含E型沙眼衣原体MOMP基因的重组腺病毒和DNA疫苗联合免疫效果的研究

目的探讨E型沙眼衣原体（Ct）主要外膜蛋白（MOMP）DNA疫苗和重组腺病毒联合免疫小鼠诱导的免疫效应。方法构建、纯化重组腺病毒Ad-MOMP及重组真核表达质粒pVAX1-MOMP。设计4种免疫方案,分别为DNA免疫（ DNA组）、重组腺病毒免疫（ Ad组）、DNA初次免疫-重组腺病毒加强免疫（ DNA/Ad组）、重组腺病毒初次免疫-DNA加强免疫（ Ad/DNA组）。末次免疫后2周检测小鼠血清特异IgG、IgG1、IgG2a、IgA抗体,阴道分泌物SIgA抗体及脾淋巴细胞分泌IFN-γ、IL-10水平。结果DNA组诱导较弱免疫应答,未产生SIgA抗体及Th1反应。 Ad组诱导出Th1反应及SIgA抗体,且血清抗体显著高于DNA组。联合免疫均能诱导明显强于单独免疫的黏膜SIgA、血清抗体及Th1反应。 Ad/DNA组的Th1反应强于DNA/Ad组;而DNA/Ad组的血清抗体和黏膜抗体水平强于Ad/DNA组。结论Ad-MOMP能诱导黏膜免疫及Th1细胞免疫应答,DNA/Ad及Ad/DNA联合免疫产生的特异性免疫应答明显强于单独免疫。其中Ad/DNA的Th1反应优势更明显,DNA/Ad的血清抗体和黏膜抗体反应更强。接种顺序会影响联合免疫的强弱及类型,这为Ct疫苗的设计研究提供新的思路和实验依据。     

旋毛虫Ts87重组蛋白诱导的小鼠黏膜免疫保护性研究

本实验探讨旋毛虫Ts87重组蛋白灌胃免疫小鼠诱导的黏膜免疫保护性作用。实验分对照组、佐剂组(霍乱毒素B亚单位组,CTB)和免疫组(CTB Ts87重组蛋白),灌胃免疫,间隔1周共免疫3次。末次免疫后第7天用400条旋毛虫感染期幼虫攻击,比较3组小鼠肠道成虫数、雌虫生殖力和肌幼虫数。且于末次免疫后第7天刮取肠黏液、取血检测特异性sIgA、IgG抗体水平。结果显示免疫组小鼠成虫减虫率、新生蚴减虫率、肌幼虫减虫率分别是81·34%、67·02%、84·49%;小鼠肠黏液sIgA水平及血清IgG水平显著高于对照组和佐剂组。结果表明Ts87重组蛋白黏膜免疫能够诱导小鼠产生抗旋毛虫的保护性免疫。灌胃免疫能显著提高肠黏液特异性sIgA水平,对促进肠道成虫的排出有明显作用。     

Ag85A DNA疫苗加强免疫显著提高卡介苗初免小鼠的抗结核T细胞免疫应答

目的 构建表达结核分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium tuberculosis,Mtb)免疫优势抗原Ag85A的DNA疫苗,分析其加强免疫后提高卡介苗(BCG)初免小鼠的抗结核T细胞免疫应答.方法 以Mtb毒株H37Rv基因组DNA为模板,PCR扩增Ag85A抗原编码的结构基因并克隆至真核表达载体pVAX1中构建其DNA疫苗;接着,将纯化后的该DNA疫苗加强免疫BCG初免小鼠2针,以BCG和DNA单独免疫小鼠为对照,免疫8周后无菌分离脾淋巴细胞,分别应用IFN-γ ELISPOT和多因子胞内流式细胞术(intracellular staining)分析免疫小鼠的Mtb抗原特异性效应细胞免疫水平与分泌IFN-γ/TNF-α/IL-2的多功能CD4+T细胞频率及其强度以及CD8+T细胞免疫应答.结果 与BCG免疫及DNA单独免疫组相比,Ag85A DNA加强免疫不仅能显著提高小鼠IFN-γ+TNF-α+IL-2+多功能T细胞,IFN-γ+IL-2+、IL-2+TNF-α+双功能T细胞与IL-2+单功能T细胞的频率以及IL-2的分泌能力,还能显著诱导小鼠产生更多分泌IFN-γ和IL-2的CD8+T细胞.结论 本研究成功构建了表达Mtb免疫优势抗原Ag85A的DNA疫苗并分析了其免疫原性,证实了BCG初免-DNA加强的免疫策略可同时显著增强实验小鼠的Mtb抗原特异性CD4+T和CD8+T细胞应答水平,有利于提高BCG的免疫原性,为增强BCG逐渐下降的抗结核保护效果提供新思路.     

