Emergence of human rotavirus group a genotype G9 strains, Wuhan, China

Of 322 stool specimens collected from children with diarrhea from October 2005 through September 2006 in Wuhan, China, group A rotavirus was identified in 101 (31.4%). The most prevalent group A rotavirus genotype was G3P[8] (62.6%), followed by G1P[8](17.6%), G1+G3P[8](8.8%), G3P[4](6.6%), G1P[4](2.2%), and G9P[8](2.2%). The G9 strains were first detected in Wuhan.     

Prevalence of G2P[4] and G12P[6] rotavirus, Bangladesh

Approximately 20,000 stool specimens from patients with diarrhea visiting 1 urban and 1 rural hospital in Bangladesh during January 2001-May 2006 were tested for group A rotavirus antigen, and 4,712 (24.0%) were positive. G and P genotyping was performed on a subset of 10% of the positive samples (n = 471). During the 2001-2005 rotavirus seasons, G1P[8] (36.4%) and G9P[8] (27.7%) were the dominant strains, but G2[4] and G12P[6] were present in 15.4% and 3.1% of the rotavirus-positive patients, respectively. During the 2005-06 rotavirus season, G2P[4] (43.2%) appeared as the most prevalent strain, and G12P[6] became a more prevalent strain (11.1%) during this season. Because recently licensed rotavirus vaccines include only the P[8] specificity, it is unknown how the vaccines will perform in settings where non-P[8] types are prevalent.     

中国婴幼儿轮状病毒腹泻的流行病学和疾病负担研究进展

目的为全面了解中国轮状病毒(Rotavirus,RV)腹泻的流行情况、疾病负担以及流行毒株特征,促进RV疫苗的开发和应用,对1979~2005年公开发表的关于RV研究的文献进行检索和综述。结果显示,在全年开展RV腹泻监测的医院中,住院腹泻患儿RV检出率中位数是46%,门诊腹泻患儿RV检出率中位数是29%,而社区腹泻患儿RV检出率只占10%。中国RV腹泻以秋冬季为流行高峰,主要流行时间从10月~次年2月。总体上流行株以G1血清型为主,2001年以后则以G3型为主。P基因型则是以P[8]型为优势株。中国RV毒株G-P组合型呈现出多样性的特征,提示了长期开展RV监测的必要性。     

2012-2016年河北省5岁以下腹泻患儿轮状病毒感染情况及流行特征分析

目的 了解2012-2016年河北省5岁以下腹泻患儿轮状病毒流行病学特点和基因型别。方法 收集河北省病毒性腹泻监测哨点医院2012年1月-2016年12月0~59月龄腹泻患儿粪便标本1 614份。采用ELISA方法检测轮状病毒抗原,阳性标本采用RT-PCR法进行分型鉴定。采用SPSS 20.0软件对腹泻患儿轮状病毒的感染情况及流行特征进行分析。结果 1 614份标本轮状病毒抗原阳性率为45.23%(730/1 614),男女阳性率分别为42.96%(412/959)、48.55%(318/655),男女患儿差异有统计学意义(χ²=4.906,P=0.027)。轮状病毒感染呈现明显的季节性分布,秋冬季(11月-次年3月)检出率最高。轮状病毒感染在0~59月龄均有发生,集中在3~35月龄,占全部的96.44%,且随月龄增长呈现先升高后降低趋势,不同年龄组患儿中轮状病毒阳性率差异有统计学意义(χ² =94.369,P=0.000)。730例轮状病毒阳性标本在2012-2016年均以G9血清型为主,所占比例呈逐年上升趋势,P分型以P[8]为主。G/P组合以G9P[8]为主,占70.14%,其次为G2P[4],占7.53%。结论 2012-2016年,轮状病毒是河北地区5岁以下儿童病毒性腹泻的主要病原,秋冬季高发,G9P[8]为该地区的流行株。     

