不对称双侧先天性上睑下垂的分期手术治疗策略

目的 探讨不对称的先天性双侧上睑下垂进行分期手术的治疗策略。方法 对2011年至2013年的30例不对称双侧上睑下垂患者进行分期手术矫正。一期手术矫正较重侧(中~重度),行睑板部分切除联合上睑提肌缩短前徙术;3~6个月后再行较轻侧矫正,行睑板部分切除术或上睑提肌缩短术。术后随访3~24个月,术后评估内容包括矫正程度与双侧对称性。结果 全部30例患者60只眼,在矫正效果评估中,37(61.7%)只眼为充分矫正,23(38.3%)只眼为中等矫正,无矫正不足或过矫病例。对称性评估中,23(76.5%)例达到良好对称,7(23.5%)例达到中等对称,无对称不佳病例。结论 与我们以往的治疗经验相比,对于不对称的双侧先天性上睑下垂,分期手术治疗能够达到更好的对称效果。     

Strategies for Simultaneous Double Eyelid Blepharoplasty in Asian Patients With Congenital Blepharoptosis

Background Most patients with blepharoptosis prefer to undergo a double eyelid operation and a ptosis repair simultaneously to achieve the optimal cosmetic and functional result. However, it is difficult to achieve symmetry in patients with blepharoptosis. Methods Surgery was performed on the levator aponeurosis or frontalis muscle to correct blepharoptosis while double eyelid surgery was simultaneously performed to correct blephroptosis in 264 patients over the past 15 years. This report describes 39 representative cases of unilateral congenital blepharoptosis and 30 representative cases of bilateral congenital blepharoptosis. In cases of unilateral ptosis with good or fair levator function, a levator resection or plication was performed, and the position of the lid margin was adjusted to 1 to 2 mm below the upper limbus. Cases of severe unilateral blepharoptosis were corrected by frontalis muscle flap, orbicularis oculi muscle flap, or frontalis myofacial flap, and the height of the double eyelid was created to be 1 to 2 mm less than the height on the normal side. The position of the lid margin was adjusted to the level of the superior limbus, and the height of the lid crease of the ptotic eye was determined to be according to that on the nonptotic side. For bilateral ptosis patients with equal levator function, the height of the double eyelid was designed symmetrically. Bilateral blepharoptosis patients with unequal levator muscle function should have the double eyelids on both sides created the same as in normal cases, and they must be grafted in proportion to the severity of the blepharoptosis. If the results are unpredictable, the two-stage operation should be performed. Results Only 30% of the eyelids in this study were perfectly symmetric after the blepharoptosis operation, with 70% asymmetric. These 70% showed good symmetry immediately after surgery, but asymmetry occurred 6 months after the operation. Conclusion In blepharoptosis surgery, different techniques for double eyelids must be applied according to the method of ptosis correction used. Usually, the height of the double eyelid on the ptotic side should be a little less than the normal double eyelid height on the nonptotic side. However, it is difficult to achieve symmetric double eyelids in blepharoptosis patients.     

Accurate Application of the Levator Palpebrae Superioris Anterior Migration and Shortening Technique in Blepharoptosis Correction Surgery

Background Accurate preoperative evaluation of the levator palpebrae superioris(LPS)strength is required for specific calculation of anterior migration or shortening.This information serves as a surgical reference for more accurate correction of ptosis.Methods Between June 2017 and June 2019,155 eyes of 97 patients were studied.Patients were divided into the following 3 groups based on the ptosis degree:mild(28 cases),moderate(53 cases),and severe(16 cases).The LPS strength was evaluated preoperatively and used to calculate LPS anterior migration and shortening.The LPS aponeurosis and Müller’s muscle(L-M)complex was separated from the upper margin of the tarsal plate to the calculated height according to the levator muscle suspension system retention approach.The complex was subsequently fixed to the planned tarsal plate location.The upper eyelid margin(UEM)height,eyelid morphology,eyelid closure,eye symmetry,exposure keratitis status,and patient satisfaction were evaluated at 1 week and at 1 and 6 months postoperatively.Results In all cases,the UEM positions were normal,and only patients with severe ptosis exhibited lagophthalmos in the early posterative period.Six months postoperatively,13%of eyes in the severe group had residual ptosis;all mild and moderate cases exhibited good surgical outcomes.The eyelids closed well with no exposure keratitis.All patients were satisfied with the eyelid contour.Conclusions Accurate LPS anterior migration and aponeurosis shortening can eliminate various factors affecting surgical blepharoptosis treatment.These procedures not only reduce operation time but also enhance the stability of postoperative correction.     

