百级层流手术室动态条件下空气细菌数量的调查

目的探讨医院百级层流手术室在进行手术状态下,空气中沉降细菌数量监测结果,了解影响其因素和探讨改进层流手术室洁净度的措施。方法测定百级层流手术室在进行手术状态下(即动态条件下)不同时段空气中沉降细菌菌落数。结果静态条件下不同手术室之间比较,差异无统计学意义,动态条件下不同手术室之间亦差异无统计学意义;同一手术室动态条件下第一台手术开始时与结束前比较,1、3室沉降菌数量随手术时间延长而增加,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),2室差异无统计学意义;在手术室内5～10人时,空气沉降菌数量为(10.978±7.275)CFU/平板,11～16人时,沉降菌数量为(23.399±17.334)CFU/平板,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),即手术室动态条件下空气沉降菌数量与手术室人数呈正相关。结论人员是层流手术室空气污染的主要因素,应严格限制手术室内人数,是保障手术中空气洁净度的一项关键措施。     

连台手术中手术室环境监测结果分析

目的 通过目标性监测,了解连台手术中可能导致医源性感染的主要因素及与之相关控制管理的主要环节.方法 选择Ⅱ级层流洁净手术室手术后连续监测,术后0、10、20、30 min空气中尘粒含量、微生物浓度及物体表面染菌浓度.结果 手术室空气中尘粒浓度在手术结束后20 min、空气中微生物浓度在手术结束后10 min及手术室物体表面染菌浓度在10 min后合格数为25、16和20,合格率分别为83.3％、86.7％及93.3％,达到手术要求的标准.结论 Ⅱ级层流洁净手术室在物体表面消毒及手术室自闭、净化20 min后,手术室环境可达到继续下一台手术的要求.     

空气细菌监测对维护和管理洁净手术部空气质量的影响

目的 探讨实施空气细菌监测对维护和管理洁净手术部空气质量的意义。方法 对某院洁净手术部的45间手术间进行沉降菌静态、动态空气监测。参照《医院洁净手术部建筑设计规范》GB 50333进行静态空气监测,参照《医院洁净手术部污染控制规范》DB/11408—2007要求进行动态空气监测。其中动态空气监测选择第一台手术不同时间段(手术切皮时、手术2 h或缝合结束、接台-麻醉-皮肤消毒时)进行采样,记录手术过程中可能影响室内空气质量的相关因素。遇动态、静态空气监测合格率较低时即查找原因,制定并实施管理措施。结果 2010年5月—2021年9月静态空气采样共782间次,合格763间次,合格率97.57%。其中2018年6月静态空气采样6间,合格率为33.33%,针对不合格情况进行原因分析,采取整改措施,2018年11月—2021年9月静态空气监测合格率为99.48%。动态空气监测结果显示,2010年5月不同级别手术间动态空气监测结果均不合格,2010年6月—2011年6月,共进行空气动态采样103台次,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ级手术间合格率分别为90.00%、89.80%、95.45%。Ⅱ、Ⅲ级手术间不同位置回风...     

两种手术室空气质量的对比分析

目的 了解影响手术室空气质量的相关因素,探讨提高手术室洁净度的措施.方法 对长春市某三甲医院的普通手术间和层流手术间进行空气静态和动态细菌学监测.结果 普通手术间和层流手术间静态采样合格率分别为98.97%、99.02%,两组比较差异无统计学意义;普通手术间和层流手术间在择期手术开始时(T_0)采样合格率分别为93.51%、94.67%,两组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);普通手术室和层流手术室在急诊手术开始时(T_0)采样合格率分别为78.95%、93.88%,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);普通手术室随着手术时间的延长细菌总数逐渐增加,层流手术室在手术开始的T_2内,细菌总数呈波动性上升,T_3后显著下降.结论 急诊手术、手术时间是影响手术室空气质量的危险因素.手术室采用净化空调系统可以提高空气洁净度.     

层流手术室在连台手术时室内细菌学研究

目的:了解层流手术室连台手术时室内浮游菌污染情况.方法:采用沉降法研究室内微生物含量,"五点法"布局采样,对照组与实验组患者开始麻醉时采样1次,手术切皮开始后30min再采样1次;对照组连台之间使用清水将手术设备等表面擦拭干净,地面用清水清洁,然后关闭手术间自净≥25min后进行第2台手术,试验组常规清理术后用物,使用清水将手术设备等表面擦拭干净,立即进行第2台手术.结果:两组第一台与第二台术前和术中,相对应的平板细菌菌落数比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);两组第二台患者术后切口愈合一般情况差异无统计学意义(x2=0.351,P>0.05).结论:层流手术室可以有效维持手术间空气清洁状态,可以直接接台手术,无需间隔自净等待,人员流动及开关门频率与层流手术室空气中浮游菌数量密切相关.     

