家庭功能及社会支持对农村老年人孤独的影响

目的:探讨社会支持及家庭功能对农村老年人孤独的影响。方法:分层整群抽取安徽省三个乡镇5652名≥60岁的农村老年人,采用统一调查表进行问卷调查。结果:农村老年人独孤平均得分为41.92±9.22分。高年龄组、文化程度低、未婚、离异或丧偶、家庭经济收入低、家庭人口数少、家庭功能和社会支持不好的老年人,孤独评分较高。逐步回归分析结果表明,家庭功能、主观支持、支持利用度等变量可显著预测孤独。结论:农村老年人孤独较为普遍;家庭功能和社会支持是影响老年人孤独的重要因素。     

Influence of social participation on life satisfaction and depression among Chinese elderly: Social support as a mediator

This study explored the influences of social participation and the mediating effects of social support on the mental health of Chinese elderly based on data from the 2012 China Longitudinal Aging Social Survey (CLASS). The participants comprised 696 older adults in CLASS, including 340 (48.9%) male and 354 (50.9%) female. The mean age of the sample was 68 (standard deviation = 7.08). The results of structural equation modeling showed that social participation was significantly associated with the life satisfaction and depression of the elderly. A high level of social participation was associated with more social support and consequently predicted few depressive symptoms among older adults. However, social support was not significantly associated with life satisfaction of the elderly. Our findings provided cross‐cultural evidence for theories, and had significant implications for social work practice and social policy.     

Definite involuntary childlessness: associations between coping, social support and psychological distress

BACKGROUND: Around 4% of all couples remain involuntarily childless. These people often experience insufficient social support, which further aggravates the distress symptoms such as physical health problems, anxiety, depression and complicated grief. This study investigates the association of coping style and the degree of satisfaction regarding social support from primary support groups with distress symptoms of involuntarily childless individuals. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Subjects in this cross-sectional study were people who wanted to have children with their partner but were unable to conceive and had acknowledged their involuntary childlessness. The sample consisted of 116 persons (response 88%) with an average age of 39 years (SD = 6.0), with 75% women. The sample group completed a questionnaire consisting of passive and active coping styles from the Utrecht Coping List (UCL), the discrepancy variant of the Social Support List (SSL-D), the short version of the Questionnaire on Experienced Health Complaints (VOEG-21), the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and the Inventory of Complicated Grief-Revised (ICG-R), adapted for this study. RESULTS: Women especially experienced more health complaints, more anxiety and depression symptoms and more complicated grief than the general population. Regression analysis shows that when controlled for sex and the duration of involuntary childlessness, the concepts passive coping style and dissatisfaction with social support were positively associated with health complaints, depression, anxiety and complicated grief. The concept active coping style was negatively associated with depression, anxiety and complicated grief. Explained variance of the different distress symptoms varied from 30 to 65%. A moderating association of perceived social support is only found between a passive coping style and health complaints. CONCLUSIONS: Psychosocial interventions should be continued after the childlessness has become definite. By teaching couples how to cope actively with their childlessness and how to ask for support, the negative consequences of their childlessness may be decreased.     

硕士新生的自我效能感对应对方式和抑郁的中介效应

目的:探讨硕士新生的自我效能感在应对方式和抑郁之间的中介效应。方法:采用一般自我效能感量表(GSES)、流调用抑郁自评量表(CES-D)、特质应对方式问卷(TCSQ)对硕士新生进行调查,用SPSS的层次回归分析得出三者之间的关系。结果:自我效能感与抑郁呈显著负相关、与积极应对呈显著正相关、与消极应对呈显著负相关,积极应对方式与抑郁和消极应对方式呈显著负相关,消极应对方式与抑郁呈显著正相关。应对方式对抑郁具有显著地预测效果(P0.001);自我效能感在应对方式与抑郁关系间起部分中介作用。结论:硕士新生的抑郁可能与其应对方式有关,而自我效能感起到部分中介作用。     

The roles of religion and spirituality among African American survivors of domestic violence

The investigation examined religious involvement, spirituality, religious coping, and social support as correlates of posttraumatic stress symptoms and depression symptoms in African American survivors of domestic violence. Sixty-five African American women who experienced domestic violence in the past year provided data on demographics, severity and frequency of physical and psychological abuse during the past year, aspects of current social support, types of current coping activities, religious involvement, spiritual experiences, and symptoms related to depression and posttraumatic stress disorder. Women who evinced higher levels of spirituality and greater religious involvement reported fewer depression symptoms. Religious involvement was also found to be negatively associated with posttraumatic stress symptoms. Women who reported higher levels of spirituality reported utilizing higher levels of religious coping strategies, and women who reported higher levels of religious involvement reported higher levels of social support. Results did not support hypotheses regarding social support and religious coping as mediators of the associations between mental health variables, religious involvement, and spirituality.     

