Establishment of a mouse model for amiodarone‐induced liver injury and analyses of its hepatotoxic mechanism

Drug‐induced liver injury (DILI) is the most frequent cause of post‐marketing warnings and withdrawals. Amiodarone (AMD), an antiarrhythmic, presents a risk of liver injury in humans, and its metabolites, formed by cytochrome P450 3A4, are likely more toxic to hepatocytes than AMD is. However, it remains to be clarified whether the metabolic activation of AMD is involved in liver injury in vivo. In this study, to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of AMD‐induced liver injury, mice were administered AMD [1000 mg kg^–1, per os (p.o.)] after pretreatment with dexamethasone [DEX, 60 mg kg^–1, intraperitoneal (i.p.)], which induces P450 expression, once daily for 3 days. The plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels were significantly increased by AMD administration in the DEX‐pretreated mice, and the liver concentrations of desethylamiodarone (DEA), a major metabolite of AMD, were correlated with the changes in the plasma ALT levels. Cytochrome c release into the hepatic cytosol and triglyceride levels in the plasma were increased in DEX plus AMD‐administered mice. Furthermore, the ratio of reduced glutathione to oxidized glutathione disulfide in the liver significantly decreased in the DEX plus AMD‐administered mice. The increase of ALT levels was suppressed by treatment with gadolinium chloride (GdCl₃), which is an inhibitor of Kupffer cell function. From these results, it is suggested that AMD and/or DEA contribute to the pathogenesis of AMD‐induced liver injury by producing mitochondrial and oxidative stress and Kupffer cell activation. This study proposes the mechanisms of AMD‐induced liver injury using an in vivo mouse model. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Hepatoprotective effects of salidroside on fulminant hepatic failure induced by d‐galactosamine and lipopolysaccharide in mice

Objectives The aim was to investigate the protective effect of salidroside isolated from Rhodiola sachalinensis A. Bor. (Crassulaceae) on d ‐galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide‐induced fulminant hepatic failure. Methods Hepatotoxicity was induced by an intraperitoneal injection of d ‐galactosamine (700 mg/kg) and lipopolysaccharide (10 μg/kg); salidroside (20, 50 and 100 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally 1 h before induction of hepatoxicity. Liver injury was assessed biochemically and histologically. Key findings Salidroside attenuated the induced acute increase in serum aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase activities, and levels of tumour necrosis factor‐alpha levels and serum nitric oxide. It restored depleted hepatic glutathione, superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities, decreased malondialdehyde levels and considerably reduced histopathological changes. Histopathological, immunohistochemical and Western blot analyses also demonstrated that salidroside could reduce the appearance of necrotic regions and expression of caspase‐3 and hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1α in liver tissue. Conclusions Salidroside protected liver tissue from the oxidative stress elicited by d ‐galactosamine and lipopolysaccharide. The hepatoprotective mechanism of salidroside appear to be related to antioxidant activity and inhibition of hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1α.     

Hepatotoxicity of kaurene glycosides from Xanthium strumarium L. fruits in mice

The fruit of Xanthium strumarium L. (Cang-Er-Zi) is a traditional Chinese medicine that is used in curing nasal diseases and headache according to the Chinese Pharmacopoeia. However, clinical utilization of Xanthium strumarium is relatively limited because of its toxicity. The present investigation was carried out to evaluate the toxic effects on acute liver injury in mice of the two kaurene glycosides (atractyloside and carbxyatractyloside), which are main toxic constituents isolated from Fructus Xanthii on acute liver injury in mice. Histopathological examinations revealed that there were not obviously visible injury in lungs, heart, spleen, and the central nervous system in the mice by intraperitoneal injection of atractyloside (ATR, at the doses 50,125 and 200 mg/kg) and carbxyatractyloside (CATR, at the doses 50,100 and 150 mg/kg) for 5 days. However, it revealed extensive liver injuries compared with the normal group. In the determination of enzyme levels in serum, intraperitoneal injection of ATR and CATR resulted in significantly elevated serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), asparate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities compared to controls. In the hepatic oxidative stress level, antioxidant-related enzyme activity assays showed that ATR and CATR administration significantly increased hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration, as well as decreased superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) activities and glutathione (GSH) concentration, and this was in good agreement with the results of serum aminotransferase activity and histopathological examinations. Taken together, our results demonstrate that kaurene glycosides induce hepatotoxicity in mice by way of its induction of oxidative stress as lipid peroxidation in liver, which merited further studies. Therefore, these toxic constituents explain, at least in part, the hepatotoxicity of X. strumarium L. in traditional medicine.     

