳炎的手术方法，促进干耳率及提高听力。方法 82例均采用上鼓室进路，鼓窦上鼓室开放清除上鼓室及鼓窦内胆脂瘤及肉芽组织，根据听骨破坏的情况，分别采用不同的鼓室成形术，其中砧骨搭桥术52例，镫骨加高术20例，镫骨底板成形术10例。结果 术后3周～2个月内复查，所有病人移植筋膜成活，听力不同程度提高，其中纯音测听结果，气导听阈25dBHL以内65耳，79．2％，术后复发12耳，复发率14．6％。结论 采用上鼓室鼓窦进路的术式，既能彻底地清除中耳病变，又不破坏外耳道后壁，使重建的鼓室有较大的容积，术后有良好的听力效果，是中耳手术的较为理想的好方法之一。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.