宫颈鳞癌患者血清膜联蛋白A5含量的检测及其临床意义

目的 检测膜联蛋白A5(ANXA5)在人宫颈鳞癌患者外周血中的含量改变,探讨ANXA5作为宫颈癌诊断标志物的可行性.方法 收集人宫颈鳞癌患者外周血清48例和正常育龄妇女外周血清38例,低速离心取上清,采用酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA)法分别检测血清中ANXA5和鳞状细胞癌抗原(SCCAg)的含量;离心后取红细胞行RT-PCR进行患者与正常组ANXA5表达的检测.组间检验采用t检验;并进行肿瘤患者中ANXA5与SCCAg的相关性分析.结果 宫颈鳞癌患者血清中ANXA5的含量均比正常人显著增多,血细胞中ANXA5 mRNA的表达显著增多,差异有显著性(P<0.05);SCCAg在肿瘤组中的含量同样显著高于正常组(P<0.05);ANXA5与SCCAg具有明显的相关性,但ANXA5的阳性率大于SCCAg.结论 ANXA5在宫颈鳞癌患者外周血中含量增高,特异性和敏感性较高,可作为临床诊断和预后宫颈鳞癌的备选标志物.     

人脑伏隔核的数字解剖

目的探讨数字人脑中伏隔核的定位、参数测量及三维显示。方法运用数控铣床完成1例45岁男性标本头部原始数据的采集,断面间距0.5mm。选取包含脑组织的连续横断面图像300幅,利用Photoshop CS软件完成尾状核、壳、伏隔核的图像分割,在重建的连续冠状断面图像上按照哈佛大学医学院的颅脑图像分割方法区分伏隔核,计算伏隔核体积及相关位置信息。利用Amira 3.1.1软件实现尾状核、壳、伏隔核的三维可视化。结果伏隔核及其毗邻结构、常用伏隔核损毁靶点清晰显示。伏隔核体积左侧为972.5mm3,右侧为830.6mm3,左侧大于右侧。伏隔核质心三维坐标,左侧(-11.0,24.4,1.3),右侧(9.3,23.9,1.7)。结论伏隔核的数字解剖能够清晰显示伏隔核的形态,明确伏隔核的体积、位置及毗邻关系。     

Assessing for primary oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma from fine needle aspiration of cervical lymph node metastases

In fine needle aspirates of cervical lymph nodes with metastatic squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), the site of origin may not be clinically evident. The distinction between oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal primary SCC has important management consequences. In the current study, we evaluated metastatic SCC for HPV types 16, 18, 31, 33, 51 (by in situ hybridization[ISH]), p16 and ProExC (surrogate HPV markers), and Epstein Barr Virus reported in nasopharyngeal SCC. Forty patients diagnosed between 2004 and 2008, with adequate cell block material were identified. ISH for high risk HPV and EBV (EBER), and immunohistochemistry for p16 and ProExC were performed. Primary site was designated in 31 cases with 26 head and neck including 11 oropharyngeal and 2 nasopharyngeal, and 5 other sites. High risk HPV was detected in 9 cases (22.5%), p16 in 16 (40%), ProExC in 35 (87.5%), and EBER in 2 (5%). All cases with high risk HPV ISH also showed overexpression of p16. The sensitivity for HPV infection by both surrogate markers was 100%; specificity for p16 and ProExC was 78.7 and 16.1%, respectively. Seven (63.6%) oropharyngeal SCC were positive for HPV ISH and negative for EBV; one nasopharyngeal SCC (50%) was EBER positive and HPV negative. HPV and EBER detection can serve as indicators for oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal primary SCC, respectively, however our data show that only a subset (63.6%) of oropharyngeal SCC are high risk HPV‐related. Additionally, despite their high sensitivity for HPV infection, surrogate markers, especially ProExC, lack specificity. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2010;38:795‐800. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