采用不同方法清洁消毒数字减影血管造影机对导管室手术间空气质量的影响

目的 探讨应用不同方法清洁消毒数字减影血管造影(DSA)机对导管室手术间空气质量的影响.方法 在手术间净化空调层流系统正常运行状态下,同一人员分别应用清水及250 mg/L含氯消毒液对DSA机进行擦拭清洁消毒,应用清水和消毒液均清洁消毒两次,在无人和术中两种情况下,分别在擦拭前、擦拭后30、60、120 min进行空气采样和细菌计数.结果 采用清水及含氯消毒液擦拭消毒DSA机器后,导管室手术间空气质量均能达到Ⅲ类一般洁净手术室标准,≥0.5 μm尘粒含尘浓度≤350粒/L、浮游菌≤75 CFU/m3、沉降菌≤2 CFU/(30min·Φ90 mm皿),差异无统计学意义.结论 采用清水擦拭清洁和含氯消毒液擦拭消毒DSA机,对导管室手术间空气质量无明显影响,两者能够达到等同效果.     

层流手术室动态环境中不同时间空气含菌量的研究

目的研究层流手术室术中空气细菌数量的分布. 方法采用平板暴露法对普通手术室消毒后未做手术的6个手术间的空气、8 台手术中的空气和层流手术室28台手术中的空气,分别于手术开始20min至结束每隔20min采样计数细菌,抽取比较有代表性的手术开始20、60、100min 3组空气对照,经t检验;以曲线描绘3种手术室空气菌落随时间变化的趋势. 结果层流手术室与普通手术室术中3组不同时间的空气细菌总数均差异有显著性;层流手术室术中与普通手术室消毒后未做手术的空气细菌总数差异无显著性;普通手术室在手术开始时20min和手术结束前20min细菌总数出现两个高峰,整个曲线呈现"M"形;普通手术室消毒后未做手术的空气随采样次数的增加,细菌总数有一定增加,层流手术室术中空气无以上两种趋势. 结论层流手术室可有效地保证术中环境的洁净和稳定.     

洁净手术室医院感染的现状及护理对策

目的了解洁净手术室医院感染的现状,探讨相应的护理对策。方法采用回顾性调查方法,对医院2006~2008年手术切口感染、手术室卫生学和无菌物品细菌监测结果进行统计分析。结果3年中切口感染总发生率0.65%,其中择期手术为0.46%,急诊类手术为1.11%(χ2=29.2,P0.001);切口感染的原因与环境质量,无菌观念,手术时间较长等因素有关。结论加强洁净手术室全程护理质量管理,严格各项无菌操作,保证手术间空气净化效果,是降低手术室医院感染发生率的重要措施。     

医院手术室净化空调系统管理及维护要素的探讨

随着医院洁净手术部的不断建设发展，层流净化手术室及相应空调系统的管理与维护工作日趋重要，对提供适宜的环境室温和无菌的手术区域，降低手术感染率有关键作用，而相关的日常维护与消耗品的及时更换影响了洁净手术部的正常安全运作；结论：医院洁净手术部净化空调系统在日常维护管理中必须针对其特殊性做出合理安排，对医院控制感染管理、提高手术质量至关重要。     

层流净化产房感染控制管理研究现状

层流净化系统常用于外科手术室。层流净化产房是参考医院层流净化外科手术室建筑技术规范相关要求，在产房内不同区域实施不同级别空气净化技术，使其达到一定空气洁净度级别。启用层流净化系统，可使产房硬件条件得到提升。规范的产房感染控制管理，可降低产妇感染发生率，为产妇分娩提供安全的理想环境，保障母婴健康。笔者查阅大量国内外文献，尚未发现对层流净化产房感染控制管理研究的系统阐述。笔者在整合层流洁净手术室及产房感染控制管理经验的基础上，结合本院实际，从人员(man)、设备(machine)、物料(material)、措施(method)、环境(enviroment)、监测(measurement)等方面，对层流净化产房感染控制管理的研究现状进行阐述，使产房感染控制管理做到规范化、制度化，进而有效降低医院感染发生率，提高医疗水平，保证医疗安全和质量。     

烧伤病房空气消毒洁净度的质量控制

目的：研究烧伤病房空气净化消毒洁净度的质量控制。方法：选择层流、静电和紫外线消毒烧伤病房各一间,分别在开机前、消毒后进行采样做空气培养和微粒检测。结果：层流烧伤病房细菌数明显少于静电和紫外线消毒烧伤病房。结论：烧伤病房层流净化消毒是一种理想的空气净化消毒方式,是实现烧伤病房现代化管理目标的重要设施之一。     

