2010年美国心脏协会儿童心肺复苏指南更新的解读

2010年10月,美国心脏协会新的儿童基础和高级生命支持指南发布.新指南由众多专家历经3年,对大量心肺复苏文献复习和讨论达成一致意见后完成.与2005版儿童基础和高级生命支持指南相比,新指南对一些关键问题作了重要更新,包括基础生命支持步骤由A-B-C改为C-A-B、高质量胸外按压、除颤及自动除颤器在婴儿中的使用、复苏过程中药物的使用、先天性心脏病患儿的复苏、复苏后处理及对心源性猝死的评估.本文对其重要更新及依据作一简要介绍.     

影响儿童院内心肺复苏预后的因素分析

目的：探讨儿童院内心肺复苏(cardiopulmonary resuscitation,CPR)预后的影响因素。方法通过回顾性观察研究,对2012年1月至2014年10月我院发生的281例心肺复苏病例进行单因素分析,以自主循环恢复﹥20 min 作为近期复苏成功标准,分析心肺复苏预后的影响因素。结果纳入的281例患儿中,男∶女为1.34∶1,年龄1～191个月,其中自主循环恢复﹥20 min 共129例(45.9%),出院存活20例(8.8%)。性别、年龄、体重、呼吸心跳骤停(cardiopulmonary arrest,CPA)发生时间、CPA 初始心电图、pH 值、乳酸水平对心肺复苏预后无明显影响。基础疾病、CPA 发生地点、CPR 组织人员、通气方式、CPR 总时间、初期复苏时使用肾上腺素的次数、使用碳酸氢钠及血糖情况对复苏成功率有影响。结论目前 CPR 成功率及出院存活率仍较低。呼吸系统疾病成功率相对较高。CPR 时间﹥20 min、需要使用碳酸氢钠以及初期复苏中使用肾上腺素大于3次是影响 CPR 成功的不利因素。     

儿童院内心肺复苏结局及分析

目的 研究医院内心肺复苏（cardiopulmonary resuscitation,CPR）的发生及结局,并分析需要CPR患儿的预后,以提高CPR的成功率.方法 应用Utstein模式登记表对2008年10月至2011年10月我院需要CPR且年龄＞28 d的患儿进行前瞻性研究,以自主循环恢复（returning of sponta-neous circulation,ROSC）＞ 24 h为近期预后（复苏成功）的评价标准,对于出院患儿,在出院后6个月应用小儿脑功能类别量表进行脑功能评价.结果 需要CPR患儿共36例,其中ROSC＞ 24 h共15例,占需要CPR患儿的41.7％,存活至出院共7例,占需要CPR患儿的19.4％.单因素分析ROSC＞ 24 h组患儿在起始心脏节律、是否需要除颤及合并基础疾病方面与ROSC＜ 24 h组差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,ROSC ＞24h组起始心脏节律以窦性心动过缓为主,在CPR中如需要进行除颤则预后欠佳,基础疾病为心脏病患儿预后不佳;对出院患儿随访除1例失访外,4例患儿脑功能评分在2级以下,4级及5级各1例.结论 我院院内CPR成功率与发达国家报道类似,起始节律、是否需要除颤及合并基础疾病影响近期预后,CPR患儿能够存活则神经系统预后相对较好.     

Practical aspects of advanced paediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation

Abstract Successful cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the paediatric age group necessitates the acquisition of technical skills for rapid tracheal intubation, external cardiac compression and access to the circulation. Skills and equipment must be adapted to each age group. For optimal mechanical ventilation and the avoidance of complications, correct selection of endotracheal tube diameter and length is necessary. New techniques in resuscitation incorporate an understanding of the mechanism of blood flow during cardiac compression, the use of the intratracheal route for drug administration, and a revision of the use of catecholamines, sodium bicarbonate and calcium solutions in the treatment of asystole-bradycardia, electromechanical dissociation, ventricular fibrillation and tachycardia. Early intubation, adequate ventilation with oxygen, well performed external cardiac compression, prompt defibrillation and administration of adrenaline remain the cornerstones of advanced cardiopulmonary resuscitation.     

