Association between Ultra-processed Food Consumption and Dietary Intake and Diet Quality in Korean Adults

BackgroundFood environments have changed rapidly, and the global interest in ultra-processed foods has increased. Ultra-processed foods are typically energy dense, high in sugars and fat, and low in fiber, protein, minerals, and vitamins.ObjectiveThis study aimed to estimate the energy contribution of ultra-processed foods in the diet of Korean adults and to examine the association between ultra-processed food consumption and dietary intake and diet quality.DesignThis study is a secondary analysis of cross-sectional data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2016–2018).Participants/settingsA total of 16,657 adults aged ≥19 years who completed a 1-day 24-hour recall.Main outcome measuresAbsolute and relative intake of energy and nutrients were measured and dietary quality was assessed using the Korean Healthy Eating Index (KHEI).Statistical analysisMultiple regression models adjusted for sociodemographic variables were used to examine the association between quintiles of ultra-processed foods dietary energy contribution and dietary intake and quality.ResultsMean reported daily energy intake was 2,031 kcal, with 25.1% of calories coming from ultra-processed foods. Mean energy contribution from ultra-processed foods ranged from 3.6% kcal (Q1) to 52.4% kcal (Q5). Energy contribution of ultra-processed foods was positively associated with reported intake of daily energy, total sugars, and total and saturated fat and inversely associated with reported intake of carbohydrates, fiber, minerals, and vitamins. Both sodium and potassium were negatively associated with percentage of energy from ultra-processed foods. However, the sodium-to-potassium ratio was high regardless of quintile of energy contribution from ultra-processed foods, and the ratio was positively associated with percentage of total energy from ultra-processed foods. Although the KHEI score was inversely associated with percentage of daily energy from ultra-processed foods, all levels of ultra-processed food consumption were associated with poor diet quality.ConclusionsThe ultra-processed foods consumption of Korean adults accounted for one fourth of daily energy intake, and a higher dietary energy contribution from ultra-processed foods was associated with poorer dietary intakes and a lower dietary quality. Further studies are needed to understand factors influencing selection and consumption of ultra-processed foods and to identify effective strategies to promote healthy food choices.     

Consumption of Ultra-Processed Foods Increases the Likelihood of Having Obesity in Korean Women

This study aimed to determine the association between consumption of ultra-processed foods and obesity among Korean adults. We used the data of 7364 participants (men 3219, women 4145) aged 19–64 years from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES), 2016–2018. Food items were classified using the NOVA food classification system, depending on the extent and purpose of food processing: (1) unprocessed or minimally processed foods, (2) processed culinary ingredients, (3) processed foods, and (4) ultra-processed foods. Consumption of ultra-processed foods accounted for 26.8% of the total energy intake. After adjusting for potential confounders including sociodemographic and lifestyle characteristics, subjects with the highest consumption of ultra-processed foods (fourth quartile of % energy intake from ultra-processed foods) had 0.61 kg/m² higher body mass index (BMI; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.23–0.99, p-trend 0.0047), 1.34 cm higher waist circumference (WC; 95% CI 0.35–2.34, p-trend 0.0146), 51% higher odds of being obese (BMI > 25 kg/m²; odds ratio [OR] 1.51, 95% CI 1.14–1.99, p-trend 0.0037), and 64% higher odds of abdominal obesity (men: WC ≥ 90 cm, women: WC ≥ 85 cm; OR 1.64, 95% CI 1.24–2.16, p-trend 0.0004) than those with the lowest consumption (first quartile) among women. However, no association was found in men. These findings provide evidence that high consumption of ultra-processed foods is positively associated with obesity in Korean women. Further studies with a large-scale cohort or intervention trial are needed to identify the mechanism of associations between consumption of ultra-processed foods and health-related outcomes including obesity in Korea.     