眶隔筋膜瓣与额肌瓣重叠吻合悬吊矫正重度上睑下垂

目的:为更好地保持眼睑的原有结构,符合其生理和生物力学特点,探索一种治疗重度上睑下垂的新方法。方法:术中于眼轮匝肌下分离并显露眶隔筋膜至近眶上缘处,在眶隔表面设计一蒂位于睑板上缘的梯形瓣,按设计线全层切开眶隔,形成眶隔筋膜瓣。在患侧眉上形成一额肌瓣,将两瓣相互重叠缝合固定,上提睑缘至角膜上缘处,起到悬吊上睑、矫正下垂畸形的作用。结果:作者利用该方法对22例26侧重度上睑下垂的眼睑进行了治疗,随访病人17例,19侧眼睑,其中16侧眼睑取得了满意的效果,额肌收缩时患睑睁大两侧眼裂大小对称,可达到正常睑缘的位置。睑缘弧度及重睑外形满意。3侧眼睑矫正不完全,经二次手术修复得以矫正。讨论:作者认为利用眶隔筋膜形成的组织瓣与额肌瓣重叠吻合悬吊缝合,保持了眼睑的原有结构,具有手术损伤轻,上睑悬吊牢固,不易复发,睑缘和重睑线弧度及外观满意,畸形矫正效果良好,优于传统的单纯额肌悬吊术和上睑提肌腱膜瓣悬吊的方法。     

上睑下垂手术治疗500例

目的 探讨不同种类上睑下垂的手术治疗方法和效果。方法 对500例（620只眼）上睑下垂的手术治疗进行了回顾性总结。上睑下垂的种类包括先天性、神经源性、肌源性、外伤性、机械性和老年性。手术方法包括提上睑肌缩短术、提上睑肌腱膜瓣一额肌吻合术、Whitnall韧带悬吊术、弗．盖氏术、提上睑肌，腱膜修补术和改良Hotz术。结果 总体手术成功率为90．3％（560／620只眼）。疗效不满意的60只眼中过矫5只，欠矫55只（合并睑畸形4只，睑内翻6只，睑外翻2只）。提上睑肌缩短术治疗轻、中度先天性上睑下垂的手术成功率为93．8％。提上睑肌缩短术和提上睑肌腱膜瓣-额肌吻合术治疗重度先天性上睑下垂的手术成功率分别为72．4％和100％。Whitnall韧带悬吊术治疗复发性先天性上睑下垂的手术成功率为90％。弗-盖氏术、Whitnall韧带悬吊术和提上睑肌腱膜瓣-额肌吻合术治疗神经源性和肌源性上睑下垂的手术成功率分别为41．6％、80％和90％。提上睑肌，腱膜修补术治疗外伤性和老年性上睑下垂的手术成功率分别为94．7％和100％。改良Hotz术治疗机械性上睑下垂的手术成功率为93．3％。结论 根据上睑下垂的种类和程度选择适宜的手术方法和完善手术技巧是提高手术成功率的关键。     

上睑提肌内限制韧带松解在治疗先天性上睑下垂中的意义

目的 在睑板上缘附近的上睑提肌内，有跨于内外眦角之间数条横向纤维束带即限制韧带，我们探讨其在治疗先天性上睑下垂中的意义。方法 将此韧带松解，可基本矫正大部分经度上睑下垂病例。若为轻，中度上睑下垂，且韧带松解后上睑仍有部分下垂，还需进行睑提肌腱膜折叠术。重度上睑下垂韧带松解后，还需进行眉区额肌筋膜瓣悬吊术。结果 本组27例随访3个月～1年，27例40只眼中38只眼轻、中、重度上睑下垂均矫正满意，2只眼良好，未见睑下垂复发。结论 松解上睑提肌内限制韧带，有助于恢复上睑提肌睑功能，易于矫正睑下垂且手术创伤小，形态自然，不易复发。     