儿科院外心跳停止的流行病学特点与预后

目的 总结儿科院外心跳停止(OHCA)病例的流行病学特点与预后.方法 回顾性研究2001年1月至2009年12月我院急诊创伤中心(EDTC)收治的OHCA患儿的临床资料,分析与预后相关的因素[年龄、性别、转运工具、有无目击者、是否现场给予心肺复苏(CPR)、OHCA发生地点、OHCA可能原因及治疗等].结果 9年中共收治221例OHCA患儿,男女之比为1.15:1,经急诊抢救恢复自主循环(ROSC)77例(34.84%),出院时存活21例(9.50%).OHCA发生时有目击者、现场给予CPR、初始复苏时使用.肾上腺素使用次数、OHCA发生场所、救护车转运是急诊复苏成功的良好预测指标.初始复苏时肾上腺素使用次数、目击者现场CPR及OHCA发生地点是OHCA患儿最终存活的独立预测因子.意外伤害性疾病(69/221,31.22%)与复杂先天性心脏病(46/221,20.82%)是儿科OHCA主要原因.小于1岁年龄组是儿科OHCA的最好发年龄段(145/221,65.61%).结论 儿科OHCA患者存活率低,预后差,加强意外伤害预防、早期目击者CPR,能减少DHCA的发生率及改善预后.     

纳洛酮对缺氧型心跳呼吸骤停复苏影响的实验研究

目的　研究纳洛酮 (Nal)在缺氧型心跳呼吸骤停小猪模型复苏中对心、肺、脑的作用。方法　将 2 7只小猪随机分成Nal 1、Nal 2组和对照组。夹闭气管插管制成缺氧型心跳呼吸骤停模型 ,自主循环恢复者给予不同剂量Nal ,对照组给生理盐水 ;自主呼吸恢复者监护 2h (监护期 ) ,继续观察至心跳骤停后 2 4h ,监测动脉血气、平均动脉压、心肌钙蛋白I(cTnI)、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNFα)、β 内啡肽(β EP)及心跳骤停后 4h、2 4h神经系统评分。 结果　三组自气管插管夹闭至大动脉搏动消失至心跳骤停至自主循环恢复时间均相近 ,Nal 1、Nal 2组自主循环恢复至自主呼吸恢复时间分别为(9.2± 2 .7)、(10 .7± 4.6 )min ,与对照组的 (2 2 .8± 7.6 )min相比 ,差异有非常显著意义 (P <0 .0 1) ;Nal 1、Nal 2组和对照组存活小猪心跳骤停后 4h神经系统评分分别为 0～ 16 0 (M 0 )、70～ 12 5 (M 10 0 )、115～ 310 (M 2 15 )分 (三组比较 ,P >0 .0 5 ) ,2 4h神经系统评分分别为 0～ 2 0 (M 0 )、0～ 35 (M 2 7.5 )、40～ 310 (M 117.5 )分 (P <0 .0 0 9) ;三组麻醉后至自主循环恢复各点cTnI值均逐渐升高 ,但差异无显著性 ;两Nal组存活者给予Nal后监护期cTnI值下降 ,对照组上升 ;监护期平均动脉压较高 (P <0 .0 5 )、β EP值较高     

��̸ŧ�����ݿ�Һ�帴��

??Fluid resuscitation continues to be recommended as the first-line resuscitative therapy for patients with septic shock. The current acceptance of the therapy is based in part on long history and familiarity with its use in the resuscitation of other forms of shock??as well as on an incomplete and incorrect understanding of the pathophysiology of septic shock. Recently??the safety of intravenous fluids resuscitation in patients with septic shock has been called into question with both prospective and observational data suggesting improved outcomes with less fluid. The current evidence for the continued use of fluid resuscitation for septic shock remains contentious with no prospective evidence demonstrating benefit to fluid resuscitation as a therapy in isolation. The article reviews the pathophysiological rationale for the introduction of fluid resuscitation as treatment for septic shock and highlights a number of significant concerns based on current clinical evidence.     

The use of high doses of adrenaline in paediatric cardiac resuscitation

Adrenaline has been used in cardiac resuscitation for many years, yet until recently its mechanism of action and optimal dosage remained poorly investigated or understood. Recent guidelines suggest the use of higher doses of adrenaline at an early stage in paediatric resuscitation. This paper examines the use of adrenaline in paediatric resuscitation and studies the arguments in favour of using higher doses than previously accepted.     

儿童心脏骤停的预后及影响因素

儿童心脏骤停是临床上最危急的情况之一,对生命造成严重威胁.随着心肺复苏及高级生命支持技术的进步,儿童心脏骤停的存活率较以前升高,但很多存活者遗留神经系统后遗症.儿童院外心脏骤停与院内心脏骤停的疾病原因不同,其预后和影响因素也不尽相同.儿童心脏骤停死亡危险因素有癌症、肝功能不全、急性肾功能衰竭和脓毒症/全身炎症反应综合征等,心肺复苏作为心脏骤停的主要急救手段,是影响心脏骤停儿童存活率的主要因素之一.     