Relative Validity of a Semi-Quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire to Estimate Dietary Intake According to the NOVA Classification in Mexican Children and Adolescents

BackgroundUltra-processed foods (UPFs) are associated with poor diet quality and chronic diseases. UPFs fall into 1 of the following 4 groups classified according to the extent and purpose of processing: group 1 is unprocessed or minimally processed foods (MPFs); group 2 is processed culinary ingredients; group 3 is processed foods; and group 4 is UPFs.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to evaluate the relative validity of a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (SFFQ) compared with two 24-hour dietary recalls (24DRs) `to estimate dietary intake per NOVA food group in Mexican children and adolescents.DesignThis study is a secondary analysis of dietary data from a subsample of children and adolescents who participated in the 2012 Mexican National Health and Nutrition Survey.Participants/settingThe study participants were 217 children (aged 5 through 11 years) and 165 adolescents (aged 12 through 19 years) with complete information for the SFFQ and two 24DRs.Main outcome measuresDaily averages of energy intake and percent of energy intake for each NOVA category were calculated using the SFFQ and two 24DRs.Statistical analysisTo assess relative validity, the SFFQ was compared with two 24DRs to estimate dietary intake per NOVA food group. Mean differences, Spearman correlations, intraclass correlations coefficients (ICCs), and Bland–Altman plots for continuous variables and weighted κ for ordinal variables were calculated.ResultsFor percentage of energy intake, ICCs in children and adolescents were moderate for MPFs (ICC = 0.47 and ICC = 0.56, respectively) and UPFs (ICC = 0.53 and ICC = 0.57, respectively). Bland–Altman plots indicated reasonably consistent agreement for UPFs and MPFs groups in children and adolescents. Classification by quintiles was acceptable in all groups.ConclusionsData from this study indicated reasonable relative validity of the SFFQ to rank the percentage of energy intake from MPFs and UPFs in Mexican children and adolescents.     

Predictors of Sustained Reduction in Energy and Fat Intake in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study Intensive Lifestyle Intervention

BackgroundFew lifestyle intervention studies examine long-term sustainability of dietary changes.ObjectiveTo describe sustainability of dietary changes over 9 years in the Diabetes Prevention Program and its outcomes study, the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study, among participants receiving the intensive lifestyle intervention.DesignOne thousand seventy-nine participants were enrolled in the intensive lifestyle intervention arm of the Diabetes Prevention Program; 910 continued participation in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study. Fat and energy intake derived from food frequency questionnaires at baseline and post-randomization Years 1 and 9 were examined. Parsimonious models determined whether baseline characteristics and intensive lifestyle intervention session participation predicted sustainability.ResultsSelf-reported energy intake was reduced from a median of 1,876 kcal/day (interquartile range [IQR]=1,452 to 2,549 kcal/day) at baseline to 1,520 kcal/day (IQR=1,192 to 1,986 kcal/day) at Year 1, and 1,560 kcal/day (IQR=1,223 to 2,026 kcal/day) at Year 9. Dietary fat was reduced from a median of 70.4 g (IQR=49.3 to 102.5 g) to 45 g (IQR=32.2 to 63.8 g) at Year 1 and increased to 61.0 g (IQR=44.6 to 82.7 g) at Year 9. Percent energy from fat was reduced from a median of 34.4% (IQR=29.6% to 38.5%) to 27.1% (IQR=23.1% to 31.5%) at Year 1 but increased to 35.3% (IQR=29.7% to 40.2%) at Year 9. Lower baseline energy intake and Year 1 dietary reduction predicted lower energy and fat gram intake at Year 9. Higher leisure physical activity predicted lower fat gram intake but not energy intake.ConclusionsIntensive lifestyle intervention can result in reductions in total energy intake for up to 9 years. Initial success in achieving reductions in fat and energy intake and success in attaining activity goals appear to predict long-term success at maintaining changes.     

