激素治疗过程中病情反复的IgG4相关性硬化性胆管炎1例

IgG4相关性硬化性胆管炎(immunoglobulin G4-related sclerosing cholangitis, IgG4-SC)是一种发病机制不明的自身免疫性疾病, 临床上易与原发性硬化性胆管炎(primary sclerosing cholangitis, PSC)和胆管胰腺占位性疾病混肴。糖皮质激素是治疗IgG4-SC的有效药物, 但少数患者对激素的反应欠佳, 现将1例对激素应答不佳的IgG4相关性硬化性胆管炎病例报告如下。     

疑诊IgG4相关性硬化性胆管炎伴血清IgG2升高1例报道

报道1例疑诊IgG4相关性硬化性胆管炎(IgG4-related sclerosing cholangitis,IgG4-SC)伴血清IgG2升高病例,并通过文献回顾,提高对本病的认识.     

IgG4相关硬化性胆管炎累及胰腺1例报道

IgG4相关硬化性胆管炎(IgG4-related sclerosing cholangitis, IgG4-SC)为IgG4相关性疾病累及胆管,以梗阻性黄疸为主要表现,伴腹痛及体质量减轻。该病发病率低,缺乏特异性临床表现,且无诊断金标准,常被误诊、漏诊。本文对1例IgG4-SC患者的诊治经过报道如下。     

Diagnosis of IgG4-related sclerosing cholangitis

IgG4-related sclerosing cholangitis(IgG4-SC)is often associated with autoimmune pancreatitis.However,the diffuse cholangiographic abnormalities observed in IgG4-SC may resemble those observed in primary sclerosing cholangitis(PSC),and the presence of segmental stenosis suggests cholangiocarcinoma(CC).IgG4-SC responds well to steroid therapy,whereas PSC is only effectively treated with liver transplantation and CC requires surgical intervention.Since IgG4-SC was first described,it has become a third distinct clinical entity of sclerosing cholangitis.The aim of this review was to introduce the diagnostic methods for IgG4-SC.IgG4-SC should be carefully diagnosed based on a combination of characteristic clinical,serological,morphological,and histopathological features after cholangiographic classification and targeting of a disease for differential diagnosis.When intrapancreatic stenosis is detected,pancreatic cancer or CC should be ruled out.If multiple intrahepatic stenoses are evident,PSC should be distinguished on the basis of cholangiographic findings and liver biopsy with IgG4 immunostaining.Associated inflammatory bowel disease is suggestive of PSC.If stenosis is demonstrated in the hepatic hilar region,CC should be discriminated by ultrasonography,intraductal ultrasonography,bile duct biopsy,and a higher cutoff serum IgG4 level of 182 mg/dL.     

免疫相关胆汁淤积性肝病的病理学特征

免疫相关胆汁淤积性肝病主要包括原发性胆汁性胆管炎(PBC)、原发性硬化性胆管炎(PSC)、免疫球蛋白G4相关性硬化性胆管炎(IgG4-SC)。在组织学上,PBC的特征性表现为慢性非化脓性胆管炎,胆管周围"洋葱皮样"纤维化提示PSC,席纹状纤维化伴免疫球蛋白G4(IgG4)阳性浆细胞浸润需考虑IgG4-SC。肝脏组织学在诊断中发挥着重要作用。该文就这些疾病的病理组织学表现作一综述。     

原发性硬化性胆管炎诊断及治疗指南(2021)

2015年我国第一个原发性硬化性胆管炎(PSC)的专家共识颁布。近年来PSC的临床研究提供了PSC新的研究数据和资料。为此, 中华医学会肝病学分会自身免疫性肝病学组组织专家组对近年来的文献证据进行了评估, 制定了本指南。本指南共有PSC推荐意见21条。为了利于鉴别PSC和IgG4相关硬化性胆管炎(IgG4-SC), 也附有IgG4-SC的10条推荐意见。本指南的目的是为临床PSC和IgG4-SC的诊治提供参考和指导。     

