B超早期诊断特殊部位异位妊娠11例分析

现将我科2004—12-2006-10收治的B超早期诊断特殊部位异位妊娠11例分析如下。 1临床资料 1．1一般资料本组输卵管间质部妊娠5例，宫角妊娠3例，宫颈妊娠2例，剖宫产术后子宫切口疤痕妊娠1例。     

腹腔镜诊治特殊部位异位妊娠31例临床分析

目的评估特殊部位异位妊娠经腹腔镜早期诊断和手术治疗的临床价值。方法回顾性分析2002年7月-2004年12月经腹腔镜手术治疗的异住妊娠388例，其中特殊部位异位妊娠31例的临床资料，包括输卵管间质部妊娠11例，子宫残角妊娠4例，卵巢妊娠3例，腹腔妊娠2例，宫角妊娠10例，子宫肌壁妊娠1例。结果31例特殊部位异位妊娠中除2例中转开腹外，其余均经腹腔镜手术完成，成功率93．5％。对输卵管间质部和宫角妊娠，其中12例试行保守手术而保留生育功能。结论腹腔镜早期诊治特殊部位异位妊娠成为可能。     

异位妊娠声像图分析及超声诊断价值探讨

目的：探讨异位妊娠的超声表现及超声诊断价值。方法：对我院近5年经B超检查、保守治疗或手术及病理检查证实的84例异位妊娠声像图表现作回顾性分析。结果：经腹或经阴道检查异位妊娠的诊断准确率为85．7％，误诊率为14.3％。结论：B超诊断异位妊娠准确性较高，可作为首选的辅助诊断方法；充分掌握异位妊娠的各种超声表现、鉴别诊断要点和临床诊断依据，可以提高B超诊断率。     

特殊部位异位妊娠31例临床分析

特殊部位异位妊娠是指宫角、卵巢、宫颈、腹腔等部位的妊娠，由于症状及体症不典型，早期诊断较为困难。若处理不及时，往往会导致严重的出血而危及生命。为提高对特殊部位异位妊娠的认识，现将本院收治的31例特殊部位异位妊娠进行回顾性分析。     

容易误诊的特殊部位妊娠

近年来由于生殖道炎性疾病的增多,宫内节育器的广泛使用,反复流产率的增高,异位妊娠的发病逐年升高。异位妊娠是妇产科的多发病,约９０％的异位妊娠为输卵管妊娠。典型的异位妊娠诊断和治疗一般无困难,但不典型的病例常导致误诊误治,给病人的生命带来严重威胁。本文分析近年我院收治的特殊部位异位妊娠的临床诊治情况。１　临床资料１９８７～１９９８年我院收治异位妊娠１３２８例,特殊部位异位妊娠５１例,占异位妊娠总数的３．８％,误诊４７例（误诊率９２．２％）,其中卵巢妊娠１７例,宫角妊娠１９例,间质部妊娠５例,宫颈妊…     

宫颈妊娠误诊5例分析

目的：探讨宫颈妊娠的早期诊断方法及保守治疗效果。方法：对2005-01／2007-12我院收治的5例宫颈妊娠病例进行回顾性分析。结果：初诊误诊率100％，其中3例早期诊断明确保守治疗均取得成功，2例停经天数大于85d确诊保守治疗失败。结论：B超特别是彩色B超及p-HCG对宫颈妊娠的早期诊断有重要价值，早期诊断明确是保守治疗成功的关键。     

超声诊断异位妊娠的回顾性分析

本文报道B超诊断异位妊娠98例，经手术病理证实93例，诊断符合率93．87％，误诊5例，误诊率5．10％，为了提高诊断水平，尽早为临床提供诊断依据，现将结果回顾性分析如下：     

彩色多普勒阴道B超对异位妊娠122例检查结果分析

目的：探讨彩色多普勒阴道B超对异位妊娠诊断价值。方法：对122例异位妊娠超声声像图特征进行分析。结果：122例异位妊娠经手术和病理证实，B超符合率为90．17％。结论：彩色多普勒阴道B超对异位妊娠的诊断有较高的准确性，尤其对临床可疑异位妊娠的早期诊断有价值。     

异位妊娠108例临床分析

目的：明确异位妊娠的临床特征，减少误诊。方法：对异位妊娠寺108例的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果：通过了解病史、症状、体征和B超检查，异位妊娠的术前和术后诊断符合率84．2％，有17例误诊．其中：盆腔炎7例．阑尾脓肿5例．不全流产5例，误诊率15．7％。结论：提高对异位妊娠的认识，减少误诊。     

超声对少见部位异位妊娠的诊断价值

目的 探讨超声对少见部位异位妊娠的诊断价值。方法 回顾性研究分析99例少见部位异位妊娠声像图与诊断，并与手术病理结果对照。结果 超声诊断宫角妊娠50例，误诊为子宫腺肌瘤2例，误诊为子宫肌瘤1例，6例诊断为宫外孕；诊断宫颈妊娠5例，诊断正确率为84．6％。对残角子宫妊娠破裂与卵巢妊娠和阔韧带内妊娠共34例均诊断为宫外孕。结论 超声显像在少见部位异位妊娠诊断中具有重要价值。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.