Treatment strategy for severe blepharoptosis

ObjectiveTo establish a treatment protocol for severe blepharoptosis. This protocol helps to achieve improved accuracy and more stable correction outcome.MethodsThe levator muscle function was evaluated pre-operation. When the levator function was less than 1 mm, the frontalis suspension technique was performed; when the levator function was more than 1 mm, the techniques of levator resection, combined excision of the tarsus and levator, and tarsus–levator–CFS suspension were performed sequentially until a satisfactory correction result was achieved.ResultsA total of 389 patients with severe ptosis (561 eyes) were included; 102 eyes received levator resection, 314 eyes received combined excision of the tarsus and levator, 53 eyes received tarsus–levator–CFS suspension, and 92 eyes received frontalis suspension. In total, a satisfactory correction result was achieved in 466 eyes, while 95 cases still presented with under-correction. The symmetry findings showed that 107 (27%) cases presented good symmetry, 203 (52%) cases presented moderate symmetry, and 79 (21%) showed poor symmetry.ConclusionThis new treatment protocol overcomes the drawbacks of the traditional strategy by standardizing the correction procedure, leading to improved accuracy and more stable correction results.     

离断眶隔脂肪与上睑提肌腱膜之间的纤维条索治疗轻度上睑下垂

目的探讨治疗轻度上睑下垂的简便方法。方法 2011年以来,对12例轻度上睑下垂患者行上睑下垂矫正术,手术松解离断眶隔脂肪与上睑提肌腱膜之间的纤维条索以矫正上睑下垂。结果本组12例患者,9例患者上睑下垂得到矫正,3例有所改善。术后随访1年,均未见复发,效果满意。结论离断眶隔脂肪与上睑提肌腱膜之间的纤维条索,可矫正轻度上睑下垂,方法简单,效果可靠。     

The anterior layer of the levator aponeurosis in blepharoptosis correction

Background: Conventional aponeurotic surgery for blepharoptosis has many advantages, but there is a potential for recurrence and lagophthalmos. The anatomy of the levator palpebrae muscle is relatively well studied, but the relationship of levator aponeurosis with surrounding layers is still controversial. This study aims to prove the presence of an anterior layer of the levator aponeurosis in clinical cases and to describe a technique involving its use for obtaining predictable outcomes in blepharoptosis correction.Methods: Between January 2014 and October 2018, 173 patients with blepharoptosis underwent correction surgery that involved relocating the anterior layer of the levator aponeurosis. During this procedure, after retracting the preaponeurotic fat pad, we could identify the misinserted anterior layer of the levator aponeurosis on the floor of the fat pad. The anterior layer was divided and advanced with posterior layers to 2 mm below the upper margin of the tarsus. After surgery, patients were followed up for 1 year, and surgical outcomes were evaluated.Results: After 1 year of follow-up, 95.4% of the examined patients showed good long-term outcomes. Moreover, although 4% showed moderate outcomes and lost the double eyelid skin crease, there was no ptosis recurrence in these patients and no lagophthalmos occurred in any of the 173 patients.Conclusions: The authors found the misinserted anterior layer of the levator aponeurosis at the floor of preaponeurotic fat pad in blepharoptosis patients. Relocation of the anterior layer can provide predictable outcomes without lagophthalmos in blepharoptosis correction.     