原发性硬化性胆管炎诊断及治疗指南（2021）

2015年我国第一个原发性硬化性胆管炎(PSC)的专家共识颁布。近年来PSC的临床研究提供了PSC新的研究数据和资料。为此,中华医学会肝病学分会自身免疫性肝病学组组织专家组对近年来的文献证据进行了评估,制定了本指南。本指南共有PSC推荐意见21条。为了利于鉴别PSC和IgG4相关硬化性胆管炎(IgG4-SC),也附有IgG4-SC的10条推荐意见。本指南的目的是为临床PSC和IgG4-SC的诊治提供参考和指导。     

原发性硬化性胆管炎诊断及治疗指南(2021)

2015年我国第一个原发性硬化性胆管炎(PSC)的专家共识颁布。近年来PSC的临床研究提供了PSC新的研究数据和资料。为此, 中华医学会肝病学分会自身免疫性肝病学组组织专家组对近年来的文献证据进行了评估, 制定了本指南。本指南共有PSC推荐意见21条。为了利于鉴别PSC和IgG4相关硬化性胆管炎(IgG4-SC), 也附有IgG4-SC的10条推荐意见。本指南的目的是为临床PSC和IgG4-SC的诊治提供参考和指导。     

自身免疫性肝病的研究进展与思考

正自身免疫性肝病(AILD)包括自身免疫性肝炎(AIH)、原发性胆汁性胆管炎(PBC)、原发性硬化性胆管炎(PSC)和免疫球蛋白G4相关硬化性胆管炎(IgG4-SC)。早期诊断并及时启动干预治疗对于AILD患者的预后及生活质量的改善至关重要。通常认为遗传易感个体在环境等因素的诱发下发病,AIH、PBC、PSC以及IgG4-SC在自身免疫反应的攻击对象、免疫应答、临床诊治和预后等方面均各     

原发性硬化性胆管炎伴IgG4升高1例报告

正原发性硬化性胆管炎(PSC)是一种慢性进展性胆汁淤积性肝病,其典型的病理改变为胆管炎症及胆管周围同心圆性洋葱皮样纤维化、肝内外胆管破坏导致多灶性胆管狭窄,最终可发展为肝硬化、肝衰竭甚至死亡,此病虽然少见,但其发病率逐年上升[1]。IgG 4相关性硬化性胆管炎(IgG 4-related sclerosing cholangitis,IgG 4-SC)的概念是由Bjornsson等[2]于2007年首先提出,是指一类以胆管周围IgG 4阳性浆细胞浸润及纤维化     

Diagnostic procedures for IgG4-related sclerosing cholangitis

Background/purpose

IgG4-related sclerosing cholangitis (IgG4-SC) is one of several diseases associated with autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP). However, diffuse cholangraphic abnormalities seen in association with AIP may resemble those seen in primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), and the presence of segmental stenosis suggests cholangiocarcinoma. IgG4-SC responds well to steroid therapy, whereas in contrast, liver transplantation is the only effective therapy for PSC, and surgical intervention is also needed for cholangiocarcinoma. The aim of this review was to establish the diagnostic procedures for IgG4-SC.

Methods

A literature search was conducted, covering English-language articles dealing with IgG4-SC published between 1991 and March 2010. As clinical data on IgG4-SC are limited, the author also took into consideration his own clinical experience with the treatment of IgG4-SC over a period of more than 19 years.

Results

When intrapancreatic stenosis is detected, pancreatic cancer should be ruled out. If multiple intrahepatic stenosis is evident, PSC should be discriminated on the basis of cholangiographic findings and liver biopsy with IgG4 immunostaining. An association with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is suggestive of PSC. If stenosis is demonstrated in the hepatic hilar region, cholangiocarcinoma should be discriminated by US, EUS, IDUS, and bile duct biopsy.

Conclusion

For diagnosis of IgG4-SC, coexistence of AIP is the most useful finding. However, the most important consideration for clinicians is to be aware of IgG4-SC when encountering patients with obstructive jaundice.     

