Impact of Vitamin D Status on Cardiometabolic Complications among Children and Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

Objective:

There is an ongoing interest in the relationship between vitamin D status and diabetes control and complications. However, data from Saudi Arabia are limited. To determine the impact of vitamin D status on glycemic control and cardiometabolic complications of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) attending a tertiary care diabetes clinic in Saudi Arabia.

Methods:

Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data of 301 children and adolescent subjects with T1DM (53.5% females) of a mean age of 13.9 years attending King Abdulaziz Medical City-Jeddah during 2010-2013 were retrospectively collected. Relationships between vitamin D status and frequency of hypoglycemia, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) level, body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, and lipid profile were evaluated.

Results:

The mean duration of diabetes was 7.7±3.7 years. Mean BMI value was 21.1±4.5 kg/m2 and HbA1c was 9.6±1.9% in both genders. Only 26.2% of the patients had a satisfactory HbA1c level. The mean level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] was 35.15 and that of cholesterol was 4.75. Vitamin D deficiency [25(OH)D≤37.5 nmol/L] was detected in 63.6% of the male and 67.7% of the female subjects. In males, it was inversely associated with frequency of hypoglycemia (p<0.01), BMI (p<0.05), diastolic blood pressure (p<0.05), and triglyceride levels (p<0.01), while in females, it was inversely associated with current age (p<0.05), age at diagnosis (p<0.01), and triglyceride levels (p<0.01). No significant correlation between HbA1c and vitamin D deficiency was observed.

Conclusion:

Vitamin D deficiency was highly prevalent in our study sample and was found to be associated with frequency of hypoglycemic episodes and with adverse cardiometabolic control.     

Association between vitamin D status and glycemic profile in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes

The aim of this study is to evaluate the association between vitamin D status and glycemic profile in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes. A cross-sectional study was carried out with 70 (59.47 ± 6.47 years; 1.56 ± 0.05 m; 73.56 ± 13.01 kg; 30.30 ± 5.00 BMI kg/m²) postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes (T2D). The blood samples were collected after fasting for 12 h and the main outcome parameters were serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), estradiol; 25-OH vitamin D; insulin; C-Reactive Protein; cholesterol total (CT), triglycerides (TG), high density lipoprotein (HDL-cholesterol), glucose; calcium, HDL-cholesterol. The average serum 25(OH)D level in this study was 28.45 ± 8.26 ng/mL. The prevalence of hypovitaminosis D was 60%. Table 1 displays mean and standard deviation values for participants’ characteristics. The postmenopause status of the women studied was confirmed by FSH and estradiol measurement. All the clinical and anthropometric characteristics did not show difference (p > 0.05) between the groups (Table 2). Triglycerides level was highest (p < 0.0391) in the hypovitaminosis D group. The other serum markers did not show statistical differences (p > 0.05) between the groups. In conclusion, our results suggest that only TG level shows a negative correlation with vitamin D status in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes.     

Oral self-care practices and treatment seeking behavior in patients with diabetes at a tertiary care government hospital in Delhi,India

Background and aimsto determine the oral health practices in patients with DM and to identify their perspectives on treatment-seeking for oral health.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional study in the diabetes clinic of a government hospital in Delhi, India. Data was collected through face-face interviews with the patients.ResultsWe enrolled a total of 339 participants having a mean (SD) age of 46.1 (5.4) years. An optimal glycemic control was present in 109 (32.2%) participants. Self-reported poor or very poor condition of teeth and gums was reported by 161 (47.5%) and 69 (20.35%) participants, respectively. The awareness that DM worsens oral health was correctly reported by 15.2% participants. The prevalence of twice-daily brushing was 18.6%, and 15.6% participants underwent a dental examination in the previous 12 months.ConclusionThere exists a high prevalence of poor oral care despite unsatisfactory oral health status among patients with DM in India.SummaryWe recruited 339 patients with DM in Delhi, India. Twice-daily brushing was practiced by 18.6% participants. Self-reported poor or very poor condition of teeth and gums was reported by 47.5% and 20.3% participants, respectively. Patients avoided dental visits when asymptomatic, if not referred and due to fatalistic health beliefs.     