Correction of myopathic blepharoptosis by check ligament suspension: Clinical evaluation of 89 eyelids

Abstract

Myopathic blepharoptosis is a congenital anomaly of the eyelid. The levator muscle does not function because of primary myogenic atrophy. Different procedures based on eyelid suspension, or the simple or combined resection of the eyelid have been described. A simple dynamic suspension of the tarsus to the check ligament of the superior fornix, neither sacrificing nor adding any tissue was used for 89 procedures on 71 consecutive patients with primary myopathic blepharoptosis. Their mean age at operation was 16 years (range 2–58) and the follow up ranged from 2 months to 12 years. Ptosis was unilateral in 53 patients (33 left, 20 right) and bilateral in 18. Preoperatively 27 had mild ptosis (1–2 mm), 33 moderate (3–4 mm), and 29 severe (>4 mm). The patients were divided into two groups: not previously operated on (50 patients/63 eyelids) and previously operated on by other techniques (21 patients/26 eyelids); both groups were compared for duration of procedure, normalisation rate, and number of revisions. In the unoperated group the normalisation rate was 81% (51 eyelids), and to achieve a good final result nine eyelids were revised once, while just three were reoperated on twice (19%). In the group previously operated on the normalisation rate was 69% (18 eyelids), while 3 eyelids needed one revision (12%). In unilateral cases the normalisation rate was 79% (42 eyelids) and in bilateral 75% (27 eyelids). In unilateral blepharoptosis there were 13% of revisions (7 eyelids) while bilaterally there were 22% (8 eyelids). Despite a previous operation, the operating time of a unilateral correction was similar in both groups, while the number of revisions needed to achieve the final result was low for unilateral ptosis, but higher for bilateral ones. This simple atraumatic suspension technique produced an improvement in all cases and it seemed useful in both primary and secondary cases.     

上睑下垂的术前评估及改良提上睑肌缩短术矫治的疗效评价

目的评价改良提上睑肌缩短术矫治上睑下垂的效果。方法采用改良提上睑肌缩短术[此改良术式与常规术式不同之处在于增加分离提上睑肌腱膜的长度(22mm)和宽度(16mm),腱膜在睑板上固4对缝线,以增加其牢固度],共治疗上睑下垂57例68眼,其中轻度13例13眼,中度38例47眼,重度6例8眼。结果术后4～36个月随访,治愈48例59眼,欠矫9例9眼,无过矫病例。结论该提上睑肌缩短术与常规手术比较有改进,术后的睑缘高度易保持在上方角膜缘,弧度与健侧对称,不易形成眼角畸形,能较好提高矫治效果。     

Correction of Congenital Severe Ptosis by Suspension of a Frontal Muscle Flap Overlapped with an Inferiorly Based Orbital Septum Flap

BACKGROUND: This report introduces a new method for correction of congenital severe upper eyelid ptosis. METHODS: The poor levator-function upper eyelid ptosis of 22 patients was corrected using suspension of the frontal muscle flap overlapped with an inferiorly based orbital septum flap as a motor unit, which substituted for the function of the levator muscle. The frontal muscle flap and orbital septum flap were formed in the frontal part and upper eyelid, respectively. Two flaps were overlapped and sutured to suspend the upper eyelid and to correct the congenital severe upper eyelid ptosis. This technique avoids the need for the linking structure necessary with the standard frontalis sling approach and improves the direction of pull to mimic that of a normal levator more closely than that of frontalis muscle advancement. RESULTS: The follow-up period ranged from 6 to 20 months (mean, 12 months). A total of 4 patients had bilateral surgery, whereas 18 patients underwent unilateral surgery (26 eyelids). In 22 cases (26 eyes), congenital severe upper eyelid ptosis was treated using suspension of the frontal muscle flap overlapped with an inferiorly based orbital septum flap. After the operation, 17 cases (19 eyes) were followed up and analyzed retrospectively. The average follow-up period was about 12 months (range, 6-20 months). The 17 corrected eyes had a symmetric redundant fold of preseptal skin according to the marginal reflex distance-1 (MRD-1) measurement used to judge efficacy. Two eyes in this series required reoperation for undercorrection. Complications such as ectropion and corneal exposure were avoided. CONCLUSION: Use of a frontalis muscle lap overlapped with an inferior based orbital septum flap to manage severe congenital upper eyelid ptosis is a useful procedure that results in substantial cosmetic and functional improvement with few complications.     