Associations Between Ultra-processed Foods Consumption and Indicators of Adiposity in US Adolescents: Cross-Sectional Analysis of the 2011-2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

BackgroundUltra-processed foods represent a considerable part of the diet of US children and adolescents, yet their association with total, abdominal, and visceral overweight/obesity remains understudied.ObjectiveTo examine associations between dietary contribution of ultra-processed foods and total, abdominal, and visceral overweight/obesity in a nationally representative sample of US adolescents.DesignCross-sectional analyses were performed on data collected from adolescents participating in the 2011-2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.Participants/settingParticipants included 3587 adolescents aged 12 to 19 years, who had data from at least 1 day of valid 24-hour dietary recall data.Main outcome measuresTotal overweight/obesity, abdominal overweight/obesity, and visceral overweight/obesity data were collected.Statistical analyses performedAll food items (grams per day) recorded in the 24-hour recalls were classified according to Nova. Multiple logistic regressions were used to evaluate associations between the dietary contribution of ultra-processed foods (expressed in percentage of total grams per day) and outcomes. Multivariable models were adjusted for sociodemographic covariates, physical activity, total energy intake, whether the individual was following a special diet for weight loss, and indicators of the nutritional quality of the diet.ResultsIn multivariable analyses, the highest consumption of ultra-processed food was associated with 45%, 52%, and 63% higher odds of total, abdominal, and visceral overweight/obesity, respectively (odds ratio [OR] 1.45, 95% CI 1.03-2.06, P for linear trend = .040; OR 1.52, 95% CI 1.06-2.18, P for linear trend = .026; OR 1.63, 95% CI 1.19-2.24, P for linear trend = .005, respectively), compared with the lowest consumption. A 10% increment in the proportion of ultra-processed foods in the diet was associated with an increased risk of both abdominal overweight/obesity (OR 1.07; 95% CI 1.01-1.13) and visceral overweight/obesity (OR 1.07; 95% CI 1.02-1.13).ConclusionsStudy findings support the growing evidence of cross-sectional and prospective associations between ultra-processed foods and increased adiposity and also with metabolically unhealthy phenotypes of obesity in adolescence. Timely action to reduce the consumption of ultra-processed foods among adolescents is needed.     

Ultra-processed foods and total sugars intake in Korea: evidence from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2016–2018

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVESDietary sugars intake worldwide is stable or decreasing, but overall sugars intake remains above the recommended level. Some studies suggest that ultra-processed foods (UPFs) drive excessive sugars intake. However, UPF consumption in Korea and its association with sugars intake have not yet been studied. This study aimed to estimate the contribution of UPF consumption to total sugars intake and to investigate the association between UPF consumption and total sugars intake in Koreans.SUBJECTS/METHODSData from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2016–2018 were used, and included data on 21,075 participants aged 1+ years completed a 24-h recall. Food items reported in the 24-h recall were classified according to the NOVA system as UPFs, processed foods, processed culinary ingredients, or unprocessed or minimally processed foods.RESULTSThe average daily energy intake was 1,996 kcal, and UPFs accounted for 26.2% of the total energy intake (% TE). The average total sugars intake was 63.1 g (13.0% TE), and 44.9% of total sugars intake came from UPFs. Among the entire population, 15.8% exceeded the recommended limit for total sugars within 20% TE, and excessive total sugars intake was more prevalent among females (19.5%) and children (21.1%). The prevalence of excessive total sugars intake showed a significantly increasing tendency across the quartiles of UPF energy contribution, ranging from 11.9% in the lowest quartile to 23.2% in the highest quartile. Even after adjustment for sociodemographic variables, UPF consumption was positively associated with the prevalence of excessive total sugars intake (P for trend < 0.001). This association was similar in subgroup analyses by sex and age.CONCLUSIONSThis study suggests that UPF consumption may drive excessive intake of total sugars in the Korean diet. Our findings conclusively establish that restricting UPF consumption may be an efficient way to reduce sugars intake in Korean population.     

Alternative MyPlate Menus: Effects of Ultra-Processed Foods on Saturated Fat,Sugar, and Sodium Content

Objective

Compare saturated fat, sugar, and sodium in the US Department of Agriculture sample menu with a version in which menu items were replaced with comparable ultra-processed foods.

Food and Nutrient Intake in African American Children and Adolescents Aged 5 to 16 Years in Baltimore City

Objective: This study aimed to describe food and nutrient intake for low-income, urban African American children and adolescents, to highlight the need for further nutrition intervention programs and appropriate tools to address overweight and obesity.