多种肿瘤干细胞标志物在食管鳞癌Eca109细胞球细胞中的表达

目的 观察肿瘤干细胞标志物P75NTR、Oct-4、Sox-2、Lin28、Nanog在食管鳞癌Eca109细胞系富集的细胞球细胞中的表达。探讨食管鳞癌的肿瘤干细胞标记物。
方法 采用无血清成球培养法,富集培养细胞球细胞,观察其增殖过程。培养5d获得小细胞球继续培养至14d获得又大又圆的悬浮生长的细胞球,收集第14天的细胞球,一部分用于实验,一部分予以传代。应用免疫荧光技术检测细胞球细胞中P75NTR、Oct-4、Sox-2、Lin28、Nanog的表达和定位。结果 P75NTR、Oct-4荧光定位于细胞球细胞的细胞核上,贴壁的Eca109为细胞核和细胞质表达,但是Oct-4荧光强度比P75NTR弱;Lin28在细胞球细胞上为细胞核表达,贴壁的Eca109上为细胞核和细胞质表达;Nanog和Sox-2在食管鳞癌Eca109细胞球细胞和贴壁的Eca109上均为细胞质表达。结论 P75NTR、Oct-4、Lin28核表达阳性的细胞球可能为食管癌干细胞。     

The behaviour of human oral squamous cell carcinoma in cell culture.

This study examined the initial behaviour of 48 human oral squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) in cell culture. The early outcome of these cultures (contamination, absence of cell growth, epithelial cell senescence/fibroblast overgrowth, extended keratinocyte growth) did not reflect the clinical characteristics of the tumours of origin. Four new human oral SCC cell lines were characterized more extensively. Each cell line was immortal, 3T3-independent, and expressed low degrees of anchorage independence (CFE less than 4 per cent). Two of the four cell lines were tumorigenic in athymic mice. All of the cell lines expressed keratin intermediate filaments and two showed weak co-expression of vimentin. A wide range of keratins were expressed by the tumour xenografts; cornified keratins (K1, K10) were only expressed in the absence of K19 and vimentin, and vice versa. The nuclear:cytoplasmic ratio and the degree of serum independence correlated with each other and with the STNMP clinical grading of the tumours of origin.     

An improved method for the isolation and culture of rat epidermal stem cells

The management of burns and injuries using novel treatment strategies involving epidermal stem cells (ESC) requires a better understanding of the biology of these cells, in particular, their isolation and the maintenance of their unique characteristics in culture. The purpose of this study was to describe an improved method for isolating putative ESC from fetal rat skin and to maintain them long term in culture. Single ESC suspensions were obtained from fetal rat skin by enzyme digestion containing 0.5% neutral protease. The target cells were harvested by rapid adherence on type IV collagen plates and were cultured in complex DMEM. After primary isolation, cells were continuously cultured in K-serum free medium. After reaching 70-80% confluence, the cells were digested with 0.25% trypsin at 37°C for 5-10 minutes, and passaged at a ratio of 1:2. The cultured ESC showed good growth, resulting in cell viability of over 98%. Four days later, clones containing 100-200 cells were detected, showing cobblestone-like characteristics. The rapidly adherent cells were positive for keratin 15, 19 and P63. Eighty three percent of cells expressed β1 integrin. The growth-curve showed that the rapidly adherent cells were in the exponential growth phase. The protocol described in this paper provides a simplified and effective method to isolate and maintain long-term culture of epidermal stem cells from fetal rat skin. This method should be valuable for isolating and studying ESC from various transgenic rat lines that are currently available.     

