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Young people of color residing in distressed urban contexts face challenges in accessing social capital that supports positive development and the transition to educational and employment opportunities. Youth‐serving organizations play potentially important roles for youth participants to access and leverage networks. This ethnographic study draws on qualitative interviews, conducted with adolescents at a youth‐serving organization based in East Oakland, California, to examine how network‐based social capital is activated and sustained for and by urban Black and Latinx youth. We found that relationships with supportive adult staff at the organization put youth in contact with caring, trusted adults of color outside of their families who serve as role models for them. These adults provide loving accountability to young people, serving as critical forces in distressed and stigmatized communities. We also found that adult staff activate social leverage to garner various current and future educational and professional opportunities for the youth there. These unique opportunities serve to boost young people's current self‐esteem and also to prime them to envision positive futures for themselves. Overall, these findings point to the importance of interpersonal pathways embedded within neighborhood institutions in the activation of network‐based social capital.  相似文献   

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It has been suggested that allospecific T-cell clones lose specific reactivity after approximately 30 cell doublings and subsequently acquire suppressor and NK-like characteristics. We have tested this hypothesis by assaying paired functional and nonfunctional TLCs for suppressor activity in PLT and MLC cocultures. Two sets of clones were initially studied: the first pair consisted of clone S5.2B, a functional TLC, and S5.14A, a nonfunctional TLC; the second pair of clones tested was comprised of two different expansions of the same clone S5.5A (nnfunctional) and S5.5B (functional). These experiments yielded no evidence for suppressive activity by nonfunctional clones toward functional clones, furthermore, the addition of nonfunctional clones to primary MLC assays had no effect on the level of responsiveness. Eight clones were subcloned and 89 subclones were retested for function after approximately 50 cell doublings. Generally, the subclones failed to suppress MLC proliferation. A minority of TLCs could suppress MLC responses, but this “suppression” was reversible with the addition of 2% exogenous TCGF. However, eight subclones and two parental TLC lines did suppress MLC responses in the presence or absence of TCGF, but the suppressive effects in such cocultures were reversible in the presence of tylocine, an anti-mycoplasma antibiotic. Therefore, human T -cells, cultured for extended periods, do not inexorably and universally lose specific alloreactivity and gain suppressive characteristics due to some presumed differentiative event.  相似文献   

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Objective

The aim of this study was twofold: (a) Investigate whether therapists are consistent in their use of therapeutic techniques throughout supportive–expressive therapy (SET) and (b) Examine the bi‐directional relation between therapists' use of therapeutic techniques and the working alliance over the course of SET.

Method

Thirty‐seven depressed patients were assigned to 16 weeks of SET as part of a larger randomized clinical trial (Barber, Barrett, Gallop, Rynn, & Rickels, 2012 ). Working Alliance Inventory‐Short Form (WAI‐SF) was collected at Weeks 2, 4, and 8. Use of therapeutic interventions was rated by independent observers using the Multitheoretical List of Therapeutic Interventions (MULTI). Intraclass correlation coefficients assessed therapists' consistency in use of techniques. A cross‐lagged path analysis estimated the working alliance inventory‐ Multitheoretical List of Therapeutic Interventions bidirectional relation across time.

Results

Therapists were moderately consistent in their use of prescribed techniques (psychodynamic, process‐experiential, and person‐centred). However, they were inconsistent, or more flexible, in their use of “common factors” techniques (e.g., empathy, active listening, hope, and encouragements). A positive bidirectional relation was found between use of common factors techniques and the working alliance, such that initial high levels of common factors (but not prescribed) techniques predicted higher alliance later on and vice versa.