Microbial air monitoring in operating theatre: active and passive samplings

Microbial air contamination was evaluated in 11 operating theatres using active and passive samplings. SAS (Surface Air System) air sampling was used to evaluate cfu/m3 and settle plates were used to measure the index of microbial air contamination (IMA). Samplings were performed at the same time on three different days, at three different times (before, during and after the surgical activity). Two points were monitored (patient area and perimeter of the operating theatre). Moreover, the cfu/m3 were evaluated at the air inlet of the conditioner system. 74.7% of samplings performed at the air inlet and 66.7% of the samplings performed at the patient area before the beginning of the surgical activity (at rest) exceeded the 35 cfu/m3 used as threshold value. 100% of IMA values exceeded the threshold value of 5. Using both active and passive sampling, the microbial contamination was shown to increase significantly during activity. The cfu values were higher at the patient area than at the perimeter of the operating theatre. Mean values of the cfu/m3 during activity at the patient area ranged from a minimum of 61+/-41 cfu/m3 to a maximum of 242+/-136 cfu/m3; IMA values ranged from a minimum of 19+/-10 to a maximum of 129+/-60. 15.2% of samplings performed at the patient area using SAS and 75.8% of samplings performed using settle plates exceeded the threshold values of 180 cfu/m3 and 25 respectively, with a significant difference of the percentages. The highest values were found in the operating theatre with inadequate structural and managerial conditions. These findings confirm that the microbiological quality of air may be considered a mirror of the hygienic conditions of the operating theatre. Settle plates proved to be more sensitive in detecting the increase of microbial air contamination related to conditions that could compromise the quality of the air in operating theatres.     

Microbiological quality of hospital indoor air. Determinant factors for microbial concentration in air of operating theatres

Foregoing research presents results of total number of bacteria and fungi assays carried out in air of operating theatres before, during and directly after planned surgical procedure. Basing on the results obtained in winter and summer the assessment of bacteria and fungi concentration in atmospheric air impact on microbial quality of air inside of operating theatre was elaborated. Investigation of the reason of high concentration of bacteria in air inside of operating rooms was conducted simultaneously. Presented results of microbial air purity collected from atmospheric air in parallel with indoor air demonstrated that air filters applied in air-conditioning system worked correctly and bacterial contamination of air had different reasons.     

Risk factors for particulate and microbial contamination of air in operating theatres

This study was designed to standardize dust collection in recently built operating theatres equipped with a continuous monitoring system. The objectives were to establish the relationship between microbiological and dust contamination, and then to compare those parameters with the main indicators of surgical activity in order to better define risk factors affecting air quality. The air quality during 23 surgical operations was studied in three conventionally ventilated operating theatres. Microbiological air counts were taken using both passive and active sampling methods. Air dust particles, > or =0.5 and > or =5 microm in size, were measured using a light-scattering particle analyser. The overall dust load was mainly (98%) composed of fine particulate matter, most probably due to its longer suspension time before settlement. These particles positively correlated with operation length, but not with surgical technique, suggesting that fine particles may be a good tracer of operation complexity. In contrast, the surgical technique was the main predictor for the concentration of particles > or =5 microm, with a higher risk from general conventional surgery compared with scope surgery. The frequency of door-opening, taken as an index of staff and visitor movement, was the main negative predictor of over-threshold values of both fine and larger dust particles but, conversely, was a positive predictor of raised bacterial counts.     

校园空气微生物分布及其变化规律研究

目的 了解校园空气中微生物分布及其变化规律。方法 采用空气沉降法,分别于春、夏、秋、冬四个季节对贵州大学校园8个不同功能区,共30个监测点进行了细菌含量的监测。结果 ⑴在室内监测点中,教学区空气质量全部合格,图书馆的空气质量是最佳的;女生宿舍、食堂的空气微生物含量相对较高。室外监测点中林荫道的空气质量在不同季节大部分时间均处于清洁水平,而主干道空气质量全年均处于污染水平。⑵校园各功能区中,室内空气微生物浓度明显低于室外,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。⑶校园各功能区不同季节空气细菌和真菌浓度变化特征存在差异。各季节不同功能区空气中细菌浓度无显著差异;而各季节空气中真菌浓度差异显著,真菌浓度在秋季最高,冬季最低。结论 在人流量大的、空间相对密闭、植被稀少的场所空气中的微生物污染较严重,相反在人流量小、通风好、植被茂密的场所微生物污染少,空气质量较好。     

A mobile laminar airflow unit to reduce air bacterial contamination at surgical area in a conventionally ventilated operating theatre