安徽省婴幼儿腹泻轮状病毒G/P分型分析

目的了解安徽省婴幼儿腹泻轮状病毒的基因型别分布特点。方法对2011年1～12月收集的5岁以下住院婴幼儿腹泻粪便标本307份,采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测轮状病毒抗原,阳性标本运用逆转录聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)进行G型和P型分型。结果 307份粪便标本中轮状病毒阳性率为15.64%(48/307);G3型为优势株,占47.91%(23/48),G9型占27.08%(13/48),G1型占16.67%(8/48),混合G型感染占14.58%(7/48),G2型占6.25%(3/48),G4型占2.08%(1/48);P基因型中最常见为P[8],占62.67%(32/48),P[4]占8.33%(4/48);G3P[8]优势组合占47.91%。结论引起安徽地区婴幼儿腹泻的轮状病毒G3P[8]是主要优势流行株,G9型为次之的优势株且存在混合G型感染。     

呼和浩特市婴幼儿腹泻轮状病毒基因亚型分析

目的了解内蒙古呼和浩特市2008年6月-2010年5月致婴幼儿腹泻A组轮状病毒的流行特征及病毒基因亚型特点。方法收集内蒙古妇幼保健医院<5岁全部住院腹泻患儿粪便标本730份,进行轮状病毒抗原检测,对检测阳性标本用巢式反转录聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)法进行分型鉴定。结果 730份标本中,酶联免疫法(ELISA法)检出阳性标本298份,阳性率为40.8%,对298份轮状病毒抗原阳性标本进行RT-PCR检测,其中G血清型分出亚型的有292份,占98.0%,P基因型分出亚型的有254份,占85.2%;同一份标本G、P分型方法均分出亚型的有250份,占83.9%,同时分出98份G亚型组合型,11份P亚型组合型。结论 G1,G3,P〔8〕是流行的优势亚型,G1+G3组合亚型又是主要的组合流行型;呼和浩特市轮状病毒感染高发季节是10月至次年2月,流行优势毒株发生了从G1到G3的漂移。     

National Rotavirus Surveillance in Argentina: High incidence of G9P[8] strains and detection of G4P[6] strains with porcine characteristics

Group A rotaviruses are the most frequently detected viral agents associated with diarrhea in infants and children worldwide. It has been estimated that every year almost 120,000 cases of diarrhea associated with rotavirus occur in children under 5 years old in Argentina. In this work, we present the rotavirus strain diversity detected during the first 2 years of the National Surveillance Network for Diarrheas implemented by the Ministry of Health in Argentina. During 2006 and 2007 a total of 464 rotavirus positive samples were G and P genotyped. The predominant genotype combination was G9P[8] (54.1%), followed by G2P[4] (26.5%) and G4P[8] (4.3%). Of note is that four samples were found possessing the G3 genotype, and two the genotype combination G4P[6]. The phylogenetic analysis of the VP7 gene grouped the Argentinean G9 and G3 strains within the lineages currently circulating in humans worldwide, i.e. lineages III and Ia respectively; however, the sequence and phylogenetic analyses of the VP7, NSP4 and the VP8* fragment from the Argentinean G4P[6] strains suggest a porcine origin. In agreement with this, the phylogenetic tree of the VP7 gene from G4 strains suggests the presence of at least two porcine lineages currently circulating in the Americas. In addition, the inclusion of new sequences available in public databases and the sequences reported in this work allowed us to describe new lineages and sublineages within the G4 and P[6] genotypes.     

