乳房体积测量器在乳房整形中的应用

目的 使两侧体积不等的乳房在行乳房整形术后获得对称、满意的效果。方法 使用自制的乳房体积测量器，应用计算乳房标准体积的方法，对隆乳和缩乳的患者进行测量并计算。从而选择不同容积的置入假体和切除不同体积的乳房组织。结果 本组32例患者，经过3个月至2年的随访．其中有2例单侧隆乳患者因原乳腺组织局部缺损，术后外形欠佳。其余患者术后两侧乳房的体积基本对称。效果较为理想。结论 术前只有较准确地测量出乳房体积，计算出既符合美学要求又能满足患者愿望的乳房体积，并选择适当容积的隆乳假体或切除适当体积的乳房组织。才能保证术后两侧乳房体积的对称。使手术效果更加理想。     

应用三维扫描技术测量分析假体隆乳术后乳房形态变化的研究

目的 应用三维扫描技术准确客观地测量并分析隆乳术后乳房三维形态的变化。方法 双侧隆乳者18例（36只乳房）,均为圆形硅凝胶假体,采用胸肌下平面置入。假体体积平均为232．2ml,高度平均为3．46cm,其中低突型12只（h〈3．0cm）,中突型16只（3．0≤h＜4．0cm）,高突型8只（h≥4．0cm）。应用三维扫描仪采集术前及手术后1个月后的乳房三维图像,并用Geomagicl0．0软件测量乳房体积、突度、对称性等参数。结果 获得隆乳前后36只乳房的体积、突度等参数。术后乳房增加的体积与假体体积基本相当（P〉0．05）,乳房突度的增加值小于假体高度,术后乳房突度比预期突度（术前突度＋假体高度）减少12．9％,其中低型、中突型、高突型分别为5．2％、15．1％、20．2％。结论 三维扫描技术能在临床上简便、快捷、准确、非接触性地测量乳房的三维形态,为术前设计及术后评估提供科学性的指导,是理想的乳房形态测量工具。     

CT数据三维重建测量乳房体积在乳房整形中的应用

目的探讨应用三维重建技术测量乳房体积和乳房假体体积,及其在乳房整形中的应用前景。方法由CT影像扫描系统获得患者胸部的基本CT数据（层厚3mm）,将CT的二维数据导入计算机,应用MINICS软件及MagicRP软件对59例胸廓或乳房不对称患者进行乳房体积差测量及乳房假体体积测量．根据测量结果为患者选择体积适当的假体。术后测量患者双侧乳房各种径线,并评价其术后效果。结果59例患者术后双侧乳房基本对称,乳房形态理想,取得了满意的效果。结论本方法测量乳房体积准确可靠,在测量乳房和乳房假体体积方面具有实际的应用价值。     

三维扫描技术测量隆乳术后乳房体积变化的研究

目的：研究一种全新的使用三维扫描技术测量隆乳术后乳房体积变化的方法,并将其与传统的方法进行重复性和准确性比较。材料和方法：10名隆乳术后3个月以上接受随访的患者接受了两次标准化的乳房三维扫描。使用方法1（新方法）和方法2（传统方法）测量两次扫描乳房的体积差值,并进行两种方法的重复性和准确性比较。测量重复性比较：对1例病例的乳房模型分别使用方法1和方法2进行重复测量9次,计算两种方法得出的乳房体积变化值的变异系数。测量准确性比较：对另外9例病例的乳房模型分别使用方法1和方法2进行重复测量3次,配对t检验比较两种方法得出的乳房体积变化值。结果：重复性比较：方法1和方法2的变异系数分别为10．7％和80．4％。准确性比较：使用方法1测量的平均乳房体积变化值为8．8ml,使用方法2测量的平均乳房体积变化值为37．7ml,两者有统计学差异。结论：本文提出的测量隆乳术后乳房体积变化的全新方法较目前通用的方法重复性和准确性明显提高,应当成为使用三维扫描技术测量乳房体积变化的标准。     

乳房体积测量方法的比较研究

目的：比较各类乳房体积测量方法,为临床应用提供参考。方法以“breast volume”、“breast measurement”和“breast volumetry”为关键词,检索Pubmed和万方数据库,筛选出以乳房体积测量为主题的文献。回顾、整理各类乳房体积测量方法,并分析其原理,比较其准确性、经济性和操作可行性。结果自1970年7月至2013年5月,总共有46篇以乳房体积测量的文章符合入选标准。目前已被报道的乳房体积测量方法共有9种,可以根据其测量原理分为三类：影像法,包括MRI、超声和CT测量;自然法,包括3D建模、排水体积法和胸模法;几何法,包括Grossman-Roudner、人体测量计算和X线摄片。结论9种测量方法中,3D建模和MRI测量法,因准确性较高,又没有明显的副作用,可以用来为术前计划提供参考;Grossman-Roudner模具测量法和人体测量法虽可靠性有所降低,但经济简便,可以使用在较大样本量的临床研究中。     