Conclusion

Therapists tend to modulate their use of common factors techniques across treatment. Additionally, when a strong working alliance is developed early in treatment, therapists tend to use more common factors later on. Moreover, high use of common factors techniques is predictive of later improvement in the alliance.  相似文献   

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Certain guidelines may exist for selecting and using rodent models for aging research. These are based, however, on only operational criteria because we presently lack good biomarkers for (or even a suitable definition of) normal aging. Longevity and disease characteristics of the experimental population are the most important of the operational criteria for choosing a particular rodent model. These factors, in turn, are influenced by genetics and by environmental factors, including diet, housing, and physical activity.  相似文献   

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Background: One of the characteristic features of the two types (α and β) of “mitochondria-rich” (chloride) cells in the gill epithelium of freshwater fishes is the presence in their apical region of tubulovesicular structures. A further analysis of the ultrastructural features of these apical elements as well as that of their modifications under various living conditions should help to understand better the respective rǒle of both α and β cells in these conditions. Methods: Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) maintained in fresh water as well as tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) maintained either in fresh water or in deionized water or in 20% saltwater were examined. Measurements of surface areas of apical structures in the various living conditions were also performed. Results: In the α cells of freshwater fishes, the apical structures consisted of isolated vesicles containing a filamentous material resembling that coating the apical surface. They were closely related to the apical plasma membrane and did not penetrate the region containing the tubular system. When fishes were transferred to deionized water, the number of the apical membrane folds increased significantly, as did the number and size of apical structures which became elongated. In saltwater-adapted fishes, the apical structures showed a tendency to collapse and took the appearance of flattened and slightly curved elements. These observations tended to indicate that in α cells the apical structures were extensions of the apical plasma membrane and thereby might be implicated in sodium uptake when fishes are placed in fresh or deionized water and in chloride excretion when they are transferred to salt water. In β cells, the apical structures were usually separated from the apical plasma membrane by a zone rich in cytoskeleton elements. They penetrated deeply into the supranuclear region, where they intermingled with the elements of the tubular system. They consisted mainly of tubular elements that contained a material resembling that present in the trans tubular Golgi network from which they might originate. The apical structures remained unaltered in β cells whatever the medium (fresh or deionized water) in which the fish was placed. Conclusions: The α cells which are usually thought to be mainly involved in chloride excretion when fishes are transferred into seawater might also be implicated in sodium uptake in freshwater living conditions. The rǒle of β cells, in contrast, still remains to be established. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.  相似文献   

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This article explores the African Mental Health Action Group (AMHAG), one of the earliest examples of the World Health Organization’s (WHO) attempts to promote ‘ownership’ over development through the South–South cooperation envisaged in Technical Cooperation in Developing Countries. Formed in 1978, the AMHAG was intended to guide national and regional policy on mental health, while also fostering national and collective self-reliance. For a short period, between the late 1970s and the early 1990s, it was central to the WHO’s strategy for promoting policies of mental health in primary healthcare in Africa. It was a largely ineffective tool, with national governments having different opinions on the value of mental health, and poor coordination between AMHAG countries. Approaching the AMHAG as a regional project and transnational network, however, the article provides explores the importance of regions and regionalism in international health cooperation, as well as the inequities of participation in health development. Drawing on WHO archival material spanning over twenty countries and two national liberation movements, it argues that participating countries were differently positioned not only to navigate relationships between countries, but also to contend with the shifting landscape of international assistance, as well as – for some – contexts of war, violence and political and economic instability. The article not only serves as a case study of power imbalances in a failed development initiative, but also sheds light on the WHO’s engagement with mental health during a period that historians of psychiatry in Africa have tended to overlook.  相似文献   