血清SCCA水平及盆腔淋巴结HPV 16/18感染状况与宫颈鳞癌患者预后的关系

 摘要：目的 探讨术前血清SCCA水平、盆腔淋巴结HPV16/18感染状况与宫颈鳞癌患者预后的关系。方法 ELISA法检测血清SCCA水平,实时荧光定量PCR法检测盆腔淋巴结HPV16 /18感染,分析二者与宫颈鳞癌患者三年生存率的关系。结果 血清SCCA水平与盆腔淋巴结HPV16/18感染相关 (P<0.05)。35例宫颈鳞癌患者中位随访36个月（12～41月）,死亡4例,3年总体生存率为85.0%。血清SCCA阴性者和阳性者的3年生存率分别为100%和69.2%;盆腔淋巴结HPV16/18阴性者和阳性者的3年生存率分别为96.4%和57.1%;血清SCCA及盆腔淋巴结HPV16/18阴性患者的3年生存率明显优于阳性者（P<0.05）。淋巴结转移、血清SCCA和淋巴结HPV16/18与宫颈鳞癌患者的预后相关。结论 血清SCCA水平及盆腔淋巴结HPV 16/18感染状况与宫颈鳞癌患者预后相关,可作为宫颈鳞癌预后判断指标。     

Coexistence of primary squamous cell carcinoma of thyroid with classic papillary thyroid carcinoma

Primary squamous cell carcinoma of the thyroid gland is very rare and its histogenesis is poorly defined so far. Although there have been some cases of squamous cell carcinoma with variant types of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), the present case is the first primary squamous cell carcinoma with classic PTC to be reported. A 43‐year‐old woman presented with a 20 year history of neck mass. Neck ultrasound indicated a 6 × 4 × 3 cm large mass. The patient underwent total thyroidectomy. Histopathology indicated a well‐differentiated squamous cell carcinoma and squamous metaplasia in conjunction with classic PTC. On immunohistochemistry cytokeratin 7 was positive in papillary carcinoma and squamous metaplasia, thyroglobulin was positive only in papillary carcinoma, and p63 was positive in squamous metaplasia and squamous cell carcinoma. Postoperatively, the patient received 59.4 Gy adjuvant radiotherapy, hormonal therapy and radioactive iodine therapy. At 8 months after surgery the patient remained disease free.     

Development of a novel explant culture method for the isolation of mesenchymal stem cells from human breast tumor

Background: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were isolated from various sources, including various types of tumors. However choosing an appropriate isolation method is an important step in obtaining cells with optimal quality and yield in companion with economical considerations. The purpose of this study was to isolate more pure MSCs from human breast tumor tissue by a modified explant culture method.

Methods and Materials: The tumor tissues (n = 8) were cut into 1 to 3-mm cube-like pieces (explant). Each explant was placed in a well of 24-well format plates, cultured in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM), and maintained at 37°C with 5% humidified incubator. Morphological phenotypes of the cells were surveyed by an inverted microscope and wells with rather homogenous fibroblast-like morphology cell were considered as positive and selected for more expansion and characterization.

Results: A total of 185 wells, 63.7% of wells were positive that were chosen for expansion. Flowcytometry analysis demonstrated that isolated cells were positive for CD73, CD44, CD29, CD105, and CD90 but negative for CD11b, CD45, CD34, and HLA?DR. In addition, cells possessed the capability of multipotential differentiation into osteoblasts and adipocytes.     

星形胶质细胞瘤干细胞的体外分离、培养与鉴定

背景：肿瘤干细胞理论认为肿瘤中存在一小部分具有无限增殖潜能和自我更新能力,能够分化为成熟细胞表型的干细胞样细胞,对肿瘤发生、增殖、侵袭起关键作用。 目的：建立体外分离、培养与鉴定星形胶质细胞瘤干细胞的方法。 方法：采用直接培养法分离培养星形胶质细胞瘤干细胞。参照神经干细胞培养条件,进行体外培养。观察其增殖、分化并进行巢蛋白、CD133免疫细胞化学鉴定和诱导分化后神经元特异性烯醇化酶、胶质纤维酸性蛋白及O4免疫细胞化学鉴定。 结果与结论：培养7-10 d,可形成大量悬浮生长巢蛋白及CD133免疫阳性的神经球,经诱导分化后细胞呈神经元特异性烯醇化酶、胶质纤维酸性蛋白或O4免疫阳性。提示星形胶质细胞瘤中存在具有神经干细胞特性的肿瘤干细胞。CD133和巢蛋白是星形胶质细胞瘤干细胞重要的表面标记,可以用于星形胶质细胞瘤干细胞的分离。     