Methods: This was a cross-sectional study using interviewer-administered single 24-hour dietary recalls. Participants were low-income African American boys and girls aged 5–16 years or their caregivers in Baltimore City. Frequency of food consumption and dietary intakes were analyzed by gender and age groups.

Results: Eighty-one participants were included for analysis. Mean daily energy intakes exceeded Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) from 10% to 71% across all gender-age groups: 2304 kcal for children aged 5–8 years; 2429 kcal and 2732 kcal for boys and girls aged 9–13 years, respectively; and 3339 kcal and 2846 kcal for boys and girls aged 14–16 years, respectively. The most frequently reported consumed foods were sweetened drinks, chips, candies, and milk across all age groups. The majority of participants (79–100%) did not meet the DRIs for dietary fiber and vitamin E across all gender-age groups. Milk accounted for 14%, 17%, and 21% of energy, fat, and protein intake, respectively, among children 5–8 years of age, while pizza was the top source of energy, fat, and protein (11%, 13%, and 18%, respectively) among 14-to 16-year-old adolescents. Sweetened drinks and sweetened juices were major sources of sugar, contributing 33% for 5–8 year olds, 29% for 9–13 year olds, and 35% for 14–16 year olds.

Conclusions: Mean daily energy intake exceeded dietary recommendations across all gender-age groups. This study has provided previously unavailable information on diet and highlights foods to be targeted in nutrition intervention programs.     

Determinants of Dietary Intake in a Sample of White and Mexican-American Children

Objective To assess the influence of several potential psychosocial determinants on children's eating behavior.Participants Three hundred fifty-one Mexican-American and non-Hispanic white children (mean age=4.4 years old at baseline) participated in the San Diego Study of Children's Activity and Nutrition for up to 2.5 years.Methods Child's eating behavior was described by 3 dependent variables: total energy, percentage energy from fat, and sodium intake per 1,000 kcal. Dietary information was collected 4 days a year using a 24-hour food intake record, which was a combination of direct observation and interviews with food preparers. The 35 predictor variables from child, parental, demographic, and environmental domains were collected by behavioral observation, interviewer-administered questionnaires, and physical measurements.Statistical analyses Bivariate and regression analyses via mixed linear models were performed.Results Variables from the children's domain (such as skinfold thickness and weight) had the strongest associations with energy intake; parental variables (such as fat avoidance behavior and prompts to increase children's food intake) were associated with child's percentage energy from fat and sodium intake. In regression analyses, parsimonious subsets of variables accounted for 46% of variance in energy intake (3 variables), 40% of the variance in percentage of energy from fat (4 variables), and 44% of variance in sodium intake per 1,000 kcal energy (1 variable) in between-subject variance components.Conclusions Fat and sodium intake of children may be improved by improving parents’ nutrition habits and by having parents encourage children to eat a healthful diet. Few modifiable correlates of children's energy intake were identified. J Am Diet Assoc. 1998;98:1282–1289.     

上海市2012-2014年居民膳食营养状况及季节特征研究

目的 了解上海市居民膳食营养状况及季节特征。方法 分别在2012－2014年间4个不同季节对上海市代表性样本人群进行追踪调查,采用连续3 d 24 h膳食回顾询问法辅以家庭调味品称重法收集食物摄入信息。依据中国食物成分表计算能量及产能营养素摄入。结果 2012－2014年上海市居民全年平均每标准人日粮谷类摄入量191.09 g、蔬菜250.69 g、水果107.23 g、动物性食物223.53 g、乳及乳制品96.39 g、大豆及其制品11.19 g、烹调油36.54 g、烹调盐7.57 g,不同季节食物消费差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。平均每标准人日能量摄入量2 048.70 kcal、碳水化合物241.04 g、蛋白质82.35 g、脂肪85.99 g,脂肪提供能量百分比37.99%。季节、年龄、地区和收入是膳食结构的影响因素（P<0.05）。结论 上海市居民能量摄入满足需求,脂肪能量摄入比例较高,膳食结构欠合理。烹调油、盐摄入量低于国家大城市平均水平但仍高于推荐量,应继续开展针对性营养干预。膳食摄入存在季节特征,夏季膳食摄入更合理,相关研究需考虑季节因素影响。     