First case of IgG4-related sclerosing cholangitis associated with autoimmune hemolytic anemia

To our knowledge, patients with immunoglobulin G4-related sclerosing cholangitis (IgG4-SC) associated with autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) have not been reported previously. Many patients with IgG4-SC have autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) and respond to steroid treatment. However, isolated cases of IgG4-SC are difficult to diagnose. We describe our experience with a patient who had IgG4-SC without AIP in whom the presence of AIHA led to diagnosis. The patient was a 73-year-old man who was being treated for dementia. Liver dysfunction was diagnosed on blood tests at another hospital. Imaging studies suggested the presence of carcinoma of the hepatic hilus and primary sclerosing cholangitis, but a rapidly progressing anemia developed simultaneously. After the diagnosis of AIHA, steroid treatment was begun, and the biliary stricture improved. IgG4-SC without AIP was thus diagnosed.     

Pathology and immunopathology of immunoglobulin G4-related sclerosing cholangitis: The latest addition to the sclerosing cholangitis family

Sclerosing cholangitis is heterogeneous in its etiopathogenesis. Recently, sclerosing cholangitis showing abundant immunoglobulin (Ig)G4+ plasma cell infiltration was added to the sclerosing cholangitis group. This form was frequently associated with sclerosing pancreatitis (autoimmune pancreatitis) and also occasionally with other diseases such as chronic sclerosing sialadenitis, all of which falls within IgG4-related sclerosing disease. Herein, this new member, called IgG4-related sclerosing cholangitis (IgG4-SC), is reviewed. IgG4-SC shows grossly medullary and fleshy lesions along the biliary tree, and histologically marked lymphoplasmacytic infiltration with extensive fibrosis, and obliterative phlebitis, sharing histopathological features with sclerosing pancreatitis. Peribiliary glands are also severely affected. Interestingly, hepatic inflammatory pseudotumor (HIP) is not infrequently associated with IgG4-SC, and is thought as a local exaggeration of IgG4-SC. Immunohistochemically, many IgG4+ plasma cells and CD4+/CD25+ regulatory T cells are found around the affected bile ducts and portal tracts. Incontrast, these cells are scarce in the affected bile ducts of primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), a prototype of sclerosing cholangitis. Biliary lining epithelia are relatively spared in IgG4-SC in comparison with those of PSC showing degeneration and ulceration. In some cases of IgG4-SC, IgG4+ plasma cells are also found considerably in small portal tracts, so needle liver biopsy is useful for the diagnosis of IgG4-SC. Therapeutically, IgG4-SC responds well to steroid therapy, while such character is not reported in PSC. Taken together, IgG4-SC may be etiologically different from PSC, and immunopathological processes relating to IgG4 and regulatory T cells may be involved in the pathogenesis of IgG4-SC. Further studies are needed to clarify the etiopathogenesis of IgG4-SC and its related disorders.     

Inflammatory bowel disease of primary sclerosing cholangitis: A distinct entity?

This is a review of the characteristic findings of inflammatory bowel disease(IBD)associated with primary sclerosing cholangitis(PSC)and their usefulness in the diagnosis of sclerosing cholangitis.PSC is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by idiopathic fibrous obstruction and is frequently associated with IBD.IBDassociated with PSC(PSC-IBD)shows an increased incidence of pancolitis,mild symptoms,and colorectal malignancy.Although an increased incidence of pancolitis is a characteristic finding,some cases are endoscopically diagnosed as right-sided ulcerative colitis.Pathological studies have revealed that inflammation occurs more frequently in the right colon than the left colon.The frequency of rectal sparing and backwash ileitis should be investigated in a future study based on the same definition.The cholangiographic findings of immunoglobulin G4-related sclerosing cholangitis(IgG4-SC)are similar to those of PSC.The rare association between IBD and IgG4-SC and the unique characteristics of PSC-IBD are useful findings for distinguishing PSC from IgG4-SC.     