翼状韧带悬吊矫正先天性重度上睑下垂

目的 探讨翼状韧带悬吊矫正重度先天性上睑下垂的临床效果.方法 2010年1～11月,应用翼状韧带悬吊法治疗先天性重度上睑下垂患者15例15只眼,按照切开重睑术术式,打开眶隔,在距睑板上缘5 mm处剪断上睑提肌腱膜进入到上睑提肌下层,向结膜上穹窿分离,在上直肌前1/3和上睑提肌之间找到翼状韧带,用3-0丝线同上睑提肌缝合于睑板上缘,悬吊矫正上睑下垂,缝合形成重睑.结果 经过3～11个月随访,15只眼矫正良好,眼裂均在15～30 d基本闭合,无其他并发症发生,重睑弧度形态自然,外观满意.结论 翼状韧带悬吊治疗重度先天性上睑下垂疗效可靠,用翼状韧带代替上睑提肌,生理运动方向一致,术后眼睑外形动态与静态均较自然.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the clinical result of check ligament suspension for correction of congenital severe blepharoptosis. Methods Since Jan. 2010 to Nov. 2010, 15 eyes in 15 cases with congenital severe blepharoptosis were treated with the check ligament suspension. Palpebralis aponeurosis was exposured by opening fascia palpebralis during blepharoplasty. Palpebralis aponeurosis was cut off about 5 mm above the tarsus. The check ligament was seen in the intermuscular space between the segment of levator and the anterior one third of superior rectus attached to the conjunctival fornix. Congenital blepharoptosis could be corrected by suturing the check ligament and levator palpebrae superior to the upper margin of tarsal plate with 3-0 silk thread. Double eyelid plasty was carried out in the end. Results The follow-up period was 3-11 months with good cosmetic result. All the cases could close their eyes in 15 to 30 days with no complication. Conclusions In conclusion, this technique is quite successful in raising the level of the upper eyelid in severe congenital blepharoptosis. The check ligament moves in a similar direction as the natural movement of levator muscle, so both the postoperative static and dynamic appearance of the upper lid is more natural.     

额肌筋膜瓣经眶隔膜滑车下转移矫治重度上睑下垂

目的 探讨额肌筋膜瓣经眶隔膜滑车下转移矫治重度上睑下垂的临床效果。方法 2004年以来我们收治了先天性重度上睑下垂52例，57只眼，常规经眼轮匝肌下分离松解制成额肌筋膜瓣，于眶上缘及眶上缘下约1cm处分别横向切开眶隔，上下切口线平行，制成眶隔膜滑车带，额肌筋膜瓣经过前者后方缝合于睑板上缘，常规缝合创口。结果 经过3—6个月随访，52只眼外形满意，3只眼复发，2只眼眼睑弧度形态不自然，经第二次修整术后均感满意，无其他并发症发生。结论 本术式的肌肉运动方向更加接近上睑提肌的自然运动方向，术后眼睑外形动态与静态更加逼真，值得临床推广。     

Correction of myopathic blepharoptosis by check ligament suspension: clinical evaluation of 89 eyelids

Myopathic blepharoptosis is a congenital anomaly of the eyelid. The levator muscle does not function because of primary myogenic atrophy. Different procedures based on eyelid suspension, or the simple or combined resection of the eyelid have been described. A simple dynamic suspension of the tarsus to the check ligament of the superior fornix, neither sacrificing nor adding any tissue was used for 89 procedures on 71 consecutive patients with primary myopathic blepharoptosis. Their mean age at operation was 16 years (range 2-58) and the follow up ranged from 2 months to 12 years. Ptosis was unilateral in 53 patients (33 left, 20 right) and bilateral in 18. Preoperatively 27 had mild ptosis (1-2 mm), 33 moderate (3-4 mm), and 29 severe (>4 mm). The patients were divided into two groups: not previously operated on (50 patients/63 eyelids) and previously operated on by other techniques (21 patients/26 eyelids); both groups were compared for duration of procedure, normalisation rate, and number of revisions. In the unoperated group the normalisation rate was 81% (51 eyelids), and to achieve a good final result nine eyelids were revised once, while just three were reoperated on twice (19%). In the group previously operated on the normalisation rate was 69% (18 eyelids), while 3 eyelids needed one revision (12%). In unilateral cases the normalisation rate was 79% (42 eyelids) and in bilateral 75% (27 eyelids). In unilateral blepharoptosis there were 13% of revisions (7 eyelids) while bilaterally there were 22% (8 eyelids). Despite a previous operation, the operating time of a unilateral correction was similar in both groups, while the number of revisions needed to achieve the final result was low for unilateral ptosis, but higher for bilateral ones. This simple atraumatic suspension technique produced an improvement in all cases and it seemed useful in both primary and secondary cases.     