Embryonic stem cell markers Sox-2 and OCT4 expression and their correlation with WNT signal pathway in cervical squamous cell carcinoma

Background: Both the expression of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) markers (Sox2, Oct4) and the Wnt signal pathway (β-catenin) are crucial for progression of various human malignancies. The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinicopathologic significance of Sox2, Oct4 and β-catenin in cervical squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) and to study their correlation with the occurrence and prognosis. Methods: Sox2, Oct4 and β-catenin were assessed using immunohistochemistry in normal cervix tissues (n = 28) and invasive cervical squamous cell carcinoma (n = 43). Associations of Sox2, Oct4 and β-catenin levels with clinicopathological characteristics and with overall survival were studied using uni- and multivariate analysis. Results: The expression levels of Sox2, Oct4 and β-catenin were highly increased in CSCC compared with the normal cervix tissues. The ESCs markers expression (Sox2 and Oct4) correlated significantly with β-catenin expression. High expression of Sox2, but not that of Oct4 or β-catenin, was correlated with poorer differentiation (P < 0.05). Furthermore, Sox2 expression was significantly correlated with patients’ status of survival in advanced CSCC (P < 0.05), whereas there was no significant finding in Oct4 or β-catenin expression. Conclusions: These findings provide evidence that both ESCs biomarkers (Sox2, Oct4) and Wnt signal pathway (β-catenin) are activated in CSCC. Sox2 can be regarded as a novel predictor of poor prognosis for CSCC patients.     

Uterine cervical squamous cell carcinoma without p16 (CDKN2A) expression: Heterogeneous causes of an unusual immunophenotype

Immunohistochemically p16 (CDKN2A)‐negative uterine cervical squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is uncommon, and there are few reports about its pathological features. This study explored the causes of p16 negativity in such cases. We analyzed diagnostic tissue samples of five cases of p16‐negative cervical SCC among 107 patients who underwent hysterectomy at Kyoto University Hospital between January 2010 and December 2015. The samples were subjected to immunohistochemical staining, in situ hybridization and a genetic analysis. Two of five cases were positive for human papilloma virus (HPV) by genotyping. One was positive for HPV56 with promoter hypermethylation of CDKN2A and co‐existing Epstein–Barr virus infection. Another was positive for HPV6 categorized as low‐risk HPV with condylomatous morphology. Among the remaining three cases, one had amplification of the L1 gene of HPV with promoter hypermethylation of CDKN2A and TP53 mutation, and one of the other two HPV‐negative cases had a homozygous CDKN2A deletion, while the other was positive for p53 and CK7. p16‐negativity of cervical SCC is often associated with an unusual virus infection status and CDKN2A gene abnormality.     

Prognostic significance of p27Kip1, p45Skp2 and Ki67 expression profiles in Merkel cell carcinoma, extracutaneous small cell carcinoma, and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma

AIMS: To compare the immunohistochemical expression of prognostic markers p27(Kip1), p45(Skp2) and Ki67 in Merkel cell carcinoma (primary neuroendocrine carcinoma of the skin, MCC), small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of lung and urinary bladder (SNC), and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). METHODS AND RESULTS: Immunohistochemistry was performed using antibodies directed against p27(Kip1), p45(Skp2) and Ki67 on 72 tumour cases: 24 MCC, 25 SCC, and 23 SNC (15 from the lung and eight from the urinary bladder). Percentages of positive cells were determined for each marker and statistically analysed. Expression profiles on MCC and SCC were significantly different for all three markers. MCC and SNC exhibited significant similarities in their p27(Kip1) and p45(Skp2) expression profiles. In contrast, MCC and SNC differed significantly in their Ki67 proliferation indices, which were much higher in SNC. Additionally, MCC cases showed an association between increased proliferation indices and the appearance of local recurrence(s) and/or metastases. CONCLUSION: The immunohistochemical profile of MCC differs from that of SCC, in spite of their common oncogenesis and the supposed metaplastic origin of MCC, and resembles that of SNC, except for Ki67 levels, which were higher in the latter (characterized by greater biological aggressiveness). High levels of Ki67 also appear to be a prognostic factor in MCC.     