The association between educational resource utilization and knowledge/self-management among patients with Type 2 Diabetes in Pune,India

AimsPatients utilize a variety of sources to learn about their condition. This study assessed the association of these resources with patient knowledge, adherence, and physiologic outcomes.MethodsAdults with Type 2 diabetes recruited at an outpatient clinic in Pune, India provided IRB-approved consent and completed surveys measuring diabetes knowledge, self-management, and educational resource utilization. Lab values were obtained from the patient’s medical record. Statistical analysis was conducted in SPSS to determine the association between educational resources and outcomes.ResultsWe enrolled 82 patients with a mean age of 58.3 years. The most commonly used resource was books/pamphlets. The use of television and books/pamphlets as sources of information was significantly associated with greater knowledge and self-management. Use of books and pamphlets and peers with diabetes was associated with lower fasting and postprandial blood glucose.Regression analyses controlling for age, gender, and years with diabetes revealed that use of newspapers and magazines, books and pamphlets, and television were predictors of overall diabetes knowledge and nutrition knowledge. The use of television as a source of information was a predictor of the hours exercised per week.ConclusionsResources such as books and pamphlets, newspapers and magazines, and television are common ways that people with diabetes learn about their medical conditions. The use of television as a source of information predicted the greatest number of positive outcomes among patients, followed by use of books and pamphlets. These methods should be further explored in order to understand how their benefit may be maximized for patients.     

α2-HS-糖蛋白基因与2型糖尿病及其合并下肢动脉粥样硬化的相关性

目的探讨α2-HS-糖蛋白的4个单核苷酸多态性位点(rs4917、rs4918、rs1071592和rs2248690)与2型糖尿病及其合并下肢动脉粥样硬化的相关性。方法采用聚合酶链反应-限制性片长多态性及等位基因特异引物-聚合酶链反应技术对包括88例正常对照和245例2型糖尿病患者(其中无下肢动脉粥样硬化者84例和合并下肢动脉粥样硬化者161例)4个多态性位点检测,通过B超检测其下肢动脉,比较三组间4个多态性位点的基因频率,分析筛选2型糖尿病及其合并下肢动脉粥样硬化的危险因素。结果α2-HS-糖蛋白基因rs4917(C/T)、rs4918(C/G)、rs2248690(A/T)多态性在三组中其基因型分布及等位基因频率无明显差异(P>0.05);rs1071592(C/A)多态性在单纯糖尿病组、糖尿病合并下肢动脉粥样硬化组与正常对照组比较其基因型分布及等位基因频率差异有显著性(P<0.01或P<0.05);多元回归分析显示携带rs1071592的A等位基因者2型糖尿病患病风险明显增加(OR=8.501,95%CI 1.201～60.153)。结论α2-HS-糖蛋白基因rs1071592的A等位基因是2型糖尿病的易感基因,但没有发现α2-HS-糖蛋白基因的4个多态性与2型糖尿病合并下肢动脉粥样硬化相关。     

The role of vitamin D,obesity and physical exercise in regulation of glycemia in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients

AimThe aims of this study were to determine the role of vitamin D, obesity and physical exercise in the regulation of glycemia in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients in a highly consanguineous population.DesignCase and control study.SettingThe survey was carried out at the Hamad General Hospital and Primary Health Care (PHC) centers in the State of Qatar.SubjectsThe study was conducted from November 2012 to June 2014 among subjects above 30 years of age. Of the 2224 registered with diagnosed diabetes and free diseases attending Hamad General Hospital and PHC centers agreed and gave their consent to study.MethodsQuestionnaire included socio-demographic variables, body mass index (BMI), consanguinity, lifestyle habits, family history of diabetes, blood pressure and development of diabetes complications such as retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy were collected at regular intervals throughout the follow-up. Univariate and multivariate statistical analysis were performed.ResultsThere were statistically significant difference between patients with diabetic and control in terms of ethnicity (p = 0.012), level of education (p = 0.002), occupation (p < 0.001), monthly income (p < 0.001), BMI(p = 0.024), sport activity (p = 0.018), cigarette smoking (p < 0.001), consanguinity (p = 0.029) and family history of Diabetes Mellitus (p < 0.001) and co-morbidity hypertension (p = 0.041). Further, the biochemistry values in the studied subjects with T2DM compared to healthy controls and the study revealed that serum Vitamin D, BMI, fasting glucose level, calcium, HbA1c, total cholesterol HDL, LDL, bilirubin, triglycerides, uric acid and blood pressure systolic and diastolic were higher in T2DM compared to their counterparts. Multivariate logistic regression showed that vitamin D deficiency ng/mL, Family History of T2DM, BMI (kg/m²) hypertension, consanguinity, income, mother occupation, ethnicity, educational level and Lack of physical exercise variables were significant predictors of diabetes. In the group of Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 patients, 39.3% as opposed to 51.2% in the control group had vitamin D deficiency, 25(OH) D3 levels ≤ 10 ng/ml (p < 0.001). In the group of Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 patients, 34.6% as opposed to 37.9% in the control group had vitamin D insufficiency, 25(OH)D3 levels <20 ng/ml (p < 0.001). In the group of Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 patients, 22.8% as opposed to 14.2% in the control group had vitamin D sufficiency, 25(OH)D3 levels >30 10 ng/ml (p < 0.001).ConclusionVitamin D, family history of diabetes, consanguinity marriages’ and hereditary gene-environment interactions and physical exercise may also contribute to the current diabetes epidemic in Qatari’s Arab populations.     