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We undertook a review of the anatomical changes of “choke” vessels between the internal thoracic artery (ITA) and deep inferior epigastric artery (DIEA), as highlighted by a case of aortoiliac occlusive disease (Leriche's syndrome), and discuss the physiological concepts observed with regard to surgical delay procedures within the abdominal wall performed prior to abdominal cutaneous free flaps and coronary artery bypass grafting. Computed tomographic angiography (CTA) was undertaken on a patient with a rare case of Leriche's syndrome and a literature review of over 200 references on the anatomy, physiology and clinical uses of choke vessels in the abdominal wall was undertaken. The CTA demonstrated that in patients with Leriche's syndrome, there is a marked dilatation of all ITA‐DIEA pathways and increased flow through choke vessels. If these changes can be surgically replicated in the form of a delay procedure for patients seeking to undergo autologous breast construction, this could improve the outcomes of abdominal cutaneous free flaps and coronary artery bypass grafting. We accordingly propose three surgical methods for augmenting blood flow to the abdominal wall: a) ligation of the DIEA; b) ligation of the distal ITA; and c) creation of an arterio‐venous fistulae in the DIEA. Our review of the literature confirmed the viability of these propositions. The dilatation of choke vessels in response to increased haemodynamic stress may thus be utilised to enhance blood supply to tissues prior to transfer and can be achieved through simple and minimally invasive methods. Clin. Anat. 25:998–1004, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.  相似文献   

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Mitochondrial components, including mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), when released extracellularly, can act as “damage‐associated molecular pattern” (DAMP) agents and cause inflammation. As many elderly people are characterized by a low‐grade, chronic inflammatory status defined “inflamm‐aging,” we evaluated if circulating mtDNA can contribute to this phenomenon. Eight hundred and thirty‐one Caucasian subjects were enrolled in the study, including 429 siblings aged 90–104 (90+ siblings). mtDNA plasma levels increased gradually after the fifth decade of life. In 90+ subjects, mtDNA values of two members of the same sibling relationship were directly correlated, suggesting a role for familiar/genetic background in controlling the levels of circulating mtDNA. The subjects with the highest mtDNA plasma levels had the highest amounts of TNF‐α, IL‐6, RANTES, and IL‐1ra; the subjects with the lowest mtDNA levels had the lowest levels of the same cytokines. In vitro stimulation of monocytes with mtDNA concentrations similar to the highest levels observed in vivo resulted in an increased production of TNF‐α, suggesting that mtDNA can modulate the production of proinflammatory cytokines. Our findings therefore show that circulating mtDNA increases with age, and can significantly contribute to the maintenance of the low‐grade, chronic inflammation observed in elderly people.  相似文献   

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A patient with mental retardation and clinical manifestations suggestive of Noonan syndrome was found to have in her peripheral lymphocytes multiple small accessory marker chromosomes, varying in number from one to five per cell and in size from about half the size of the q arm of a G group chromosome to less than a centromere. Occasionally, in the more elongated markers, a G-positive or a C-positive band could be identified, or the marker had the appearance of a ring. The origin and significance of these marker chromosomes are discussed.  相似文献   

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We report on a stillborn boy with frontonasal malformation (Sedano-J?iràsek type D—DeMyer type I), associated with encephalocoele, occipital meningocele and preaxial polydactyly of the feet. This form of frontonasal dysplasia was documented previously in a few other cases with various combinations of postaxial polydactyly, tibial hypoplasia, epibulbar dermoid, occipital encephalocoele, corpus callosum agenesis and Dandy-Walker malformation. Most cases are sporadic.  相似文献   

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We report on a 22-year-old woman and her 21-year-old brother with mild mental retardation, long face, prominent forehead, retrognathia, and (relative) macrocephaly. At birth they were small for date, their length is now below the 10th centile. Chromosome analysis demonstrated a nearly pure trisomy 1q42→qter in both patients due to unbalanced segregation of a paternal reciprocal balanced translocation 46,XY,t(1;15) (q42;p11). This is the second report of a nearly pure trisomy 1q42→qter. When comparing the manifestations of our patients with those of other reported cases we conclude that the most characteristic clinical manifestations of this syndrome are macrocephaly, prominent forehead, micro/retrognathia, large fontanelle, intrauterine growth retardation, postnatal growth retardation, and mental retardation. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.  相似文献   