乳房体积测量器在乳房整形中的应用

目的　使两侧体积不等的乳房在行乳房整形术后获得对称、满意的效果。方法　使用自制的乳房体积测量器 ,应用计算乳房标准体积的方法 ,对隆乳和缩乳的患者进行测量并计算 ,从而选择不同容积的置入假体和切除不同体积的乳房组织。结果　本组 32例患者 ,经过 3个月至 2年的随访 ,其中有 2例单侧隆乳患者因原乳腺组织局部缺损 ,术后外形欠佳 ,其余患者术后两侧乳房的体积基本对称 ,效果较为理想。结论　术前只有较准确地测量出乳房体积 ,计算出既符合美学要求又能满足患者愿望的乳房体积 ,并选择适当容积的隆乳假体或切除适当体积的乳房组织 ,才能保证术后两侧乳房体积的对称 ,使手术效果更加理想     

乳房体积测量器在乳房整形中的应用

目的使两侧体积不等的乳房在行乳房整形术后获得对称、满意的效果.方法使用自制的乳房体积测量器,应用计算乳房标准体积的方法,对隆乳和缩乳的患者进行测量并计算,从而选择不同容积的置入假体和切除不同体积的乳房组织.结果本组32例患者,经过3个月至2年的随访,其中有2例单侧隆乳患者因原乳腺组织局部缺损,术后外形欠佳,其余患者术后两侧乳房的体积基本对称,效果较为理想.结论术前只有较准确地测量出乳房体积,计算出既符合美学要求又能满足患者愿望的乳房体积,并选择适当容积的隆乳假体或切除适当体积的乳房组织,才能保证术后两侧乳房体积的对称,使手术效果更加理想.     

基于MRI数据的乳房内聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶体积的测量

目的:建立一套应用核磁(MRI)数据进行乳房内PAHG体积计算的方法,并验证该方法的精确性。方法:将MRI数据导入Mimics软件,对PAHG区域进行三维重建,获得PAHG的体积。选取PAHG注射隆乳患者10名,由3位操作者采用该方法进行可重复性测定,每位患者测量10次,从而验证该体积测量方法的精确性。结果:不同测量者所测量的乳房内PAHG的体积之间无显著地统计学差异(P=0.173);每个测量者每次测量的体积之间的相关系数为0.964。结论:采用Mimics软件通过核磁数据三维重建测量乳房内PAHG的体积是一种精确性很高的方法。     

计算机辅助设计乳房三维重建及体积测量系统的研制

目的应用CAD技术开发建立乳房三维重建及乳房体积测量的系统软件，指导临床乳房癌术后一期乳房再造的术前设计。方法收集2006年1月至2007年12月间的16例乳腺MRI检查的影像学资料．数据以医学数字成像和通信标准文件格式刻输出。应用VTK、ITK、FLTK等C^＋＋6．0程序软件编程技术进行乳房三维重建及体积测量。结果（1）开发建立了乳房再造计算机辅助设计系统；（2）通过计算机编程进行乳房边界的界定，完成了乳房三维重建：（3）在重建乳房三维立体图像的基础上，通过计算各层面及其厚度和体积，再将各层体积叠加计算出乳房体积。结论应用CAD系统三维重建乳房，具有双侧对称度高，美观、逼真的优点；应用CAD系统测量乳房体积技术精确度高，测算速度快；CAD系统乳房三维重建及乳房体积测量软件有助于乳房一期再造的术前设计。     

不对称乳房美容整形治疗的探讨

目的探讨各种不同类型的不对称乳房的手术治疗方法。方法对48例不同类型的不对称乳房者，分别采用不同的乳房成形术进行矫治，其中包括两侧不同容积的乳房假体隆乳术(19例)，单侧隆乳术(11例)，切除两侧不同体积的乳房组织乳房缩小成形术(9例)，单侧乳房部分切除术(2例)，单侧乳房脂肪抽吸术(1例)，一侧巨乳房缩小成形术，一侧乳房悬吊术(3例)，一侧乳房悬吊，一侧隆乳术(2例)，单侧乳房悬吊(1例)。结果1例因乳房新皱襞下皮肤、皮下组织过多，进行了再次整复术。1例乳房悬吊术后半年，继发轻度下垂。1例因原乳腺组织切除过多且伴有乳房局部较大瘢痕，乳房前外侧稍有凹陷，形态不够满意。其余各例都取得了满意或基本满意的效果。结论对不对称乳房应针对不同的类型采用不同的术式治疗，不对称乳房的检查和测量应力求准确．以便达到尽可能的对称。     