北京友谊医院1998～2001年轮状病毒哨点监测分析

目的 了解5岁以下儿童中以医院为基础的轮状病毒流行情况。方法 按WHO轮状病毒监测的通用方法(CID-98)进行，轮状病毒检测采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳／酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)。毒株分型用ELISA／逆转录聚合酶链反应。结果从1998年4月至2001年3月收集的484份腹泻患儿粪便标本中，检出阳性标本：123份，总的轮状病毒感染检出率为25．4％，住院和门诊患儿检出率分别是31．6％和27．3％，而在轮状病毒流行季节，则可以引起高达46．2％急性腹泻住院率。腹泻患儿发病呈现两个明显的季节高峰：一个由细菌性痢疾引起的夏季(6～9月)发病高峰，另一个是轮状病毒感染腹泻造成的秋冬季(10～12月)发病高峰。轮状病毒感染96．8％发生于3岁以下幼儿，主要在6～11月龄(38．2％)和1～2岁(28．5％)年龄组，轮状病毒感染率在6～35月龄年龄段最高。流行的轮状病毒G血清型依次为G1(55．3％)、G2(26．8％)、G3(9．8％)和G4(0．8％)，没有发现G9型，10份(8．1％)标本未能分型，混合感染(0．8％)罕见。结论 轮状病毒腹泻是北京市儿童的重要传染病，开发应用安全有效的轮状病毒疫苗将对减轻轮状病毒疾病负担有重要作用。     

Predominance of unusual rotavirus G1P[6] strain in North India: An evidence from hospitalized children and adult diarrheal patients

Group A Rotavirus remains the leading cause of gastroenteritis in children and accounts for 0.2 million fatalities each year; out of which, approximately 47,100 deaths occur in India. In adults also, rotavirus is reported to be responsible for diarrhea severe enough to require hospitalizations. India has recently introduced rotavirus vaccine in the Universal Immunization Programme and Himachal Pradesh became the first Indian state to implement this project. This study is an attempt to provide the pre-vaccination data on rotavirus gastroenteritis burden and circulating genotypes in Himachal Pradesh, India. A total of 607 faecal specimens (247 children ≤ 5 years, 50 older children and 310 adults) from hospitalized diarrheal patients from Himachal Pradesh, India were screened for rotavirus using ELISA and RT-PCR. The positive samples were further G/P genotyped using semi-nested PCR. Rotavirus was detected in 25.2% and 28.3% of samples with ELISA and RT-PCR, respectively. In children, rotavirus frequency was significantly high with positivity in 49.0% cases whereas 14.0% adult samples have rotavirus in them. Genotyping of the positive samples revealed predominance of G1 (66.0%) and P[6] (66.7%) genotypes. The most common G and P combination was G1P[6] (62.8%) followed by G1P[8] (16.5%), G9P[6] (7.4%) and G12P[6] (5.0%). Molecular analysis reveals the belonging of P[6] strains in Lineage 1a. This pre-vaccination data on rotavirus prevalence and diversity would be helpful for assessing the affect of vaccination on the disease burden and its comparison with post-vaccination data of circulating genotypes would help in studying the effect on diversity of rotavirus strains possibly due to vaccine selection pressure.     

腹泻患儿A群轮状病毒G血清型和P基因型分析

目的 了解儿童腹泻标本中人轮状病毒(human rotavirus)分离株G血清型和P基因型的流行特点。方法 选取2007年5月-2010年4月浙江省温州医学院附属第二医院因腹泻症状就诊儿童粪便标本9 980例,经胶体金法筛检A群轮状病毒抗原阳性标本,留取其中2009年11月-2010年4月≤5岁住院腹泻患儿且轮状病毒抗原阳性标本168份,采用逆转录-巢式PCR反应,对VP7、VP4基因均阳性的153份标本进行血清G和基因P分型。结果 检测儿童腹泻粪便标本9 980例,轮状病毒抗原阳性3 544例,阳性率35.51%,以6~12月龄段检出率最高,男女性检出率差异无统计学意义(P=0.673);153例VP7基因阳性中,G3型79份,占51.63%;G1型40份,占26.14%;G1G3型20份,占13.07%;G2G3型3份,占1.96%;未分型11份,占7.19%;P[8]型104份,占67.97%;P[4]型3份,占1.96%;P[8]P[4]型1份,占0.65%;未分型45份,占29.41%;G血清型和P基因型的组合以G3P[8]为主,占33.33%(51/153)。结论 A群轮状病毒以G3型为主,其次为G1型,P基因型以P[8]型为主。     