Loneliness and social support: Differential predictive power on depression and satisfaction in senior citizens

The lack of social support and the feelings of loneliness among older adults are associated with physical and mental health negative outcomes. This study attempts to test for their differential predictive power on depression and satisfaction in seniors. Data were drawn from a sample of 335 older adults ranging from 55 to 80 years old, with a mean age of 63.97 years (standard deviation = 5.56) attending a learning program at the University of Valencia during the academic year 2014–2015. In addition to health and wellbeing outcomes, we used the Functional Social Support Questionnaire DUKE‐UNC, and two scales of loneliness, the de Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale and the University of California Loneliness Scale version 3. Using structural equations models with Mplus, two models were proposed to assess the predictive power of social support and loneliness on wellbeing outcomes, specifically life satisfaction and depression, while controlling for health. Results confirm the negative association between loneliness and satisfaction with life and the positive one with depression.     

HIV-related shame and health-related quality of life among older,HIV-positive adults

This study investigated how HIV-related shame is associated with health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in older people living with HIV (PLHIV). Structural equation modeling tested whether HIV-related shame was associated with three dimensions of HRQoL (physical, emotional, and social well-being) and whether there were significant indirect associations of HIV-related shame with the three HRQoL dimensions via depression and loneliness in a sample of 299 PLHIV ≥50 years old. Results showed that depression and loneliness were key mechanisms, with depression at least partially accounting for the association between HIV-related shame and both emotional and physical well-being, respectively, and loneliness accounting for the association between HIV-related shame and social well-being. HIV-related shame appears to be an important correlate of HRQoL in older PLHIV and may provide a promising leveraging point by which to improve HRQoL in older PLHIV.     

煤炭企业高管知觉压力、应对方式与心理健康的关系

目的:对煤炭企业高管的知觉压力、应对方式与心理健康的关系进行研究。方法:对238名国有煤炭企业高管实施症状自评量表(SCL-90)和知觉压力量表、简易应对方式问卷测试,将测试结果进行统计分析。结果:(1)煤炭企业高管的SCL-90总分、人际关系障碍、抑郁、焦虑、敌对性、恐怖和偏执因子得分低于全国常模,具有统计学意义(t=-3.074~-7.654,P0.001);(2)高管知觉压力状况得分低于全国常模,具有统计学意义(t=-17.559,P0.001)。高管积极应对维度得分高于常模,具有统计学意义(t=9.758,P0.001);消极应对维度得分低于常模,具有统计学意义(t=-16.320,P0.001);(3)高管知觉压力和SCL-90总分及其各因子呈显著正相关,具有统计学意义(r=0.304~0.502,P0.01);积极应对方式与抑郁、焦虑和饮食睡眠障碍因子呈显著负相关,具有统计学意义(r=-0.059~-0.190,P0.05);消极应对方式与SCL-90总分及其各因子呈显著正相关,具有统计学意义(r=0.151~0.255,P0.05)。知觉压力与积极应对呈显著负相关,具有统计学意义(r=-0.267,P0.01);(4)知觉压力与消极应对方式对煤炭企业高管的心理健康水平具有较显著的影响和较好的预测作用(F=28.224,P0.001)。结论:煤炭企业高管的心理健康水平良好,与其知觉压力水平低及良好的应对方式密切相关。     

Attachment, social support and well-being in young and older adults

The present study examined the link between attachment, social support and well-being in young and older adults. The results from multi-group path analyses showed significant between-group differences in the links between attachment, perceived support and well-being. Anxious attachment and well-being were inversely associated and this was stronger for the younger group than it was for the older group. Avoidant attachment was negatively related to perceived support satisfaction in the older age group only, and perceived support mediated the effects of avoidant attachment on mental health and loneliness in the older group. Generally, perceived satisfaction with support was more strongly related with well-being in older adults. The results point to differential links of insecure attachment styles with perceived support in different life-stages and to related cognitive, emotional and social processes.     

Better to bend than to break: coping strategies utilized by substance-abusing homeless youth

This study investigated the relationship between coping styles and problem behaviors among a sample of substance-abusing homeless youth. Homeless youth (n = 268) were recruited through the only drop-in center in Albuquerque, New Mexico. Results revealed that youth with higher task-oriented coping reported less delinquent behaviors while those with higher emotion-oriented coping reported higher levels of anxiety/ depression and higher delinquency. Contrary to expectations, youth utilizing higher avoidance-oriented coping skills showed fewer HIV risk behaviors, fewer anxiety/depressive symptoms, and less frequent alcohol use. Findings emphasize the need to examine coping strategies in the context that individuals are situated.     