pBudCE4.1/PPE68DNA疫苗诱导Balb/c小鼠产生Th1免疫应答

目的构建结核分枝杆菌PPE68 DNA疫苗,并探讨其在小鼠体内诱导的Th1免疫应答。方法将结核分枝杆菌PPE68基因和复制子OriM基因亚克隆入真核表达质粒pBudCE4.1中构建穿梭质粒,并用其免疫Balb/c小鼠,于第3次免疫后2周处死小鼠,分别检测免疫小鼠血清IgG2a水平、IFN-γ和IL-12水平;特异性蛋白刺激后淋巴细胞增殖状态;小鼠肺、脾组织病理改变情况。结果 PPE68 DNA疫苗免疫小鼠后血清中的IgG2a水平、IFN-γ和IL-12均有意义的提高,脾淋巴细胞增殖显著。脾肺未见明显病理改变。结论 PPE68DNA疫苗可有效诱导小鼠Th1免疫应答,为进一步研究其抗MTB的免疫保护作用奠定了基础。     

电转染技术结合初免后加强免疫策略增强结核杆菌核酸疫苗免疫原性的研究

目的研究电转染技术结合初免后加强免疫策略能否增强结核杆菌核酸疫苗的免疫原性。方法将编码结核杆菌的Ag85A和ESAT-6蛋白抗原的基因分别插入到质粒pVAX1载体中，构建成HG85和HG6两种核酸疫苗。每只BALB／c小鼠肌肉注射10μg核酸疫苗，同时于注射部位施加方型波电脉冲促进质粒DNA体内转染；进行3次初免，再用相应蛋白质抗原或卡介苗加强免疫。结果肌肉注射10μg核酸疫苗加电转染能诱导出与不用电转染接种100μg核酸疫苗相似或更强的抗体免疫应答。初免后采用相应蛋白加强后小鼠产生的免疫应答偏向于TH2型，血清特异性抗体的几何平均滴度比加强前提高5—76倍。而用卡介苗加强免疫，产生的免疫应答偏向TH1型。结论采用电转染技术结合蛋白质或卡介苗加强免疫策略，能显著增强结核杆菌核酸疫苗在动物体内的免疫原性。     

抗淋病LTB-PorB核酸疫苗与蛋白疫苗联合应用增强免疫应答的研究

目的:初步探讨抗淋病LTB-PorB核酸疫苗与蛋白疫苗联合免疫的免疫增强效应,为研制抗淋病疫苗提供实验依据。方法:大量制备核酸疫苗(pcDNA3.1(-)/ltB-porB)及重组蛋白疫苗(rLTB-PorB);通过鼻饲途径将核酸疫苗和蛋白疫苗采用核酸初免-蛋白加强(DNAprime-protein boost)联合免疫以及分别单独免疫雌性BALB/c小鼠,同时设PBS及空质粒(pcDNA3.1(-))对照组,检测各组体液免疫和细胞免疫应答水平。结果:免疫后第56天,联合免疫组小鼠生殖道sIgAA450(1·083±0·179)、血清IgG A450(1.023±0.116)、脾淋巴细胞诱生的IL-4[(357.58±34.44)/pg/ml]和IFN-γ[(261.85±29.92)/pg/ml]水平均明显高于各对照组(P0.01),小鼠脾淋巴细胞增殖率(SI:2.12±0.29)较对照组显著增高(P0.05);核酸疫苗组、蛋白疫苗组和联合免疫组血清IgG亚类IgG2a/IgG1比值分别为1.678、0.455和0.693。结论:LTB-PorB核酸疫苗和蛋白疫苗联合免疫组诱导的特异性体液免疫应答和细胞免疫应答水平明显优于单独的核酸疫苗组和蛋白疫苗组,且以诱导Th2倾向性免疫应答为主。     