2010年婴幼儿腹泻轮状病毒监测分析

目的了解乌鲁木齐地区婴幼儿轮状病毒(RV)腹泻流行情况。方法 2010年1~12月,采集门诊或住院≤5岁婴幼儿腹泻样本503份,用胶体金法和ELISA检测RV抗原,阳性样本用逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)进行G、P基因型分型。结果 503份腹泻样本,RV阳性率为24.25%(122/503)。RV感染对象主要为35月以内婴幼儿(95.08%)。对102份RV阳性样本进行G/P分型,G3型是主要优势株,占46.08%,其次为G1型(34.31%)、G9型(11.76%)和G2型(2.94%),混合G型感染占4.90%;P基因型以P[8]为主导,占67.65%,其次为P型混合感染(19.61%)、P[4](6.86%)和P[6](4.90%),1例(0.98%)未能分型。最常见的G/P组合为G3P[8](35.29%)和G1P[8](27.45%)。结论 RV是乌鲁木齐地区婴幼儿腹泻的主要病原,2010年G3P[8]和G1P[8]为主要流行基因型。     

长春市儿童医院1998～2001年轮状病毒哨点监测分析

目的 为在中国开发和应用轮状病毒疫苗提供流行病学背景资料。方法 以医院为基础的哨点监测,在长春市儿童医院5岁以下腹泻患儿中进行,收集患儿临床资料和粪便标本,轮状病毒检测用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(PAGE)和／或酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA),毒株分型用ELISA和／或逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT—PCR)。所有资料录入计算机进行数据分析。结果 3年监测中共调查2343例腹泻患儿,收集便样1211份,轮状病毒检出率门诊患儿和住院患儿分别为31．0％和52．9％。轮状病毒感染95．0％发生于2岁以下儿童。每年寒冷季节流行(11月到次年3月)。流行的轮状病毒G血清型依次为G1(82．4％)、G2(5．0％)、G3(3．3％)和G4(0．9％),P基因型以P[8]和P[4]为常见。共检出9种P～G结合的毒株,其中世界常见的4种流行株占75．6％。结论 轮状病毒流行毒株呈现超常多样性,轮状病毒是长春地区儿童重症腹泻的主要原因。     

兰州地区2004-2005年度婴幼儿病毒性腹泻的病原学研究

目的了解兰州地区主要四种腹泻病毒的流行病学特点.方法收集兰州大学第一医院儿科2004年7月至2005年6月5岁以下全部住院腹泻患儿400例的粪便标本,分别采用Dako公司酶免疫试剂盒检测轮状病毒、星状病毒、腺病毒,杯状病毒检测采用酶免疫法和逆转录-聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）法.对轮状病毒、星状病毒阳性标本用RT-PCR进行毒株分型鉴定.结果400份标本中四种病毒检测阳性率依次为轮状病毒47.3%、杯状病毒15.5%、星状病毒9.5%、腺病毒7.5%.其中有混合感染的病例数占13.5%.轮状病毒毒株G血清型分型结果为G2（34.4%）、G3（32.8%）、G1（1.1%）、不同型混合感染（5.8%）、未能分型（25.9%）,P基因型分型结果为P[4]（45%）、P[8]（22.1%）、未能分型（32.9%）.G型与P型组合P[4]G2（43.6%）、P[8]G3（25.6%）,P[4]G3（13.8%）、P[8]G2（3.2%）、P[4]G1和P[8]G1各1例.星状病毒血清分型结果为1型（57.8%）、3型（2.6%）、8型（2.6%）、未能分型（36.8%）.病毒性腹泻的高发季节轮状病毒最为明显为10-12月份.发病年龄主要为2岁以下婴幼儿,轮状病毒的高发年龄是6-23月龄.结论兰州地区婴幼儿病毒性腹泻的病原复杂,轮状病毒仍是最主要病原,该年度轮状病毒的主要流行株为P[4]G2,与往年明显不同,病原混合感染比例较大,值得重视.     