Involvement of Th2 cytokines in the mouse model of flutamide-induced acute liver injury

Drug‐induced liver injury is a growing concern for pharmaceutical companies and patients because numerous drugs have been linked to hepatotoxicity and it is the most common reason for a drug to be withdrawn. Flutamide rarely causes liver dysfunction in humans, and immune allergic reactions have been suggested in some cases. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms of flutamide‐induced liver injury in BALB/c mice. Plasma alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels were significantly increased 3, 6 and 9 h after flutamide (1500 mg kg^?1, p.o.) administration. The biomarker for oxidative stress was not changed, but Th2‐dominant immune‐related factors, such as interleukin (IL)‐4, IL‐5, STAT6 and GATA‐binding protein (GATA)‐3, were induced in flutamide‐administered mice. The pre‐administration of monoclonal‐IL‐4 antibody suppressed the hepatotoxicity of flutamide. In addition, we investigated the effect of 13,14‐dihydro‐15‐keto‐PGD₂ (DK‐PGD₂; 10 µg per mouse, i.p.) administration on flutamide‐induced acute liver injury. Coadministration of DK‐PGD₂ and flutamide resulted in a significant increase in alanine aminotransferase and a remarkable increase of macrophage inflammatory protein‐2. In conclusion, we demonstrated that flutamide‐induced acute liver injury is mediated by Th2‐dominant immune responses in mice. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The protective effects of ursodeoxycholic acid on isoniazid plus rifampicin induced liver injury in mice

Antitubercular drugs have been known to be potentially hepatotoxic and may lead to drug-induced liver injury. In this study, we aimed to investigate the protective effects of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) on liver injury caused by co-administration with isoniazid and rifampicin, two famous antitubercular drugs. Liver injury was induced by co-treatment with isoniazid (75 mg/kg) and rifampicin (150 mg/kg) for one week. Mice were orally administered with UDCA (15, 50 and 150 mg/kg) 30 min before isoniazid and rifampicin. We show that serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were significantly increased in mice treated with isoniazid plus rifampicin. An obvious fatty accumulation, accompanied by mild necrosis and inflammation, was observed in liver of mice treated with rifampicin plus isoniazid. In addition, isoniazid plus rifampicin resulted in hepatic apoptosis, as determined by terminal dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) staining and caspase-3 activation. Additional experiment showed that isoniazid plus rifampicin significantly increased the level of hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA) and caused glutathione (GSH) depletion and 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) residues in liver. UDCA pretreatment significantly attenuated isoniazid plus rifampicin induced oxidative stress in liver. Importantly, UDCA pretreatment significantly alleviated isoniazid plus rifampicin induced hepatic apoptosis. Moreover, UDCA-mediated anti-apoptotic effect seemed to be associated with its regulation of Bcl-2 and Bax gene expression in liver. These findings suggest that UDCA might protect against isoniazid and rifampicin induced liver injury through its anti-oxidative and anti-apoptotic effects.     