Clinical clues to suspicion of IgG4-associated sclerosing cholangitis disguised as primary sclerosing cholangitis or hilar cholangiocarcinoma

Background and Aim: This study aimed to determine the clinical characteristics of immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4)‐associated sclerosing cholangitis (ISC) and provide clinical clues differentiating ISC from primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) or hilar cholangiocarcinoma (CCC). Methods: Sixteen patients with ISC manifesting as hilar/intrahepatic strictures were analyzed for clinical characteristics and compared with patients with PSC and hilar CCC as disease controls for histology and serum IgG4 levels. Results: Distinguished biliary imaging findings of ISC included multifocal biliary tree involvement (n = 14), concentric bile duct thickening with preserved luminal patency (n = 13), and relatively mild proximal dilatation, despite prominent bile duct thickening (n = 11). Serum IgG4 levels were elevated in 12 patients (75%), but not in any of the 25 patients with hilar CCC. Ten patients (63%) had a past or concurrent history of autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP). The significant infiltration of IgG4‐positive cells was observed with endobiliary or liver biopsy in 11 of 16 patients (69%) with ISC, but not in any patients with PSC or hilar CCC. Extrabiliary organ involvement, including sialadenitis, inflammatory pseudotumor of the liver and kidney, and retroperitoneal fibrosis, was present in seven patients. Marked improvement of biliary strictures and/or extrabiliary involvement was observed in all ISC patients after steroid therapy. Conclusions: ISC should be considered in the differential diagnosis of hilar/intrahepatic biliary strictures. Past or concurrent AIP or extrabiliary organ involvement strongly suggests the possibility of ISC. Significant infiltration of IgG4‐positive cells on endobiliary or liver biopsy specimens, and/or elevated serum IgG4 levels, highly support the diagnosis of ISC and provide the rationale for steroid therapy.     

Sclerosing cholangitis associated with autoimmune pancreatitis

Autoimmune pancreatitis is a unique form of chronic pancreatitis characterized by irregular narrowing of the pancreatic duct, pancreatic swelling, and a favorable response to corticosteroids, in which the autoimmune mechanism is postulated in the pathogenesis. High serum immunoglobulin (Ig)G4 concentrations and various types of extrapancreatic involvement are prominent features of this disease. Sclerosing cholangitis is a major extrapancreatic lesion of autoimmune pancreatitis that has been regarded as primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) complicating chronic pancreatitis. Because sclerosing cholangitis associated with autoimmune pancreatitis (SC-AIP) also favorably responds to corticosteroid therapy, it should be differentiated from PSC. Useful points regarding the differentiation between SC-AIP and PSC are as follows: (i) PSC occurs in younger and SC-AIP in older individuals; (ii) obstructive jaundice is more frequently seen in SC-AIP; (iii) PSC is complicated with inflammatory bowel disease, whereas SC-AIP is complicated with so called extrapancreatic lesions of AIP; (iv) high serum IgG4 concentrations are frequently seen in SC-AIP; (v) a cholangiogram may differentiate the two conditions to some extent; (vi) abundant IgG4-bearing plasma cell infiltration is seen in SC-AIP; and (vii) steroid therapy is effective for SC-AIP. IgG4-related sclerosing cholangitis without pancreatic lesion may be a metachronous phenotype of SC-AIP, and also should be differentiated from PSC. The pathogenesis of AIP and SC-AIP remains unclear. The complement activation system of the classical pathway may be contributing in some cases.     

Isolated intrapancreatic Ig G4-related sclerosing cholangitis

Immunoglobulin G4-related sclerosing cholangitis(Ig G4-SC) is frequently associated with type 1 autoimmune pancreatitis(AIP). Association with AIP can be utilized in the diagnosis of Ig G4-SC. However, some cases of Ig G4-SC are isolated from AIP, which complicates the diagnosis. Most of the reported cases of isolated Ig G4-SC displayed hilar biliary strictures, whereas isolated Ig G4-SC with intrapancreatic biliary stricture is very rare. Recently, we have encountered 5 isolated intrapancreatic Ig G4-SC cases that were not associated with AIP, three of which were pathologically investigated after surgical operation. They all were males with a mean age of 74.2 years. The pancreas was not enlarged in any of these cases. No irregular narrowing of the main pancreatic duct was found. Bile duct wall thickening in lesions without luminal stenosis was detected by abdominal computed tomography in all five cases, by endoscopic ultrasonography in two out of four cases and by intraductal ultrasonography in all three cases. In three cases, serum Ig G4 levels were within the normal limits. The mean serum Ig G4 level measured before surgery was 202.1 mg/d L(4 cases). Isolated intrapancreatic Ig G4-SC is difficult to diagnose, especially if the Ig G4 level remains normal. Thus, this type of Ig G4-SC should be suspected in addition to cholangiocarcinoma and pancreatic cancer if stenosis of intrapancreatic bile duct is present.     