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a mobile laminar airflow (LAF) unit in reducing bacterial contamination at the surgical area in an operating theatre supplied with turbulent air ventilation. Bacterial sedimentation was evaluated during 76 clean urological laparotomies; in 34 of these, a mobile LAF unit was added. During each operation, settle plates were placed at four points in the operating theatre (one at the patient area and three at the perimeter), a nitrocellulose membrane was placed on the instrument table and an additional membrane near the wound. During four operations, particle counting was performed to detect particles > or =0.5 microm. Mean bacterial sedimentation on the nitrocellulose membrane on the instrument table was 2730 cfu/m(2)/h under standard ventilation conditions, whereas it decreased significantly to a mean of 305 cfu/m(2)/h when the LAF unit was used, i.e. within the suggested limit for ultraclean operating theatres (P=0.0001). The membrane near the wound showed a bacterial sedimentation of 4031 cfu/m(2)/h without the LAF unit and 1608 cfu/m(2)/h with the unit (P=0.0001). Particle counts also showed a reduction when the LAF unit was used. No significant difference was found at the four points in the operating theatre between samplings performed with, and without, the LAF unit. Use of a mobile LAF unit with turbulent air ventilation can reduce bacterial contamination at the surgical area in high-risk operations (e.g. prosthesis implant).     

层流洁净新生儿重症监护病房早产儿实施床旁手术的可行性分析

 目的 探讨层流洁净新生儿重症监护病房(NICU)早产儿实施床旁手术的效果与可行性。方法 回顾性分析某军队三甲综合医院2017年9月—2020年10月NICU住院并进行床旁动脉导管扎闭术(PDA)及腹部探查术的危重新生儿的临床资料,在NICU行床旁手术者列为NICU组,转入手术室进行手术者列为手术室(OR)组,比较两组新生儿术后体温、切口感染率及病死率的差异。结果 共计纳入258例新生儿,其中NICU组166例,OR组92例。NICU组新生儿出生胎龄、出生体质量、手术时体质量、新生儿危重病例评分均低于OR组;NICU组新生儿术前应用呼吸机通气比例高于OR组,差异均有统计学意义(均P＜0.05)。NICU组与OR组新生儿术中抽检空气培养微生物菌落数、术前体温、PDA与剖腹探查术的构成比例、术后切口感染发病率及病死率比较,差异均无统计学意义(均P＞0.05),但手术后OR组新生儿平均体温低于NICU组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05)。结论 层流洁净NICU早产儿行床旁PDA和腹部手术临床可行,且床旁手术更有利于减少术后低体温的发生。对层流洁净病房进行日常规范化维护,可以有效保障危重早产儿床旁手术的安全。     

Bacterial contamination of the air in different operating rooms

Bacteria air samples were taken in the operating rooms, with no people present, to specify the level of air contamination and suggest bacteriological standards for different operating rooms. In the first step of this study, for 5 months the air contamination mean value of operating rooms, ventilated at 15 changes/hour was 18.5 Cfu/m3 +/- 1.9. In the second part of the study, during two years, 1 381 air samples were taken in 8 different operating rooms. The mean values of air contamination range from 1.4 Cfu/m3 in a Charnley isolator system to 121 Cfu/m3 in an operating room ventilated at 7.5 changes per hour. As a general rule, the airborne contamination is more significant in the oldest operating rooms than in the new one with filtrated air. The variations observed between 1981 and 1982 are explained by technical modifications of the system or progress in control of operating room conditions. Measurements of the bacterial contamination of the air give useful informations, but it is however better to ensure that the specifications for volume air supply and positive air pressure in the operating theatres are being fulfilled. The airborne bacterial concentration in a modern ventilated operating room should not exceed 30 Cfu/m3.     

Measurement of bacterial and fungal air counts in two bone marrow transplant units

We evaluated air contamination with bacteria and fungi in a transplantation unit, successively housed in two buildings. Bacterial air contamination was least in laminar air flow rooms, and reduced in ultraclean air rooms in comparison with conventional rooms. Similar results were obtained with culture of air for fungi.     

Modelling indoor air quality: validation and sensitivity

The main objective of this work is to extend the knowledge of indoor air quality by using a numerical tool to calculate the concentrations of pollutants in the indoor air of a classroom. The application of a numerical model allowed to quantitatively assess the impact of several proposed improvement measures, through the simulation of scenarios.The numerical model CONTAM was used to characterise the indoor air quality in a classroom of an elementary school, in terms of concentrations of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and particulate matter. The results of the CONTAM simulations were compared to measurements performed during monitoring campaigns (SINPHONIE project). The simulated and measured carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide concentrations inside the classroom are in good agreement. Furthermore, for particulate matter, simulated values show a significant difference from measured values, which are higher overall. With the goal of maximising the indoor air quality of the classroom, several alternative scenarios were simulated. The door and windows of the classroom were opened or closed at different times for each scenario. The scenario promoting the best indoor air quality (i.e. with the lowest concentrations of carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide) is the one in which the door is only open to allow students to get in and out of the room, and the window is kept half-open during the entire day.