Low dose of carbon monoxide intraperitoneal injection provides potent protection against GalN/LPS‐induced acute liver injury in mice

Carbon monoxide (CO) is an important effector‐signaling molecule involved in various pathophysiological processes. Here we investigated the protective effects of exogenous CO in a murine model of acute liver damage induced by d ‐galactosamine (GalN) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Exogenous CO gas was administered to mice via intraperitoneal injection (first at a dose of 15 ml kg^?1 and then, 6 h later, 8 ml kg^?1), which caused a significant elevation of blood carboxyhemoglobin levels of up to 12–14% for more than 12 h. GalN/LPS were given to induce acute liver damage in mice 30 min prior to CO exposure. This showed that GalN/LPS induced severe liver injury in mice, whereas CO injection remarkably improved the survival rate of mice and led to attenuated hepatocellular damage. CO exhibited anti‐oxidative capabilities by inhibiting hepatic malondialdehyde contents and restoring superoxide dismutase and glutathione, as well as by reducing inducible NOS/NO production. The anti‐apoptotic and anti‐inflammatory effects of CO were substantial, characterized by a notable inhibition of hepatocyte apoptosis and a reduction of pro‐inflammatory cytokines in mice. Our findings thus supported the hypothesis that exogenous CO provides protective effects against acute liver damage in mice, mainly dependent on its anti‐oxidative, anti‐inflammatory and anti‐apoptotic properties. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Ebselen Protects against the Reduction in Levels of Drug‐Metabolizing Enzymes in Livers of Rats with Deoxycholic Acid‐Induced Liver Injury

Abstract: Ebselen is a seleno‐organic compound that inhibits oxidative stress by lipid peroxidation through a glutathione peroxidase‐like activity. We studied the effect of ebselen on the expression of hepatic drug‐metabolizing enzymes in rats with deoxycholic acid‐induced liver injury. Hydrophobic bile acids, such as deoxycholic acid, are known to cause cholestatic liver injury, and it was reported that expression of hepatic cytochrome P‐450 (CYP) was reduced by deoxycholic acid administration in rats. Hydrophobic bile acids induce lipid peroxidation in the liver, and this may be one mechanism of the development of liver injury. In the present study, we investigated the effect of ebselen (30 mg/kg/day for 10 days) on rats ingesting deoxycholic acid (1% of diet for 10 days). Deoxycholic acid decreased levels of CYP1A1, 2B1, 2E1 and 3A2 to 34, 58, 62 and 37% of control values, respectively, and increased serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities to 1.8 and 8.6 times the levels of controls, respectively. Administration of ebselen with deoxycholic acid prevented the decreases in levels of CYP1A1 and 3A2 (86 and 65% of control, respectively) and the increases in serum ALP and ALT activities (1.4 and 1.9 times of control, respectively) caused by deoxycholic acid. These results indicate that ebselen may have a protective effect against hydrophobic bile acid‐induced liver injury.     

异欧前胡素对四氯化碳致小鼠急性肝损伤的保护作用

目的：研究异欧前胡素对四氯化碳（CCl₄）诱导的小鼠急性肝损伤的保护作用。方法：60只昆明种小鼠随机分为正常对照（生理盐水）组、模型（生理盐水）组、水飞蓟宾（阳性对照,16 mg·kg^-1）组和异欧前胡素低、中、高剂量（8,16,32 mg·kg^-1）组,连续灌胃给药7 d,每天1次。末次给药1 h后,除正常对照组外其余各组小鼠腹腔注射0.1% CCl₄花生油溶液诱发小鼠急性肝损伤。16 h后摘眼球取血并处死小鼠,测定肝脏指数,检测血清中丙氨酸氨基转移酶（ALT）、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶（AST）及肝组织中丙二醛（MDA）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）及谷胱甘肽（GSH）水平;检测肝脏线粒体中MDA水平、ATP酶活性及线粒体膜电位。结果：CCl₄诱导小鼠肝脏指数及血清ALT和AST水平显著升高,肝细胞肿胀、变性、坏死,出现明显炎性损伤;使肝组织及肝线粒体中MDA水平显著升高,SOD与GSH水平显著降低;同时导致肝线粒体中ATP酶活性显著降低,线粒体膜电位下降。而水飞蓟宾及异欧前胡素均可显著逆转CCl₄引发的这些效应。结论：异欧前胡素对CCl₄诱导的小鼠急性肝损伤具有保护作用,其机制可能与清除氧化应激产物MDA,增加细胞内抗氧化酶SOD与GSH活性及改善线粒体功能有关。     