一种乳房体积测量器及其在隆乳术中应用

目的:设计一种乳房体积测量器,对其在隆乳术中的应用进行评价和探讨。方法:设计并自制乳房体积测量器,对隆乳的患者进行测量和计算,选择合适容积的乳房假体行隆乳术。结果:本组52例,41例乳房对称者,隆乳术后效果好;11例乳房不对称者,其中,8例术后乳房对称,效果好,2例有细小差异,1例因假体型号(直径和凸度)选择不当,术后乳房体积接近但直径和高度存在差别。结论:本乳房体积测量器准确合理、方便快捷,在隆乳术中对乳房假体容积的选择具有指导意义。     

Comparison between breast volume measurement using 3D surface imaging and classical techniques

Quantification of the complex breast region can be helpful in breast surgery, which is shaped by subjective influences. However, there is no generally recognized method for breast volume calculation. Three-dimensional (3D) body surface imaging represents a new alternative for breast volume computation. The aim of this work was to compare breast volume calculation with 3D scanning and three classic methods, focusing on relative advantages, disadvantages, and reproducibility. Repeated breast volume calculations of both breasts in six patients (n=12) were performed using a 3D laser scanner, nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), thermoplastic castings, and anthropomorphic measurements. Mean volumes (cc) and mean measurement deviations were calculated, and regression analyses were performed. MRI showed the highest measurement precision, with a mean deviation (expressed as a percentage of mean breast volume) of 1.56+/-0.52% compared with 2.27+/-0.99% for the 3D scanner, 7.97+/-3.53% for thermoplastic castings, and 6.26+/-1.56% for the anthropomorphic measurements. Breast volume calculations using MRI showed the best agreement with 3D scanning measurement (r=0.990), followed by anthropomorphic measurement (r=0.947), and thermoplastic castings (r=0.727). Compared with three classical methods of breast volume calculation, 3D scanning provides acceptable accuracy for breast volume measurements, better spatial interpretation of the anatomical area to be operated on (due to lack of chest deformation), non-invasiveness, and good patient tolerance. After this preliminary study and further development, we believe that 3D body surface scanning could provide better preoperative planning and postoperative control in everyday clinical practice.     

Accurate assessment of breast volume: a study comparing the volumetric gold standard (direct water displacement measurement of mastectomy specimen) with a 3D laser scanning technique

Preoperative assessment of breast volume could contribute significantly to the planning of breast-related procedures. The availability of 3D scanning technology provides us with an innovative method for doing this. We performed this study to compare measurements by this technology with breast volume measurement by water displacement. A total of 30 patients undergoing 39 mastectomies were recruited from our center. The volume of each patient's breast(s) was determined with a preoperative 3D laser scan. The volume of the mastectomy specimen was then measured in the operating theater by water displacement. There was a strong linear association between breast volumes measured using the 2 different methods when using a Pearson correlation (r = 0.95, P < 0.001). The mastectomy mean volume was defined by the equation: mastectomy mean volume = (scan mean volume × 1.03) -70.6. This close correlation validates the Cyberware WBX Scanner as a tool for assessment of breast volume.     

Accurate Assessment of Breast Volume by Computed Tomography Using Three-dimensional Imaging Device

Preoperative assessment of breast volume could contribute significantly to the planning of breast reconstructive surgery. However, breast volume measurements are not carried out on a routine basis, because there is still no commonly accepted standard method for such measurements. In the current study, we assessed whether routine computed tomography (CT) of the chest using a three-dimensional device could provide accurate estimation of breast volumes in patients with breast cancer. Ten consecutive patients and 11 breasts with breast cancer that underwent mastectomy with immediate breast reconstruction were enrolled in this study. In each case, a three-dimensional image was constructed according to the CT data using a volume-rendering technique. Computed breast volumes were compared with known breast volumes obtained from surgical specimens. The mean breast volume of surgical specimens was 324.1 ± 173.5 mL. The mean breast volume value was established to be 351.6 ± 174.3 mL with three-dimensional CT in a novel method. There was a strong linear association between breast volumes of surgical specimens and breast volumes measured by the three-dimensional CT method when using a Pearson correlation (r = 0.985, P < 0.001). Our results suggest that the calculation of breast volume using three-dimensional CT is accurate enough to have a significant clinical benefit in planning reconstructive breast surgery. This method can help the surgeon predict the esthetic effect of various breast surgeries and guide the choice of the most appropriate implant preoperatively.     

Breast Volume Measurement in Young Chinese Women and Clinical Applications

The authors carried out research on breast volume and body surface anatomy of 125 women. As a result, an average breast volume for Chinese women was obtained (325.36 ± 12.66 ml), and a table with several linear equations for calculating breast volume was derived. The authors applied these results to their clinical work and succeeded in making mammaplasty more precise in 178 patients.     