上睑提肌腱膜瓣与额肌瓣悬吊缝合矫正重度上睑下垂

目的：为克服单纯额肌瓣悬吊治疗重度上睑下垂存在的缺点，更好地保持眼睑的原有结构，使矫治后的眼睑符合其生理和生物力学特点。方法：在患侧分别形成额肌瓣和上睑提肌腱膜瓣，将两瓣相互重叠缝合固定，起到悬吊上睑、矫正下垂畸形的作用。结果：利用该方法对46例52侧重度上睑下垂的眼睑进行了治疗，随访患者24例，28侧眼睑，其中23侧眼睑取得了较满意的治疗效果，患睑睁大时额肌收缩两侧眼裂大小基本对称，可达到正常睑缘的位置。睑缘弧度及重睑线外形满意。5侧眼睑矫正不完全，仍有一定程度的下垂。结论：术者认为利用无功能的上睑提肌形成腱膜瓣与传统的额肌瓣重叠悬吊缝合，保持了眼睑的原有结构，具有上睑悬吊牢固、不易复发、睑缘和重睑线弧度及外观满意的优点，对畸形矫正效果良好，优于传统的单纯额肌悬吊术。     

改良皮肤睑板部分切除、上睑提肌Müller氏肌折叠术矫正后天性上睑下垂

采用改良Ｊａｍｅｓ术式治疗后天性上睑下垂１３例１９只眼，效果满意。对手术方法、适应证等进行了讨论。认为是矫正上睑下垂的有效方法，但术式稍嫌复杂。     

Etiology and pathogenesis of aponeurotic blepharoptosis

How and why aponeurotic blepharoptosis develops was investigated in terms of the relationship between the levator aponeurosis and Mueller's muscle functioning as the muscle spindle of the levator muscle. A total of 200 consecutive patients with moderate to severe acquired blepharoptosis completed questionnaires regarding their history of physical irritations to the eyelids, and intraoperative conditions of the levator aponeurosis and Mueller's muscle were evaluated. Several kinds of physical irritations to the eyelids were reported, such as habitual rubbing of the eyelids, contact lens usage, cataract surgery, and continuous rubbing of the eyelids while crying all night. The two main findings for aponeurosis were that it was disinserted from the tarsus, resulting in a large amount of play between the aponeurosis and the tarsus, and that the aponeurosis and Mueller's muscle were attenuated and elongated. The authors believe that rubbing may have caused disinsertion as well as attenuation and elongation of the aponeurosis, which result in transmission failures between the levator muscle and the tarsus as well as between the levator muscle and the mechanoreceptor of Mueller's muscle, leading to clinical blepharoptosis.     

改良皮肤睑板部分切除、上睑提肌Müller氏肌折叠术矫正后天性上睑下垂

采用改良 James 术式治疗后天性上睑下垂13例19只眼,效果满意。对手术方法、适应证等进行了讨论。认为是矫正上睑下垂的有效方法,但术式稍嫌复杂。     

上睑下垂的分型及手术方法选择的临床分析

目的：探讨上睑下垂的分型及手术方法和疗效。方法：上睑下垂分轻、中、重3型。手术选择包括：①轻度下垂：可选择上睑提肌折叠缝合;②中度下垂：可选择上睑提肌部分切除缩短术;③重度下垂：可选择额肌筋膜瓣下移悬吊术。结果：本组60例,经6个月～5年的随访,外形满意,仅有1例眼眶弧度形态欠自然,经二次修整术后外形满意,无其他并发症。结论：上睑下垂,按分型程度选择适宜的手术方法和完善手术技巧是提高手术成功率的关键。