彩虹明樱蛤多糖对小鼠急性化学性肝损伤的保护作用

目的研究彩虹明樱蛤多糖(MIP)对CCl4致小鼠急性化学性肝损伤的保护作用。方法 MIP对小鼠连续腹腔注射7 d,以0.1%CCl4橄榄油溶液经腹腔注射,建立小鼠急性化学性肝损伤模型,测定给药后模型小鼠肝指数,检测血清谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)活性,测定肝组织匀浆中丙二醛(MDA)含量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)的活性及观察肝脏病理学变化。结果 MIP中、高剂量组(80,160 mg/kg)均能显著降低CCl4致急性肝损伤小鼠血清ALT、AST活性(P<0.01),降低肝脏MDA含量(P<0.01),增强SOD和GSH活力(P<0.01或0.05),并能明显改善肝组织的病理学损伤,但对肝指数无明显影响。结论 MIP对CCl4致小鼠急性化学性肝损伤有保护作用。     

Hepatoprotective effects of total saponins isolated from Taraphochlamys affinis against carbon tetrachloride induced liver injury in rats

In this study, rats were orally treated with the total saponins of Taraphochlamys affinis (TSTA) daily with administration of CCl4 twice a week for 8 weeks. Compared to the normal control, CCl4 induced liver damage significantly increased the activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in serum and decreased the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and glutathione reductase (GSH-Rd) in liver. Meanwhile content of hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA), which was oxidative stress marker, was increased. Histological finding also confirmed the hepatotoxic characterization in rats. Furthermore, proinflammatory mediators including tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α) in serum, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), inducible enitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in liver were detected with elevated contents, while expression of xenobiotic metabolizing enzyme--cytochrome P4502E1 (CYP2E1) was inhibited. The results revealed that TSTA not only significantly reversed CCl4 originated changes in serum toxicity and hepatotoxic characterization, but also altered expression of hepatic oxidative stress markers and proinflammatory mediators, combined with restoring liver CYP2E1 level. The results indicated that protective effect of TSTA against CCl4-induced hepatic injury may rely on its effect on reducing oxidative stress, suppressing inflammatory responses and improving drug-metabolizing enzyme activity in liver.     

Involvement of oxidative stress and immune- and inflammation-related factors in azathioprine-induced liver injury

Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a growing concern in the fields of drug development and clinical drug therapy because numerous drugs have been linked to hepatotoxicity. However, it is difficult to predict DILI in humans due to the lack of experimental animal models. Although azathioprine (AZA), which is a widely used immunosuppressive drug, is generally well tolerated, a small number of patients prescribed AZA develop severe hepatitis. However, the mechanism underlying this process has not yet been elucidated. In this study, we developed a mouse model of AZA-induced liver injury and investigated the mechanisms responsible for the hepatotoxicity of AZA. Female BALB/c mice were orally administered AZA. After AZA administration, the plasma levels of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase were increased, and liver damage was confirmed through a histological evaluation. In addition, the hepatic glutathione levels and superoxide dismutase activity were significantly decreased. The plasma levels of reactive oxygen species were significantly increased during the early phase of AZA-induced liver injury, and the hepatic mRNA levels of immune- and inflammation-related factors were also significantly changed. In conclusion, oxidative stress and the subsequently activated immune- and inflammation-related factors are involved in AZA-induced liver injury.     

Strain and interindividual differences in lamotrigine‐induced liver injury in mice