Gli1 expression in cancer stem-like cells predicts poor prognosis in patients with lung squamous cell carcinoma

Purpose

Glioma-associated oncogene homolog 1 (Gli1) is involved in cancer stem cell (CSC) maintenance in various tumors; however, its expression and clinical significance in lung squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) has not been reported. In this study, we aimed to reveal the clinical significance of Gli1 in LSCC and investigate the potential of Gli1 as a CSC marker by comparing its expression with that of other stemness-related genes in LSCC.

大鼠精原干细胞的筛选与培养

目的:建立大鼠精原干细胞的筛选和培养的方法体系。方法:采用改良的二步酶消化法分离大鼠睾丸细胞,用改进的差异贴壁分选法筛选大鼠精原干细胞,用添加了胶质细胞源神经营养因子(GDNF)、可溶性GFRα1和bFGF的DMEM/F12无血清培养基和大鼠胚胎成纤维细胞饲养层培养高度富集的大鼠精原干细胞,通过形态观察、标志基因的RT-PCR检测和免疫细胞化学分析鉴定培养细胞的干细胞活性。结果:我们的改良二步酶消化法和差异贴壁分选法能有效的分离和筛选大鼠精原干细胞,这些高度富集的精原干细胞能够存活20 d以上,形成较大的干细胞克隆,并表达精原干细胞的标志基因和具有干细胞活性。结论:成功建立了大鼠精原干细胞的分离、筛选和培养体系。     

False-positive squamous cell carcinoma in cervical smears: cytologic-histologic correlation in 19 cases

Cytologic features of squamous intraepithelial lesions (SIL) can mimic those of invasive squamous-cell carcinoma. We compare and correlate the cytological findings of 19 false-positive squamous-cell carcinomas with follow-up cone biopsies or hysterectomy specimens to define which type of dysplasia is more prone to diagnostic errors on cervical Papanicolaou (Pap) smears. Out of 128 patients diagnosed with invasive squamous-cell carcinoma from 1994-2000, 19 (14.8%) with follow-up cone biopsies or hysterectomy specimens were false-positive cases, showing only cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). We reviewed tissue sections from these 19 cases of CIN for cytologic features of squamous-cell carcinoma, such as markedly pleomorphic and/or dysplastic squamous cells, necrosis, and nucleoli. Twelve of 19 patients (63%) were menopausal. The mean age was 50.5 yr. On review of cervical smears, 18 cases qualified for the cytologic diagnosis of squamous-cell carcinoma, keratinizing type, and one case qualified for squamous-cell carcinoma, nonkeratinizing type. Pleomorphic and/or keratinizing dysplasia was found in 15 out of 19 patients (79%), necrosis within superficial endocervical glands in 9 out of 19 patients (47%), and conspicuous nucleoli in 12 out of 19 patients (63%). One or more of these changes were seen in all but 2 patients (89%). Endocervical gland involvement was present and extensive in 18 of the 19 cases (94%). The mean age was older than expected for SIL (50.5 vs. a reported 40), and matched the mean age found in patients with invasive squamous-cell carcinoma. Pleomorphic and/or keratinizing dysplasia involving endocervical glands may exhibit the cytologic features of squamous-cell carcinoma on cervical Pap smears.     