Occupational stress, job characteristics, coping, and the mental health of nurses

Objectives. This study investigated the relationships between job characteristics and coping in predicting levels of anxiety and depression in nurses. The study was based on current theories of occupational stress, and predictors included job demands, social support, decision authority and skill discretion control, effort, over‐commitment, rewards, and ways of coping. It was predicted that job demands, extrinsic effort, over‐commitment, and negative coping behaviours would be positively associated with depression and anxiety, and social support, rewards, decision authority, skill discretion control, and positive coping would be negatively associated with depression and anxiety. Methods. Participants were 870 nurses, who responded to a bulk mail sent randomly to 4,000 nurses from the south of England. Results. The results showed that job demands, extrinsic effort, and over‐commitment were associated with higher levels of anxiety and depression. Social support, rewards, and skill discretion were negatively associated with mental health problems. Few interactions were found between the variables. Coping behaviours significantly added to the explanation of variance in anxiety and depression outcomes, over and above the use of demand–control–support, and effort–reward factors alone. Conclusion. The results from the study demonstrated the importance of coping factors in work‐stress research, in accordance with the multi‐factorial premise of transactional stress models. It is argued that multi‐factor research is needed to help develop effective organizational interventions.     

Psychological Distress, Coping, and Disease Progression in HIV-positive Homosexual Men

The objectives of the study were (1) to examine the role of coping styles in disease progression in models controlling for initial CD4+ cell counts, distress, and health behavior in a sample of HIV- positive homosexual men (n = 65), and (2) to investigate the relationship between coping styles and distress (e.g. depression, anxiety, negative ruminations). A consistent association between planful problem-solving coping and disease progression was demonstrated. Distress was positively correlated with indicators of passive-defensive coping style (e.g. self- controlling, escape-avoidance), and negatively correlated with planful problem-solving and positive reappraisal. The results suggest that coping styles may merit a specific focus in future research of psychological factors in HIV infection, particularly as they may relate both to medical outcome and to the social/emotional aspects of being HIV-infected.     

Coping,social support,and attachment style as psychosocial correlates of adjustment in men and women with HIV/AIDS

The purpose of this study was to examine psychosocial correlates of adjustment to HIV/AIDS in a sample of 137 HIV-positive persons (78 men and 59 women). Multiple regression analysis was used to examine relationships between perceived quality of general social support, three attachment styles, and three coping styles with total score on Positive States of Mind Scale (PSOMS), our measure of adjustment. The influence of demographic and medical status variables was also accounted for. PSOMS total score was significantly associated with greater satisfaction with social support related to HIV/AIDS, more secure attachment style, and less use of behavioral disengagement in coping with HIV/AIDS. These results indicate that for people with HIV or AIDS, those individuals who are more satisfied with their relationships, securely engaged with others, and more directly engaged with their illness are more likely to experience positive adjustment. Implications for physical health outcome and opportunities for intervention are discussed.     

大学生感恩状况及其与应对方式、领悟社会支持的关系

目的了解大学生感恩状况及其与应对方式、领悟社会支持的关系,为开展心理健康教育提供依据。方法采用感恩问卷(GQ-6)的中文修订版、简易应对方式问卷、领悟社会支持量表,对湖北省某高校162名大学本科生进行问卷调查。结果大学生感恩倾向较为强烈;男生得分显著低于女生(t=-2.65,P<0.01);感恩与积极应对方式、领悟社会支持均显著正相关(r=0.35,0.41,P<0.01),积极应对方式与领悟社会支持显著正相关(r=0.41,P<0.05);其它支持和积极应对对感恩的预测力达到了显著水平(β=0.294,0.231,P<0.01)。结论大学生感恩倾向较为强烈,存在显著的性别差异,感恩、应对方式、领悟社会支持显著正相关,其中其它支持和积极应对对感恩有正向预测作用。     

Impact of perceived social support on depression in Chinese rural‐to‐urban migrants: The mediating effects of loneliness and resilience

The present study aimed to examine whether loneliness and resilience played the roles of mediators on the relationship between perceived social support and depression. A total of 712 Chinese rural‐to‐urban migrants from Nanjing, who were measured with perceived social support, resilience, loneliness, and depression, participated in the study. Results indicated that perceived social support and resilience were negatively associated with depression. Loneliness was a significant and negative predictor for depression. In addition, we also revealed that resilience and loneliness partially mediated the relationship between perceived social support and depression. These findings might develop a better understanding of depression in the course of migration.     