Lamotrigine (LTG) has been widely prescribed as an antipsychotic drug, although it causes idiosyncratic drug‐induced liver injury in humans. LTG is mainly metabolized by UDP‐glucuronosyltransferase, while LTG undergoes bioactivation by cytochrome P450 to a reactive metabolite; it is subsequently conjugated with glutathione, suggesting that reactive metabolite would be one of the causes for LTG‐induced liver injury. However, there is little information regarding the mechanism of LTG‐induced liver injury in both humans and rodents. In this study, we established an LTG‐induced liver injury mouse model through co‐administration with LTG and a glutathione synthesis inhibitor, l ‐buthionine‐(S,R)‐sulfoximine. We found an increase in alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels (>10 000 U/L) in C57BL/6J mice, with apparent interindividual differences. On the other hand, a drastic increase in ALT was not noted in BALB/c mice, suggesting that the initiation mechanism would be different between the two strains. To examine the cause of interindividual differences, C57BL/6J mice that were co‐administered LTG and l ‐buthionine‐(S,R)‐sulfoximine were categorized into three groups based on ALT values: no‐responder (ALT <100 U/L), low‐responder (100 U/L < ALT < 1000 U/L) and high‐responder (ALT >1000 U/L). In the high‐responder group, induction of hepatic oxidative stress, inflammation and damage‐associated molecular pattern molecules in mRNA was associated with vacuolation and karyorrhexis in hepatocytes. In conclusion, we demonstrated that LTG showed apparent strain and interindividual differences in liver injuries from the aspects of initiation and exacerbation mechanisms. These results would support interpretation of the mechanism of LTG‐induced liver injury observed in humans.     

The role of vitamin D3 upregulated protein 1 in thioacetamide-induced mouse hepatotoxicity

Thioacetamide (TA) is a commonly used drug that can trigger acute hepatic failure (AHF) through generation of oxidative stress. Vitamin D3 upregulated protein 1 (VDUP1) is an endogenous inhibitor of thioredoxin, a ubiquitous thiol oxidoreductase, that regulates cellular redox status. In this study, we investigated the role of VDUP1 in AHF using a TA-induced liver injury model. VDUP1 knockout (KO) and wild-type (WT) mice were subjected to a single intraperitoneal TA injection, and various parameters of hepatic injury were assessed. VDUP1 KO mice displayed a significantly higher survival rate, lower serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels, and less hepatic damage, compared to WT mice. In addition, induction of apoptosis was decreased in VDUP1 KO mice, with the alteration of caspase-3 and -9 activities, Bax-to-Bcl-2 expression ratios, and mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. Importantly, analysis of TA bioactivation revealed lower plasma clearance of TA and covalent binding of [¹⁴C]TA to liver macromolecules in VDUP1 KO mice. Furthermore, the level of oxidative stress was significantly less in VDUP1 KO mice than in their WT counterparts, as evident from lipid peroxidation assay. These results collectively indicate that VDUP1 deficiency protects against TA-induced acute liver injury via lower bioactivation of TA and antioxidant effects.     

Modulatory effects of gentisic acid against genotoxicity and hepatotoxicity induced by cyclophosphamide in Swiss albino mice

Objectives This study evaluated the protective effects of gentisic acid (GA) against genotoxicity and hepatotoxicity induced by cyclophosphamide (CP) in Swiss albino mice. Methods Mice were pretreated with GA orally at doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg for 14 consecutive days before the administration of a single intraperitoneal dose of 50 mg/kg CP. The ameliorative effect of GA on genotoxicity was studied using the in‐vivo bone marrow micronuclei induction test, DNA integrity and alkaline unwinding assay. The activity of various oxidative stress enzymes were estimated in hepatic tissue. Key findings A single intraperitoneal administration of CP in mice increased the malondialdehyde level, depleted the glutathione content and antioxidant enzyme activity (glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, catalase and quinone reductase), and induced DNA strand breaks and micronuclei induction. Oral pretreatment with GA at both doses caused a significant reduction in malondialdehyde and glutathione levels, restoration of antioxidant enzyme activity, reduction in micronuclei formation and DNA fragmentation. Serum toxicity marker enzymes such as aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase were increased after CP treatment but restored in GA pretreated groups. Conclusion The results support the protective effect of GA against CP induced genotoxicity and hepatotoxicity.     