儿童心肺复苏期间与复苏后通气策略

心肺复苏(cardiopulmonary resuscitation,CPR)期间,予以口对口送气或球囊面罩加压通气,通气频率12～20次/min.气管插管通气后通气频率8～10次/min.儿童胸外按压和通气比30∶2(1人施救)或15∶2(2人施救)较为合理.CPR后自主循环恢复,仍无自主呼吸或自主呼吸不规则、呼吸功能不全或部分患儿需要吸人高浓度氧,则需要机械通气.目前公认CPR后避免高氧和过度通气,并发急性肺损伤/急性呼吸窘迫综合征时采用肺保护通气策略.     

Impact of donor cardiopulmonary resuscitation on pediatric heart transplant outcome

Mortality is the highest of any solid organ in pediatric patients awaiting heart transplantation. Strategies to increase the donor pool are needed if survival to transplant is to improve. There can be reluctance to accept pediatric hearts for transplantation if the donor has received cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). This study asked if donor CPR impacts the survival of pediatric heart transplant recipients. Analysis of the UNOS database was performed for all cardiac transplants performed in patients aged 0-18 yr, with donors classified as to whether they received CPR (CPR+) or not (CPR-). We compared overall survival and survival at 30 days, one yr, and five yr between groups. Within the CPR+ group, the impact of duration of CPR on survival was compared. The need for inotropic support and ejection fraction was compared between donor groups as a measure of organ function. Overall survival and survival at 30 days, one yr, and five yr did not differ in the CPR+ compared to the CPR- group. Within the CPR+ group, duration of CPR was unrelated to post-transplant survival. The need for inotropic support at procurement was similar, and ejection fraction did not differ between the CPR+ and CPR- groups. Donor CPR does not have a negative impact on pediatric heart transplant survival.     

中国儿童先天性心脏病介入治疗回顾与展望

<正>随着心外科手术技术和体外循环技术的发展,儿童先天性心脏病(先心病)手术治疗成功率显著提高,但外科手术的巨大创伤一定程度限制了开胸体外循环手术的推广,微创、安全的介入治疗应运而生并不断发展。1953年Rubio应用改良自输尿管的钢丝导管治疗1例10月龄肺动脉瓣狭窄婴儿,被誉为儿童心脏病介入治疗的开端。1966年Rashkind等报道采用球囊导管房间隔造口     

儿童心肺复苏术的研究状况和对比

心肺复苏指南自1974年制定以来,多次修订改进。2005年心肺复苏和心血管病急诊科学治疗建议国际会议的召开,对心肺复苏指南再次进行了修订,并利用循证程序就心肺复苏的治疗推荐方案达成了一致性意见。本文主要对心肺复苏的程序进行简略介绍,并对历年的心肺复苏指南作以简单比较。     

儿童心肺复苏预后相关因素的研究进展

儿童心跳呼吸骤停是临床上最危急的情况之一,对生命造成严重威胁.随着医疗技术的进步,儿童心跳呼吸骤停后,自主循环恢复率不断提高.但是由于机体长时间的缺血缺氧,容易导致多脏器功能不全或衰竭,患儿长期存活率并不高,远期预后不佳.因此,如何使心肺复苏更为有效是目前研究的热点.该文就影响复苏效果的相关因素进行综述,以期为儿童心跳呼吸骤停的治疗提供参考.     

��2018��������Э���ķθ��ռ���Ѫ�ܼ���ָ�ϸ���——��ͯ�߼�����֧�ֲ��֡����

??In November 2018??the American Heart Association??AHA?? updated Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. The new guideline provided the evidence review and treatment recommendation for antiarrhythmic drug therapy in pediatric shock-refractory ventricular fibrillation/pulseless ventricular tachycardia cardiac arrest. The update was carried out by the Pediatrics Working Group of the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation??ILCOR?? for ongoing clinical evidence review. The update continues with the view of 2015’s edition that either lidocaine or amiodarone may be used to treat pediatric patients with shock-refractory ventricular fibrillation or pulseless ventricular tachycardia. The flow chart of cardiac arrest for pediatric advanced life support was slightly adjusted.