Study of relationship between total vitamin D level and NAFLD in a sample of Egyptian patients with and without T2DM

BackgroundNon-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is increasing recently due to increasing the prevalence of obesity. Insulin resistance (IR) is the mutual pathological cause for both T2DM and NAFLD. Vitamin D acts against IR by its anti-inflammatory and regulation of insulin secretion as pancreatic beta cells express vitamin D receptor (VDR).AimAssessment of relationship between Total vitamin D level and NAFLD a sample of Egyptian patients with and without T2DM.MethodsThe current study included 110 Egyptian subjects. They divided into 4 groups: Group 1: 30 diabetic patients with NAFLD Group 2: 30 diabetic patients without NAFLD Group 3: 30 NAFLD patients without diabetes Group 4: 20 healthy controls.Vitamin D level assessment, AST, ALT, GGT, total cholesterol, LDL, triglycerides, fasting and 2 h post prandial plasma glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, albumin and creatinine calculation of FLI were assessed.ResultThere was a statistical significant decrease in total vitamin D level in T2DM patients with NAFLD than either T2DM or NAFLD only patients.(15.5 ± 7.46 vs 24.4 ± 8.19 and 22.86 ± 9.58 ng/ml respectively) also Total vitamin D level is negatively correlated with age, weight, BMI, WC, total cholesterol, LDL, TG, FPG, HbA1c and FLI.ConclusionThere is a decrease in total vitamin D in T2DM patients with NAFLD.     

Adiposity markers and its association with age at menarche: A comparative study among rural and urban Meitei females of Manipur,North-East India

BackgroundMenarche is a critical biomarker in the reproductive life of females. Early age at menarche may represent an indicator of adult adiposity. The study examines the association of various adiposity markers with age at menarche in rural and urban Meitei females of Manipur, India.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted among rural and urban Meitei females of Manipur of age 18–45 years. Detailed information of the participants was taken with the help of proforma. Various anthropometric and physiological measurements were also recorded.ResultsMean age at menarche was 12.5 years for urban females and 13.1 years for rural females. Females of urban and rural areas under overweight category of BMI had higher odds of attaining early menarche. Odds of having early menarche were found to be highest among those with risk category of waist hip ratio, waist height ratio and waist circumference in both rural and urban females.ConclusionFemales with higher body mass index, high waist-to-hip ratio and waist height ratio were found to be at risk of early menarche.     

Increased insulin requirement may contribute to risk of obesity in children and young people with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

IntroductionType 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is an autoimmune disorder that interferes with the function of the beta cells in the pancreas. Reports show that the incidence of T1DM is increasing throughout England and Wales, along with the Body Mass Index (BMI) of this patient group. The association between type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity is recognised, but literature describing the association between T1DM and high BMI is more limited.The aim of this paper is to identify factors affecting BMI and the impact that this increasing trend has on children and young people with T1DM.MethodsInformation was obtained from the medical records of patients with T1DM at the local paediatric centre. BMI standard deviation scores (SDS) were calculated and compared to other factors, which include insulin requirement, HbA1c, pubertal status and age at diagnosis.ResultsThis study involved 102 patients (43 male and 59 female). The mean age at diagnosis was 7.79 years (range from 0.16 to 16.91 years). Our results showed a significant association between insulin requirement and BMI SDS (r = 0.23, p = 0.02) and a significant association between insulin requirement and mean HbA1c (r = 0.59, p=<0.01). A multivariable regression analysis of factors affecting BMI SDS showed that insulin requirement was an independent factor affecting BMI SDS.ConclusionThere were significant associations between increased insulin requirement, high BMI SDS and poorer glycaemic control. Further research is required to fully understand the risk factors that may contribute to obesity in T1DM.     