Consumption of ultra-processed foods is associated with obesity,diabetes and hypertension in Canadian adults

ObjectiveTo assess the association between consumption of ultra-processed foods and obesity, diabetes, hypertension and heart disease in a nationally representative sample of Canadian adults.MethodsThis study used cross-sectional data from 13,608 adults (aged 19+ years) from the 2015 Canadian Community Health Survey–Nutrition. The survey provided data on food consumption (from 24-h recall) and prevalent obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m²) and self-reported diabetes, hypertension and heart disease. All foods and drinks consumed were classified according to the extent and purpose of industrial processing using the NOVA classification. Ultra-processed food consumption was estimated as proportion of total daily energy intake. Multivariable logistic regression models assessed the association between ultra-processed food consumption and obesity, diabetes, hypertension and heart disease, adjusting for a range of socio-demographic and lifestyle factors.ResultsIn 2015, ultra-processed food contributed, on average, to 24% of total daily energy intake in the lowest tertile of ultra-processed food consumption and 73% in the highest tertile. Compared with those in the lowest tertile, adults in the highest tertile of ultra-processed food consumption had 31% higher odds of obesity (OR = 1.31, 95% CI: 1.06–1.60), 37% higher odds of diabetes (OR = 1.37, 95% CI: 1.01–1.85) and 60% higher odds of hypertension (OR = 1.60, 95% CI: 1.26–2.03), adjusting for a range of covariates.ConclusionHigher consumption of ultra-processed foods is associated with higher prevalence of obesity, diabetes and hypertension among Canadian adults. A comprehensive set of strategies and policies is needed to discourage consumption of ultra-processed foods in Canada and to make unprocessed or minimally processed foods more affordable, available and appealing.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.17269/s41997-020-00429-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Lean beef contributes significant amounts of key nutrients to the diets of US adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2004

Consumption of lean meat is a valuable addition to a healthy diet because it provides complete protein and is a rich source of vitamin B₁₂, iron, and zinc. The objective of this study was to examine the nutritional contribution of total beef and lean beef (LB) to the American diet using the USDA definition of LB as defined in MyPyramid. Twenty-four-hour dietary recall data from adults 19 to 50 years of age (n = 7049) and 51+ years (n = 6243) participating in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2004 were assessed. Lean beef was defined as beef with <9.28 g fat per 100 g (excess was discretionary fat). Fifty percent of adults 19 to 50 years and 41% of adults 51+ years consumed beef on the day of the dietary recall. Total beef consumed among adults 19 to 50 and 51+ years was 49.3 ± 1.4 g (1.74 oz/d) and 37.1 ± 1.2 g (1.31 oz/d), respectively. In adults 19 to 50 and 51+ years, LB contributed 3.9% and 3.7% to total energy; 4.5% and 4.1% to total fat, 3.8% and 3.6% to saturated fatty acids; 13% and 11% to cholesterol intake; 15% and 14% to protein; 25% and 20% to vitamin B₁₂; 23% and 20% to zinc; and 8% and 7% to iron, respectively. Beef was also an important food source of many other nutrients, including niacin, vitamin B₆, phosphorus, and potassium. In addition, beef provided only 1% of total sodium intake. Consumption of beef contributed significantly to intake of protein and other key nutrients by US adults.     

Total dietary fiber intakes in the US population are related to whole grain consumption: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2009 to 2010