Gender-related difference in liver injury induced by Dioscorea bulbifera L. rhizome in mice

The present study was undertaken to investigate the gender-related liver injury induced by Dioscorea bulbifera L. (DB), a traditional medicinal plant, in mice, and further explored its hepatotoxic chemical compound. Serum and liver tissue samples were collected at 0, 4, 8, 12 h, after mice were administrated orally with 640 mg/kg ethyl acetate extracts (EF) isolated from DB. After treatments, serum alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) activities were both significantly elevated. Liver lipid peroxidation (LPO) level increased, while glutathione amounts, glutathione-S-transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities all decreased in the time-dependent manner. Further analysis demonstrated that ALT and AST activities in female mice were significantly lower than those in male. Meanwhile, liver glutathione amounts and CAT activity in female mice after giving EF for 12 h were both higher than those in male. Further, comparing the liver injury induced by Diosbulbin B isolated from DB with that induced by EF on the basis of chemical analysis for the amounts of Diosbulbin B in EF of DB, we found that Diosbulbin B could be the main hepatotoxic chemical compound in DB. Taken together, our results show that DB can induce gender-related liver oxidative stress injury in mice, and its main hepatotoxic chemical compound is Diosbulbin B, for the first time.     

Kupffer cell‐mediated exacerbation of methimazole‐induced acute liver injury in rats

Methimazole (MTZ), an anti‐thyroid drug, is known to cause liver injury in humans. It has been demonstrated that MTZ‐induced liver injury in Balb/c mice is accompanied by T helper (Th) 2 cytokine‐mediated immune responses; however, there is little evidence for immune responses associated with MTZ‐induced liver injury in rats. To investigate species differences in MTZ‐induced liver injury, we administered MTZ with a glutathione biosynthesis inhibitor, L‐buthionine‐S,R‐sulfoximine (BSO), to F344 rats and subsequently observed an increase in plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and high‐mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), which are associated with hepatic lesions. The hepatic mRNA expression of innate immune‐related genes significantly increased in BSO‐ and MTZ‐treated rats, but the change in Th2‐related genes was not much greater than the change observed in the previous mouse study. Moreover, an increase in Kupffer cells and an induction of the phosphorylation of extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK)/c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK) proteins were accompanied by an increase in Toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4) expression, indicating that Kupffer cell activation occurs through HMGB1‐TLR4 signaling. To elucidate the mechanism of liver injury in rats, gadolinium chloride, which inactivates the function of Kupffer cells, was administered before BSO and MTZ administration. The gadolinium chloride treatment significantly suppressed the increased ALT, which was accompanied by decreased hepatic mRNA expression related to innate immune responses and ERK/JNK phosphorylation. In conclusion, Kupffer cell‐mediated immune responses are crucial factors for the exacerbation of MTZ‐induced liver injury in rats, indicating apparent species differences in the immune‐mediated exacerbation of liver injury between mice and rats. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

丙二醇与HS 15对对乙酰氨基酚致肝损伤模型的影响

目的：考察助溶剂丙二醇（PG）与HS 15对对乙酰氨基酚（APAP）肝损伤小鼠模型的影响。方法：采用腹腔注射300 mg·kg^-1的APAP构建肝损伤小鼠模型,通过检测造模后血浆中谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶水平、肝脏组织匀浆中谷胱甘肽含量、肝组织形态学及蛋白免疫印迹结果,分析比较造模前分别采用PG （40%,v/v）与HS 15预处理对APAP致肝损伤模型的影响。采用体外小鼠肝微粒体孵育试验考察PG与HS 15对CYP2E1的抑制作用。结果： PG预处理7 d对APAP致肝损伤模型具有减轻损伤作用,而HS 15对APAP致肝损伤模型的构建无明显影响。蛋白免疫印迹结果表明,与模型组CYP2E1蛋白表达量相比,PG预处理组有显著变化（P<0.01）,而HS 15组无明显差别。体外酶孵育实验显示1%（v/v） PG对CYP2E1具有明显的抑制作用（P<0.01）。结论： PG可干扰APAP肝损伤,不适合用作APAP及相关肝保护药物的溶媒,其机制与PG可抑制CYP2E1酶活性有关;HS 15对该模型无明显影响,可用作APAP肝损伤研究的溶媒。