Breast volume measurement in 125 Chinese young women

The author carried out measurement of breast volume and the body surface anatomy in 125 unmarried young women. Through the measurement and analysis, the author came to the following conclusions: 1. The characteristics of body build of Chinese young women are: a. The mean height: 159.00 cm-160.00 cm; The mean weight: 50.40 kg-60.00 kg; The standard weight: height minus 110. b. The mean chest circumference difference, 2.0 cm. c. The mean distance from nipple to the supra-sternal notch is 19.05 cm, that of between nipples 20.0 cm, forming a equilateral triangle. d. The average breast volume, 310-330 ml; The standard breast volume, 250-350 ml; if the body weight is over the standard, the breast volume increases by 20 ml every 1.0 kg in body weight. e. The standard breast forward projection: 3.0 cm-4.0 cm. 2. Variables of the breast volume are: a. The breast volume is positively correlated with weight, chest circumference, waist circumference and buttock circumference, but negatively with height. b. The breast volume is closely related to difference between the chest circumference across the nipple and that across the horizontal line just under the armpits. The correlative equation can be approximately represented as V = 250 + 50 x D + 20 x OW (D = difference OW = overweight). c. The nipple position is not dependent on the height, but varies with the breast volume, that is, the nipple position lowers 1.0 cm with every increase of 300 ml in the breast volume. 3. The breast volume calculating table is derived from the radius and forward projection of breasts.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

The Cost Effectiveness of Three Different Measures of Breast Volume

Background Several methods including water displacement, casting, the Grossman–Roudner measuring device, photographs, mammograms, ultrasound, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have been proposed for the measurement of breast volume. The most cost-effective method has not been determined. Methods This study compared breast volume measurements using the Grossman–Roudner measuring device (a piece of circular plastic with a cut along a radius line), plaster casting, and MRI. The Grossman–Roudner measuring device was formed into a cone around the breast, and the volume was read from a graduated scale on the overlapping edges. The volume of the cast was measured using a butter–sand mixture and water displacement. The volume from the MRI slices was calculated using the ANALYZE bioimaging software. For five women with breast sizes AA, A, B, C, and D, the three volume measures were repeated three times. For a single volume measurement, the cost of the time and materials was $1 for the Grossman–Roudner cone, $20 for the cast, and $1,400 for the MRI. Using the mean and standard deviations of the measurements, a power analysis determined the number of subjects needed to detect a 5% change in volume. The number of subjects was multiplied by the price per test to determine relative cost. Results As compared with the cost for the Grossman–Roudner cone method, the cost for the volume measurements was 64 to 189 times more using the cast and 373 to 33,500 more using MRI. Conclusions The Grossman–Roudner cone was clearly the most cost-effective method for determining breast volume changes in studies testing topical therapies to alter breast size.     

中国妇女巨乳缩小整形术乳腺组织切除量的设计

目的：为使巨乳症患者的乳房经缩小整形术后，既恢复正常的外形，又能使其胸围符合人体美学的标准。研究一种较精确的计算乳房切除量的设计方法。方法：将胸围符合美学标准的女子的乳房相关体表测量指标、乳房总体积等有关数据，经GRAFTOOL软件进行处理与分析计算。结果：获得身高与胸围、胸围与乳房总体积的关系曲线及回归方程，并以此为依据，再结合患者的体形及主观期望，从而得出乳房组织切除量的设计方法。结论：经临床验证，该法计算准确，适用于各种体形的巨乳症患者。临床应用结果表明，只有按照术前科学的设计，切除适量的乳房组织，手术后方能重塑一个具有理想大小和形态的乳房。     

Measurement of the volume of the pedicled TRAM flap in immediate breast reconstruction.

The transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous (TRAM) flap is now accepted as the standard for breast reconstruction, but achieving symmetrical breast reconstruction is still a challenge. A precise estimate of the volume of the flap is necessary to reconstruct a symmetrical and aesthetically pleasing breast. Many methods have been developed to overcome this problem, but they have not been suitable for the pedicled TRAM flap. By using a self-made device based on the Archimedes' principle, the authors can calculate accurately the volume of the pedicled TRAM flap and predict reliably the breast volume intraoperatively. The "procedure" is based on a self-made box into which the pedicled TRAM flap is placed. Warm saline is added to the box and the flap is then removed. Flap volume is calculated easily by determining the difference between the preestimated volume of the box and the volume of the residual water. From February to May 2000, this method was used on 28 patients to predict breast volume for breast reconstruction. This study revealed that the difference of the maximal chest circumferences (the index of the breast volume) demonstrates a positive correlation with the difference of the volumes and weights between the mastectomy specimen and the net TRAM flap. However, a more closely positive correlation exists between the differences of maximal chest circumference volume (r = 0.677) than maximal chest circumference weight (r = 0.618). These data reveal that the reconstructed breast's volume has a closer relationship with the volume of the net pedicled TRAM flap, rather than with its weight.