Impact of rotavirus vaccine introduction and genotypic characteristics of rotavirus strains in children less than 5 years of age with gastroenteritis in Ethiopia: 2011–2016

IntroductionA monovalent rotavirus vaccine was introduced in the Ethiopian Expanded Program on Immunization from November 2013. We compared impact of rotavirus vaccine introduction on rotavirus associated acute diarrhea hospitalizations and genotypic characteristics of rotavirus strains pre-and post-vaccine introduction.MethodsSentinel surveillance for diarrhea among children <5 years of age was conducted at 3 hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia from 2011 to 2017. Stool specimens were collected from enrolled children and tested using an antigen capture enzyme immunoassay. Rotavirus positive samples (156 from pre- and 141 from post-vaccination periods) were further characterized by rotavirus genotyping methods to identify the predominant G and P types circulating during the surveillance era.ResultsA total of 788 children were enrolled during the pre- (July 2011-June 2013) and 815 children during the post-vaccination (July 2014-June 2017) periods. The proportion of diarrhea hospitalizations due to rotavirus among children <5 years of age declined by 17% from 24% (188/788) in the pre-vaccine period and to 20% (161/185) in post-vaccine introduction era. Similarly, a reduction of 18% in proportion of diarrhea hospitalizations due to rotavirus in children <12 months of age in the post (27%) vs pre-vaccine (33%) periods was observed. Seasonal peaks of rotavirus declined following rotavirus vaccine introduction. The most prevalent circulating strains were G12P[8] in 2011 (36%) and in 2012 (27%), G2P[4] (35%) in 2013, G9P[8] (19%) in 2014, G3P[6] and G2P[4] (19% each) in 2015, and G3P[8] (29%) in 2016.DiscussionFollowing rotavirus vaccine introduction in Ethiopia, a reduction in rotavirus associated hospitalizations was seen in all age groups with the greatest burden in children <12 months of age. A wide variety of rotavirus strains circulated in the pre- and post-vaccine introduction periods.     

昆明市儿童医院1998～2001年轮状病毒哨点监测分析

目的 了解昆明市轮状病毒腹泻的流行状况。方法 以昆明市儿童医院为哨点监测,监测对象为5岁以下腹泻住院患儿,收集患儿的临床资料和粪便标本进行轮状病毒的检测和分型。病毒检测用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(PAGE)和酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA),毒株分型用ELISA和/或反转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)。结果 3年监测中共收集466份腹泻患儿的粪便标本,轮状病毒的检出率为52.8％(246/466)。轮状病毒感染97％发生于2岁以下儿童。感染有明显的季节性,10～12月份是流行季节。对204份轮状病毒阳性标本进行G分型,G1型为流行优势株,占47.5％,其次为G2型(17.6％)、G3型(15.7％)G9型(4.9％)和G4型(1.0％)。P基因型以P[4]、P[8]和P[6]型为常见。最常见的P-G组合型是P[4]G2,占34.1％(14/41),其次是P[8]G1和P[6]G9,分别占29.3％(12/41)和12.2％(5/41),还有其他7种不常见的P-G组合的毒株类型。结论 轮状病毒是昆明地区儿童腹泻住院的主要病原,毒株呈现型的多样性,应该开发和应用轮状病毒疫苗预防控制其流行。     

Genomic characterization of a rotavirus G8P[1] detected in a child with diarrhea reveal direct animal-to-human transmission

Group A rotavirus is a major cause of severe gastroenteritis in children and young animals. During a retrospective analysis of samples collected from Paraguayan children under 5 years old with diarrhea, and previously negative for rotavirus and norovirus, we detected the presence of bovine rotavirus sequences by viral metagenomics. Nucleic acid was extracted direct from stool sample and determined to be G8P[1]. The genomic analyzes revealed that the strain presents an Artiodactyl-like genome (G8-P[1]-I2-R2-C2-M1-Ax-N2-T6-E12-H3) suggesting a direct animal-to-human transmission.