Whole grain (WG) foods have been shown to reduce chronic disease risk and overweight. Total dietary fiber is associated with WG and its health benefits. The purpose was to determine whether associations exist between WG intake (no-WG intake, 0 ounce equivalent [oz eq]; low, >0-<3 oz eq; high, ≥3 oz eq) and total dietary fiber intake among Americans 2 years and older. One-day food intake data from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2009 to 2010 (n = 9042) showed that only 2.9% and 7.7% of children/adolescents (2-18 years) and adults (≥19 years) consumed at least 3 WG oz eq/d, respectively. For children/adolescents and adults, individuals in the high WG intake group were 59 and 76 times more likely to fall in the third fiber tertile, respectively, compared with those with no-WG intake. Total dietary fiber intake from food sources varied by WG intake group for children/adolescents and adults with more total dietary fiber consumed from ready-to-eat (RTE) and hot cereals and yeast breads/rolls in the high WG intake group compared with the no-WG intake group. Major WG sources for children/adolescents and adults included yeast bread/rolls (24% and 27%, respectively), RTE cereals (25% and 20%, respectively), and oatmeal (12% and 21%, respectively). Among those with the highest WG intake, WG RTE cereal with no added bran was the greatest contributor to total dietary fiber compared with other RTE cereal types. Whole grain foods make a substantial contribution to total dietary fiber intake and should be promoted to meet recommendations.     

The estimated daily manganese intake of Korean children aged 11-12

The purpose of this study was to estimate the daily manganese (Mn) intake of Korean children. This study was done using a three-day dietary intake survey of 257 Korean children (boys 123; girls 134). The Mn intake values were calculated based on a database that provides the Mn content of the frequently consumed Korean foods, alongside the food composition table provided by the Korean National Rural Living Science Institute. The average age, height, weight and body mass index of our subjects were 11.9 years, 155.4 cm, 48.9 kg and 20.2 kg/m² in boys and 11.9 years, 154.1 cm, 43.5 kg and 18.3 kg/m² in girls. The average daily energy intakes were 2,249.2 kcal in boys and 2,044.5 kcal in girls. Boys consumed significantly more Mn than girls, based on intake estimates of 4,585.3 µg (117.6% of adequate intake) and 4,029.3 µg (117.1% of adequate intake), respectively (P < 0.001). Boys had a Mn intake of 2,041.1 µg per 1,000 kcal of energy consumption, whereas for girls this was at 1,983.9 µg per 1,000 kcal. Neither group exceeded the tolerable upper intake level for Mn. The major food groups which contributed to Mn intake in our subjects were cereals (50.8%), vegetables (21.0%), seasonings (8.9%), and pulses (7.7%). Notably, boys derived a higher Mn intake through cereals and vegetable than did girls (P < 0.001, P < 0.05). The key food sources of Mn, in descending order, were rice, soybean curd, kimchi, black rice and cereals. We propose that the results of our study may be used as a basis for follow-up studies that examine the Mn intake of children.     

Modelling the Impact of Reducing Ultra-Processed Foods Based on the NOVA Classification in Australian Women of Reproductive Age

Women of reproductive age have a high proportion of overweight/obesity and an overall poor nutritional intake and diet quality. Nutritional modelling is a method to forecast potential changes in nutrition composition that may offer feasible and realistic changes to dietary intake. This study uses simulation modelling to estimate feasible population improvements in dietary profile by reducing ultra-processed food (UPF) consumption in Australian women of reproductive age. The simulation used weighted data from the most recent 2011–2012 National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey. A total of 2749 women aged 19–50 years was included, and 5740 foods were examined. The highest daily energy, saturated fat, and added sugar and sodium came from UPF. Reducing UPF by 50% decreased energy intake by 22%, and saturated fat, added sugar, sodium, and alcohol by 10–39%. Reducing UPF by 50% and increasing unprocessed or minimally processed foods by 25% led to a lower estimated reduction in energy and greater estimated reductions in saturated fat and sodium. Replacement of 50% UPF with 75% of unprocessed or minimally processed foods led to smaller estimated reductions in energy and nutrients. Our results provide insight as to the potential impact of population reductions in UPF, but also increasing intake of unprocessed or minimally processed foods, which may be the most feasible strategy for improved nutritional intake.     