Low Plasma Ascorbate Levels in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Consuming Adequate Dietary Vitamin C

Low ascorbate concentrations in diabetes may be secondary to inadequate dietary vitamin C intake or may relate to the varied metabolic roles of the vitamin. To determine whether inadequate dietary intake is a factor we calculated daily vitamin C intakes using both a vitamin C questionnaire and a 4-day food diary in a group of 30 patients with Type 2 diabetes (mean age 68.8 ± 6.9 yr, 17M/13F) and in 30 community controls (mean age 68.0 ± 5.5 yr, 12M/18F)). Measures of plasma glucose, serum fructosamine, and plasma ascorbic and dehydroascorbic acid were obtained from 20 subjects in each group. There was no significant difference in daily vitamin C intake between the two groups using both methods: food diary, 61.4 ± 28.3 (patients) vs 69.5 ± 33.4 (controls) mg; questionnaire, 54.0 ± 28.9 (patients) vs 65.0 ± 30.9 (controls) mg. Vitamin C intake derived from both methods was significantly correlated (p < 0.001). Plasma ascorbate (30.4 ± 19.1 μol l^?1) and dehydroascorbate (27.6 ± 6.4 μmol l^?1) levels were significantly lower in patients vs in controls (68.8 ± 36.0 and 31.8 ± 4.8 μmol l^?1, respectively), p < 0.0001 and p < 0.01. Plasma ascorbate levels were significantly correlated with vitamin C intake derived from the food diary (p < 0.01) and questionnaire (p < 0.01) methods in the diabetic group only. Low ascorbate levels in diabetes appears to be a consequence of the disease itself and not due to inadequate dietary intake of vitamin C. A short vitamin C questionnaire is a convenient and reliable estimate of vitamin C intake. Vitamin C supplementation of the diabetic diet deserves further consideration.     

Serum vitamin D status in type 2 diabetic patients from Gaza Strip

ObjectiveTo assess serum vitamin D status and its relations to other biochemical parameters in type 2 diabetic patients from Gaza Strip.Materials and methodsThis case-control study included 58 type 2 diabetic patients as well as 58 non-diabetic controls. Patients and controls were matched for age and gender. Data were obtained from questionnaire interview, and biochemical analysis of blood samples.ResultsSerum vitamin D was significantly lower in diabetic patients compared to non-diabetic controls (25.9 ± 11.0 versus 34.6 ± 13.8 ng/dl, % difference = 28.8%, P < 0.001). The number of patients having vitamin D deficient, insufficient and sufficient were 6 (10.4%), 35 (60.3%) and 17 (29.3%) compared to controls of 3 (5.2%), 16 (27.6%) and 39 (67.2%), respectively (χ² = 14.672, P < 0.001). Serum glucose, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and triglycerides were significantly higher in patients than in controls whereas serum insulin, high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and calcium were significantly lower in patients. Serum vitamin D showed significant negative correlations with HbA1c (r = ? 0.186, P = 0.046), ALT (r = ? 192, P = 0.040) and AST (r = ? 0.188, P = 0.044) whereas significant positive correlations were found with HDL-C (r = 0.188, P = 0.044) and calcium (r = 0.239, P = 0.010).ConclusionThe significant negative and positive correlations of vitamin D with HbA1c and calcium, respectively suggests that vitamin D supplementation would be of potential therapeutic value in clinical settings for controlling of type 2 diabetes and more importantly its complications. However, a well-designed clinical trials are needed to define the contribution of vitamin D status and therapy in the global diabetes problem.     

Fibrogenesis in Fatty Liver Associated with Obesity and Diabetes Mellitus Type 2

Fatty liver in obese patients is emerging as one of the most common causes of chronic liver disease. Obese patients are at risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM), and aggravating non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), developing into steatohepatitis (NASH) and hepatic fibrosis. Little is known of the possible impact on liver fibrogenesis of diabetes type 2 associated with obesity and NAFLD. Fifty-two morbidly obese patients were evaluated with complete clinical and laboratory medical assessment. Liver biopsy material was fixed in formalin, routinely processed to paraffin blocks, cut into 4-μm sections, stained with HE, PAS, Masson’s trichrome and reticulin. Immunohistochemical stains included collagen IV, SMA and laminin. Within the initial group of 52, 25 patients had DM type 2, mean age 45.8 years. Patients with diabetes were older; had higher BMI, liver enzyme tests, glucose, cholesterol, and triglycerides; and lower albumin concentration. Livers of diabetics had significantly more severe steatosis and rich perisinusoidal collagen IV, laminin and SMA accumulation without histologically detectable NASH and irrespective of the degree of steatosis. Obese patients with type 2 DM and insulin resistance develop more severe NAFLD and early sinusoidal fibrosclerosis.     