旋毛虫Ts87重组蛋白诱发小鼠保护性免疫的研究

为了进一步探讨旋毛虫Ts87基因原核表达重组蛋白的保护性免疫作用 ,本试验用此纯化重组蛋白组分加福氏完全佐剂 (FCA)皮下注射免疫NIH小鼠 3次 ,继以旋毛虫感染性幼虫 2 5 0条攻击 ,攻击后每周取血清测抗体IgG滴度 ,第 35天计数小鼠肌肉幼虫数。结果显示重组蛋白免疫鼠的肌肉幼虫减虫率为4 2 3% ,血清抗Ts87重组蛋白体IgG的几何平均倒数滴度 (GMRT)达到 80 0 0以上 ,均显著高于佐剂组和对照组。Ts87基因表达的重组蛋白可产生明显的保护性免疫作用     

HIV gag DNA疫苗诱导小鼠特异性细胞免疫应答的研究

目的 研究小鼠注射HIV gag DNA疫苗后的抗原特异性细胞免疫应答.方法 C57BL/6小鼠以初免/加强的策略经肌肉注射HIV gag DNA疫苗,一周后获取其脾与肺的单个细胞,体外经Gag抗原多肽刺激后,采用ELISA法检测细胞培养上清中IFN-γ的水平,ELISPOT法检测IFN-γ分泌细胞的频率,流式细胞仪分析特异性T细胞的亚群.结果 经Gag多肽刺激后,加强免疫组IFN-γ产生的总体水平和分泌细胞频率均高于对照组及初次免疫组.HIV gag DNA疫苗可同时诱导产生Gag-特异性CD4 和CD8 T细胞.结论 HIV gagDNA疫苗免疫小鼠后可诱导抗原特异性效应性T细胞应答.     

pHSP65疫苗增强结核杆菌特异性T细胞产生IFN-γ

为提高BCG的免疫效果,以BCG进行初次免疫,比较pHSP65基因疫苗和BCG疫苗加强免疫的效果,寻找新型结核疫苗的初免-加强免疫策略。于第0周皮下接种BCG,第6、8周给予pHSP65滴鼻免疫或BCG加强免疫,末次免疫后2周检测全身及肺脏局部IFN-γ的产生。与BCG初免/BCG加强免疫相比,经pHSP65基因疫苗滴鼻加强免疫后,ELISPOT结果显示脾脏和肺局部分泌IFN-γ的淋巴细胞数量显著增加,流式检测显示IFN-γ+CD4+T细胞数量显著增加,ELISA结果证实淋巴细胞IFN-γ的分泌显著增高,提示经BCG初次免疫后,以pHSP65 DNA滴鼻加强免疫可显著增强全身和肺局部T淋巴细胞IFN-γ的产生,具有良好的抗结核感染潜能。     

不可分型流感嗜血杆菌P6 DNA疫苗与蛋白疫苗序贯免疫效应研究

观察不可分型流感嗜血杆菌P6DNA疫苗初免蛋白疫苗加强免疫方式的免疫效果。大量扩增pcDNA3-P6。将65只BALB/c小鼠随机分PBS对照组、pcDNA3.1对照组、pcDNA3.1-P6组、P6蛋白组、pcDNA3.1-P6/P6蛋白组,分别于0、14、28d免疫。质粒每次每只接种100μg,蛋白每次每只接种10μg。末次免疫后14d,每组取10只小鼠取血,ELISA检测血清中特异性IgG抗体滴度。每组取3只小鼠处死,制备脾淋巴细胞,ELISA检测IL-4和IFN-γ水平,CCK-8法检测脾淋巴细胞增殖指数。用15LD50NTHi攻击每组剩余10只小鼠,观察免疫保护作用。结果:pcDNA3.1-P6/P6蛋白组小鼠的脾淋巴增殖指数和IFN-γ水平明显高于质粒组和蛋白组(P0.05)。pcDNA3.1-P6/P6蛋白组小鼠IgG抗体滴度、IL-4水平和动物生存率明显高于质粒组(P0.05)但和蛋白组相比无明显差异(P0.05)。因此pcDNA3.1-P6初免P6蛋白加强免疫的方式可以提高疫苗的免疫效果。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.