Increasing trends in dietary total fat and fatty acid intake among Korean children: using the 2007–2017 national data

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVESThe prevalence of obesity has been increasing in Korean children. As an unhealthy diet is known as one of the major determinants of childhood obesity, assessing and monitoring dietary fat intake of children is needed.SUBJECTS/METHODSThis analysis included 9,998 children aged 3–11 yrs from the 2007–2017 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. Dietary data were obtained from a single 24-h dietary recall. Intakes of total fat and fatty acids, including saturated fatty acid (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA), polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), n-3 fatty acid (n-3 FA), and n-6 fatty acid (n-6 FA) were evaluated as the absolute amount (g) and proportion of energy from each fatty acid (% of energy). The total fat and SFA intake were also assessed according to compliance with dietary guidelines. Linear trends in the dietary fats intake across the survey period were tested using multiple regression models.RESULTSTotal fat intake significantly increased from 38.5 g (20.3% of energy) to 43.4 g (23.3% of energy) from 2007 to 2017. This increase was mainly accounted for the increases in intakes of SFA (7.2% to 8.4% of energy) and MUFA (6.2% to 7.5% of energy). PUFA intake increased from 4.4 to 4.7% of energy during the 11-yrs period: from 0.57 to 0.63% of energy for n-3 FA and from 3.8 to 4.1% of energy for n-6 FA. The proportions of children who consumed amounts exceeding the dietary guidelines for total fat and SFA significantly increased from 2007 to 2017, with increases from 9.8% to 17.4% for total fat and from 36.9% to 50.9% for SFA.CONCLUSIONSProminent increasing trends in the consumption of total fat and SFA but tiny change in n-3 FA intake were observed in Korean children. The healthy intake of dietary fats should be emphasized in this population.     

Dietary Associations of Household Food Insecurity among Children of Mexican Descent: Results of a Binational Study

Background/objectiveChildren of Mexican descent frequently experience household food insecurity both in the United States and Mexico. However, little is known about the associations of food insecurity with dietary intake. This study aimed to understand the level of perceived food insecurity and its association with dietary intake among children of Mexican descent residing in the United States and Mexico.DesignThis cross-sectional study utilized data from a 2006 binational study of 5-year-old children of Mexican descent living in migrant communities in California and Mexico.MethodsIn California, children were 301 participants from the Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas study, a longitudinal birth cohort in a Mexican immigrant community. Mexican children (n=301) were participants in the Proyecto Mariposa study, which was designed to capture a sample of women and their children living in Mexico who closely resembled the California sample, yet who never migrated to the United States. Household food insecurity was measured using the US Department of Agriculture Food Security Scale and dietary intake was assessed with food frequency questionnaires. Analysis of variance was used to examine unadjusted and adjusted differences in total energy, nutrient intake, and consumption of food groups by household food security status.ResultsApproximately 39% of California mothers and 75% of Mexico mothers reported low or very low food security in the past 12 months (P<0.01). Children in the United States experiencing food insecurity consumed more fat, saturated fat, sweets, and fried snacks than children not experiencing food insecurity. In contrast, in Mexico food insecurity was associated with lower intake of total carbohydrates, dairy, and vitamin B-6.ConclusionsPrograms and policies addressing food insecurity in the United States and Mexico may need to take steps to address dietary intake among children in households experiencing food insecurity, possibly through education and programs to increase resources to obtain healthful foods.     

中国居民膳食能量、蛋白质、脂肪的来源构成及变化

目的:分析中国居民膳食能量、蛋白质、脂肪结构现状及变化趋势。方法:利用2002年中国居民营养与健康状况调查数据进行分析。膳食调查采用连续3d24h回顾法,调味品消费量采用“称重法”。样本:全国31个省132个县23470户,其中城市7687户,农村15783户,调查人数为68962人。结果:我国居民每标准人日能量摄入9.42MJ(2250.5kcal)。20年来呈下降趋势。蛋白质与脂肪提供能量比例分别为11.8%与29.6%,大城市的脂肪供能比达到了38.4%。从能量的食物来源看,谷类占总能量的57.9%,动物性食物占12.6%,纯热能食物为17.3%。蛋白质摄入量为65.9g,粮谷类占52%,豆及豆制品占7.5%,动物性食物占25.1%,其它食物占15.3%。膳食脂肪摄入为76.3g,39.2%来源于动物性食物。结论:由于我国处于经济转型期,居民的膳食特点是能量摄入量下降;谷类供能比下降;蛋白质摄入量下降;脂肪摄入量,特别是动物性食物提供的脂肪上升。脂肪提供的能量增加。