Differentiating Immunoglobulin G4-Related Sclerosing Cholangitis from Hilar Cholangiocarcinoma

Background/Aims

Few studies have differentiated immunoglobulin G (IgG) 4-related sclerosing cholangitis (IgG4-SC) from hilar cholangiocarcinoma (CC). Thus, we sought to investigate useful features for differentiating IgG4-SC from hilar CC.

Methods

We retrospectively compared clinical, serological, imaging, and histological features of six patients with IgG4-SC and 42 patients with hilar CC.

Results

In patients with hilar CC, obstructive jaundice was more frequent (p<0.01), serum total bilirubin levels were significantly higher (p<0.05), serum CA19-9 levels were significantly higher (p<0.01), and serum duke pancreatic monoclonal antigen type 2 levels were frequently elevated (p<0.05). However, in patients with IgG4-SC, the serum IgG (p<0.05) and IgG4 (p<0.01) levels were significantly higher and frequently elevated. The pancreas was enlarged in all IgG4-SC patients but only in 17% of hilar CC patients (p<0.01). Salivary and/or lacrimal gland swelling was detected in only 50% of IgG4-SC patients (p<0.01). Endoscopic retrograde cholangiography revealed that the hilar or hepatic duct was completely obstructed in 83% of hilar CC patients (p<0.01). Lower bile duct stenosis, apart from hilar bile duct stenosis, was more frequent in IgG4-SC patients (p<0.01). Bile duct wall thickening in areas without stenosis was more frequent in IgG4-SC patients (p<0.01).

Conclusions

An integrated diagnostic approach based on clinical, serological, imaging, and histological findings is necessary to differentiate IgG4-SC from hilar CC.     

Review of primary sclerosing cholangitis with increased IgG4 levels

Primary sclerosing cholangitis(PSC) is a chronic progressive liver disease. Subtypes of PSC have been described, most recently PSC with elevated serum and/or tissue IgG4 subclass. We aim to summarise the clinical phenotype,disease associations, differential diagnosis, response to therapy and pathogenic mechanisms underlying PSC-high IgG4 subtype. We reviewed Pub Med,MEDLINE and Embase with the search terms "primary sclerosing cholangitis","IgG4", and "IgG4-related sclerosing cholangitis(IgG4-SC)". Elevated serum IgG4 are found in up-to one-quarter, and abundant IgG4-plasma cell infiltrates in the liver and bile ducts are found in up-to one-fifth of PSC patients. This group have a distinct clinical phenotype, with some studies reporting a more aggressive course of liver and associated inflammatory bowel disease, compared to PSCnormal IgG4 and the disease mimic IgG4-SC. Distinguishing PSC-high IgG4 from IgG4-SC remains challenging, requiring careful assessment of clinical features,organ involvement and tissue morphology. Calculation of serum IgG4:IgG1 ratios and use of a novel IgG4:IgG RNA ratio have been reported to have excellent specificity to distinguish IgG4-SC and PSC-high IgG4 but require validation in larger cohorts. A role for corticosteroid therapy in PSC-high IgG4 remains unanswered, with concerns of increased toxicity and lack of outcome data. The immunological drivers underlying prominent IgG4 antibodies in PSC are incompletely defined. An association with PSC-high IgG4 and HLA class-II haplotypes(B*07, DRB1*15), T-helper2 and T-regulatory cytokines(IL4, IL10,IL13) and chemokines(CCL1, CCR8) have been described. PSC-high IgG4 have a distinct clinical phenotype and need careful discrimination from IgG4-SC,although response to immunosuppressive treatments and long-term outcome remains unresolved. The presence of IgG4 likely represents chronic activation to persistent antigenic exposure in genetically predisposed individuals.