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Large three‐dimensional cell aggregates and psammoma bodies are usually encountered in benign serous effusions (mesothelial hyperplasia and endosalpingiosis), mesotheliomas, and metastatic papillary carcinomas. We report a case of pulmonary small‐cell carcinoma occurring in an 88‐year‐old woman that initially presented with a malignant pleural effusion characterized cytologically by a predominance of large three‐dimensional neoplastic cell aggregates (“cannonballs”), associated with rare psammoma bodies. Although the crowded three‐dimensional tumor‐cell aggregates did not allow detailed cytologic examination, the diagnosis of metastatic small‐cell carcinoma could be established noting the characteristic chromatin features of the occasional single neoplastic cells and the characteristic “cell‐in‐cell” and “stack‐of‐coins” arrangements of rare small clusters of neoplastic cells. Immunoperoxidase stains showing positivity of the tumor cells for CD56, synaptophysin, and TTF1 further supported this diagnosis. Endobronchial ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration of a mediastinal lymph node subsequently confirmed the diagnosis of pulmonary small‐cell carcinoma. Metastatic pulmonary small‐cell carcinoma should be considered in the differential diagnosis of serous effusions showing large three‐dimensional neoplastic cell aggregates and psammoma bodies to prevent a potential diagnostic pitfall. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2013. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.  相似文献   

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MYO1A is considered the gene underlying autosomal dominant nonsyndromic hearing loss DFNA48, based on six missense variants, one small in‐frame insertion, and one nonsense mutation. Results from NGS targeting 66 deafness genes in 109 patients identified three families challenging this assumption: two novel nonsense (p.Tyr740* and p.Arg262*) and a known missense variant were identified heterozygously not only in index patients, but also in unaffected relatives. Deafness in these families clearly resulted from mutations in other genes (MYO7A, EYA1, and CIB2). Most of the altogether 10 MYO1A mutations are annotated in dbSNP, and population frequencies (dbSNP, 1000 Genomes, Exome Sequencing Project) above 0.1% contradict pathogenicity under a dominant model. One healthy individual was even homozygous for p.Arg262*, compatible with homozygous Myo1a knockout mice lacking any overt pathology. MYO1A seems dispensable for hearing and overall nonessential. MYO1A adds to the list of “erroneous disease genes”, which will expand with increasing availability of large‐scale sequencing data.  相似文献   

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This article serves as an introduction to this issue of the journal on sex, love, intimacy, and attraction in psychotherapy, with a particular emphasis on therapists’ reactions to these subjects. A common theme throughout this special issue is that such topics are natural, common, challenging, and potentially dangerous. I call attention to a few of the highlights of each of the articles in the issue, and I offer suggestions on how therapists might effectively manage their own reactions to these challenging topics.  相似文献   

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Many pathologic fractures, lumps on the head, elevated serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels, and dental caries are the main characteristics of the rare autosomal dominantly inherited calvarial “doughnut lesions” (MIM 126550). We report the sporadic case of a 16‐year‐old patient who has had 10 pathologic fractures between age 6 weeks and 15 years. An elevated serum ALP level was found at age 11 and skull lumps at age 15; radiography showed frontal and parietal round radiolucencies surrounded by sclerotic bone comparable to doughnuts. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed skull lesions at an early stage. Because the findings are reminiscent of osteogenesis imperfecta (OI), collagen types I, III, and V were analyzed in fibroblasts and shown to be normal in terms of quantities, proportions, electrophoretic mobility, and thermostability. Thus, this rare syndrome can be distinguished from OI by collagen analysis and MRI of the skull at an early stage, even before palpable skull lesions appear. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss. Inc.  相似文献   

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We report on a new case of the Opitz “C” trigonocephaly syndrome. Our patient had agenesis of the corpus callosum, an anomaly seen only twice previously, and tetralogy of Fallot, described only once before. A review shows that a combination of conotruncal heart defects and midline brain anomalies characterizes patients with this entity. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.  相似文献   

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