山东地区中老年人群维生素D缺乏情况及其与高血压的关系

目的：观察山东地区城乡中老年人群维生素D缺乏情况,并探讨其与高血压的关系。方法共有1792例年龄40～50岁的中老年人纳入本研究。对所有受试者进行详细的体格检查和血压测定,酶联免疫法测定血清25-羟维生素D水平[25（OH）D]。应用独立样本t检验分析中老年人群25（OH）D水平的城乡差异,应用偏相关、二元Logistic回归方法分析血清25（ OH） D水平与血压的关系。结果本组中老年人血清维生素D平均水平为48．83 nmol/L,维生素D缺乏患病率为60．05％,城市中老年人血清25（OH）D水平显著低于农村（P＜0．05）。校正年龄、性别、地区及饮酒状况后,本组受检者血清25（OH）D水平与收缩压（SBP）和舒张压（DBP）无相关性（P均＞0．05）。 Logistic回归分析显示,血清25（OH）D 水平与高血压无关（OR＝-0．003,95％CI：0．991～1．004,P＝0．425）。结论中老年人群普遍存在维生素D缺乏,城市中老年人群血清25（OH）D水平明显低于农村。中老年人群血压与25（ OH） D水平间无显著相关性。     

2型糖尿病合并视网膜病变患者血清维生素D水平变化及意义

目的探讨2型糖尿病合并视网膜病变(DR)患者血清维生素D水平变化及意义,为DR的早期防治提供诊断依据。方法选取2012年1月—2019年1月于该院内分泌科住院的2型糖尿病患者219例进行研究,分为T2DM不伴DR(NDR)组73例、T2DM伴非增殖期DR(BDR)组69例和T2DM伴增殖期DR(PDR)组77例。收集所有患者临床资料,ELISA法测定血清25羟维生素D3[25(OH)D3]水平,检测各组空腹血糖(FPG)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、空腹C肽、血脂,C-反应蛋白(CRP)和肝、肾功能等生化指标。将25(OH)D3与各指标间进行相关性分析,并将25(OH)D3按照国际诊断标准,分为维生素D缺乏组[25(OH)D3<20 ng/mL]及非维生素D缺乏组[25(OH)D3≥20 ng/mL],比较两组间DR的发病率及风险,并进一步对DR的危险因素行Logistic回归分析。结果T2DM各组血清25(OH)D3水平由低到高依次为PDR组相似文献   

Clinical and biochemical profile,precipitants and prognostic factors of diabetic ketoacidosis: A retrospective study from a tertiary care center of north India

BackgroundWe aimed to retrospectively investigate the clinical and biochemical profile of Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) patients and various precipitating and prognostic factors.MethodsThis was a hospital-based retrospective observational study, conducted in a tertiary care hospital in north India, from March 2014 to March 2017.ResultsAmong 50 patients who satisfied the study criteria, 10 (20%) had DKA as their first presentation. Most common symptoms were nausea and vomiting (74%). Noncompliance was the major precipitating cause in 26 cases (52%) followed by infections in 18 cases (36%). The mean value of blood sugar at presentation was 406.8 ± 130.4 mg/dl with serum ketone 5.38 ± 1.56 mmol/l and mean pH 7.128 ± 0.157 with severe DKA in 14 (28%) patients. Mean duration of hospital stay was 8.2.±5.0 days, and low hemoglobin (p = 0.019) and high pulse rate (p = 0.025) were independent predictors of a longer stay.ConclusionWith intensive care, mortality did not occur; however, non-compliance remained the most common precipitating cause of DKA followed by infections.     

Poverty indicators and mental health functioning among adults living with HIV in Delhi,India

Poor mental health functioning among persons living with HIV (PLHIV) has gained considerable attention particularly in low-income countries that disproportionately carry the global HIV/AIDS burden. Fewer studies, however, have examined the relationship between poverty indicators and mental health among PHLIV in India. Based on this cross-sectional study of 196 HIV-seropositive adults who received medical services at Shalom AIDS Project in Delhi, India, structural equation modeling and mediation analysis were employed to estimate the associations between poverty indices (household asset index, food security, unemployment, water treatment, sanitation), HIV-health factors (illness in the past 3 months, co-morbid medical conditions), and psychological distress. In the final model, ownership of fewer household assets was associated with higher levels of food insecurity, which in turn was associated with higher psychological distress. Also, the household asset index, food insecurity, and unemployment had a larger effect on psychological distress than new opportunistic infections. These findings build on increasing evidence that support concerted efforts to design, evaluate, and refine HIV mental health interventions that are mainstreamed with livelihood programming in high poverty regions in India.