The relation between coping,social support and psychological and somatic symptoms among torture survivors in Nepal

BACKGROUND: Little is known about the relation between coping, social support, and psychological and somatic symptoms among survivors of torture living outside the West. METHOD: In a population-based dataset of 315 tortured Bhutanese refugees, univariate and multivariate relationships between coping and social support and symptoms were estimated. These relationships were verified in a second sample of 57 help-seeking Nepalese torture survivors. RESULTS: A relationship was observed between the total number of coping strategies used and anxiety and depression. Negative coping, in contrast to positive coping, was related to all symptom outcome measures. Received social support was stronger related to symptoms than perceived social support. The findings from the first sample were replicated in the second sample. CONCLUSION: We found hypothesized relationships between coping, social support, and psychological and somatic symptoms among survivors of torture living in Nepal. The findings from this study confirm the importance of understanding specific types of coping and social support to develop intervention programmes for torture survivors in Non-western settings.     

Clinical correlates of anxious depression among elderly patients with depression

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine the clinical correlates of comorbid anxiety and depression in a sample of older patients with major depression. METHODS: 352 patients aged 59 and older with major depression were enrolled in the Study of Depression in Later Life at Duke University, of whom 148 met criteria for lifetime generalized anxiety disorder. Participants completed self-report assessments of performance in basic and instrumental activities of daily living, social support, suicidal ideation, life satisfaction, and stressful life events. Cognitive assessment was done with the Mini-Mental State Examination. RESULTS: The prevalence of lifetime anxiety in our depressed sample was 42%. Patients with anxious depression were significantly younger, and had greater suicidal ideation, more impairment of subjective social support, and more severe depressive symptoms. CONCLUSION: In elderly patients with anxious depression, psychosocial support and suicidal ideation should be assessed. Whether improvement of subjective social support leads to reduction in anxious depression should be investigated.     

已婚成人社会支持、应对方式与婚姻满意度的关系

目的探讨社会支持、应对方式与已婚成人婚姻满意度的关系。方法抽取天津市241名已婚人士,其中男性118人,女性123人。每位受试者接受婚姻满意度量表、社会支持评定量表、简易应对方式问卷的测查。结果①婚姻满意度与客观支持呈显著正相关,婚姻满意度的社会层面与支持的利用度呈显著正相关;②婚姻满意度与积极应对呈显著的正相关。与消极应对呈显著的负相关;③客观支持、积极应对方式及消极应对方式可以预测婚姻满意度。结论应对方式是影响婚姻满意度的重要因素。     

警察的孤独感状况及其相关因素分析

目的：探讨警察的孤独感状况及其与心理健康、应对方式、社会支持的相关关系。方法：采用UCLA孤独量表，SCL-90症状自评量表，TCSQ特质应对方式问卷和PsSS领悟社会支持量表。对某市区公安分局884名公安干警进行调查。结果：派出所警察的孤独感明显高于机关干警。50—59岁组警察的孤独感明显低于其他年龄段。警察的孤独感与警种、积极应对、社会支持显著负相关，与消极应对及SCL-90得分显著正相关。年龄、婚姻状况、应对方式、社会支持以及SCL-90总分是影响警察孤独感的显著因素。结论：警察的孤独感程度较高。50岁以下的派出所民警，尤其是婚姻不稳定者是孤独敏感群体。警察的孤独感与应对方式、社会支持及心理健康水平相互影响。     

Work stress,burnout and coping: A review and an empirical study of staff in supported housing

The literature on work stress, burnout and coping is reviewed and a small scale empirical study reported which sought to explore the nature of burnout in staff of supported housing for people with long-term mental health problems. Burnout was seen to arise principally as a result of job strain in relation to caring for people. As in depression, the process was hypothesized to be mediated by environmental and individual resources (including social support, coping and attributional styles, and life events). High levels of workplace stress correlated with the depersonalization component of burnout and with absence from work. Environmental and individual factors appeared to significantly mediate the effect of work stress. Social support at work (particularly practical support) was linked to all burnout measures at follow-up. Specific, unstable attributions of negative work events and practically driven coping styles were found to be most adaptive in terms of experiencing less burnout. Individuals who experienced more negative life events were more likely to become emotionally exhausted. No correlation was found between burnout and depression, suggesting the processes are distinct. Unlike depression, burnout is specific to the work setting.