食管鳞状细胞癌中VEGF与肿瘤浸润性树突状细胞的关系

目的探讨食管鳞癌中血管内皮细胞生长因子(vascu lar endothelial growth factor,VEGF)与肿瘤浸润性树突状细胞(tumor infiltrated dendritic cell,TIDC)的关系。方法运用原位杂交和免疫组化方法检测食管鳞癌组织中VEGF蛋白和mR-NA的表达、S-100蛋白标记的TIDC的密度。结果(1)46例食管鳞癌组织中VEGF蛋白在不同浸润深度、不同转移状态的肿瘤中表达阳性率差异有显著性。(2)食管鳞癌中S-100蛋白阳性树突状细胞(dendritic cell,DC)平均密度为(19.83±13.91)个/HP;不同分化肿瘤之间S-100蛋白阳性TIDC密度分别为(18.50±17.27)个/HPF、(28.08±14.05)个/HPF、(15.740±10.38)个/HPF,差异有显著性;不同浸润深度的肿瘤之间TIDC密度分别为(32.78±16.60)个/HPF、(15.20±11.96)个/HPF、(19.83±13.92)个/HPF,差异有显著性;VEGF阳性组TIDC密度为(14.93±12.83)个/HPF,显著低于VEGF阴性组的(26.79±12.61)个/HPF,VEGF表达与DC密度之间存在显著的负相关性(r=-0.462)。结论(1)VEGF蛋白表达和食管鳞癌浸润转移之间有一定的相关性。(2)首次探讨了食管鳞癌中DC密度与VEGF蛋白表达之间的关系,发现VEGF影响鳞癌组织中DC的密度,可能影响宿主的抗肿瘤免疫能力和肿瘤的浸润转移。     

Functional evidence that Drosha overexpression in cervical squamous cell carcinoma affects cell phenotype and microRNA profiles

Although gain of chromosome 5p is one of the most frequent DNA copy-number imbalances in cervical squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), the genes that drive its selection remain poorly understood. In a previous cross-sectional clinical study, we showed that the microRNA processor Drosha (located on chromosome 5p) demonstrates frequent copy-number gain and overexpression in cervical SCC, associated with altered microRNA profiles. Here, we have conducted gene depletion/overexpression experiments to demonstrate the functional significance of up-regulated Drosha in cervical SCC cells. Drosha depletion by RNA interference (RNAi) produced significant, specific reductions in cell motility/invasiveness in vitro, with a silent RNAi-resistant Drosha mutation providing phenotype rescue. Unsupervised hierarchical clustering following global profiling of 319 microRNAs in 18 cervical SCC cell line specimens generated two groups according to Drosha expression levels. Altering Drosha levels in individual SCC lines changed the group into which the cells clustered, with gene depletion effects being rescued by the RNAi-resistant mutation. Forty-five microRNAs showed significant differential expression between the groups, including four of 14 that were differentially expressed in association with Drosha levels in clinical samples. miR-31 up-regulation in Drosha-overexpressing samples/cell lines was the highest-ranked change (by adjusted p value) in both analyses, an observation validated by northern blotting. These functional data support the role of Drosha as an oncogene in cervical SCC, by affecting expression of cancer-associated microRNAs that have the potential to regulate numerous protein-coding genes.     

Removal of fibroblasts from primary cultures of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck

Summary A commonly encountered problem in primary cultures of tumor specimens is overgrowth of fibroblastic cells. A method to remove fibroblasts from primary cultures of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck using immunomagnetic adsorption is described. A monoclonal antibody (BR2) was used for fibroblast depletion. BR2 stains human fibroblasts but does not stain human endothelial cells, human keratinocytes, or the squamous cell carcinoma lines, A-431 and NCI-H292. Eight primary cultures of head and neck tumor specimens were established. BR2-positive cells were removed from the suspension of cultured cells by immunomagnetic adsorption, which employs a magnetic iron oxide conjugated goat anti-mouse antibody as a secondary reagent. The BR2 positive cells became adherent to the surface of the culture dish which was placed over a magnet. BR2-negative cells remained in suspension and were collected for further culture or study. These BR2-negative cells were shown by cytokeratin staining to be epithelial cells. Supported by grant JFRA-288 from the American Cancer Society (L. Chen), ACS Institutional Research Grant (L. L. Chen), the Medical Research Service of the Department of Veterans Affairs (L. L. Chen, B. Greenberg, and T. H. Piela-Smith), the Connecticut Chapter of the Arthritis Foundation (T. Piela-Smith), the Public Health Service of the U. S. Department of Health and Human Services (AR32343) (T. H. Piela-Smith), and the Surgical Research Center, through a gift from Physician Health Service of Bridgeport CT, Surgery Dept., University of Connecticut Health Center (J. Spiro).