氟比洛芬酯联合地塞米松对甲状腺术后疼痛和恶心、呕吐的治疗作用

目的观察氟比洛芬酯复合地塞米松对甲状腺手术后疼痛和恶心、呕吐的治疗作用。方法100例ASA为Ⅰ～Ⅱ级甲状腺手术病人分为5组,每组20例,各组病人在麻醉诱导后手术开始前15min分别静脉注射生理盐水5mL,氟比洛芬酯50mg,地塞米松5mg和氟比洛芬酯50mg,地塞米松10mg和氟比洛芬酯50mg,地塞米松15mg和氟比洛芬酯50mg。手术结束后2、4、8、12、24和48h应用视觉模拟（VAS）评分法评估切口疼痛程度,观察术后恶心、呕吐的发生率。结果术后2h各组的VAS评分没有明显差别（P〉0．05）,术后4、8、12、24hⅡ组的VAS评分低于Ⅰ组,Ⅲ组低于Ⅱ组,但无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;Ⅲ组低于Ⅰ组（P〈0．05）,Ⅳ和Ⅴ组VAS均明显低于Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组（P〈0．01）和Ⅲ组（P〈0．05）,术后48h各组的VAS评分无明显区别（P〉0．05）。术后0～2h内各组均无恶心、呕吐发生,2～48h内各组发生恶心、呕吐的例数分别为9、8、3、2、3,应用地塞米松组恶心、呕吐明显低于未用地塞米松组（P〈0．05）。结论甲状腺手术开始前给予氟比洛芬酯50mg和地塞米松10mg,可以获得术后较好的镇痛、止吐效果。     

Effects of Ondansetron and Granisetron on Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting in Adult Patients Undergoing Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial

Background: Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) are common and potentially distressing adverse events (AEs) associated with surgery and anesthesia. In patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) without antiemetic prophylaxis, the incidence of PONV can be as high as 72%.Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the prophylactic antiemetic effects of ondansetron and granisetron in patients undergoing LC when these agents are administered before the end of surgery.Methods: Patients classified by the American Society of Anesthesiologist's physical status as I or II who were scheduled for elective LC were included in this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Anesthesia was induced with thiopental 5 mg/kg and fentanyl 2 μg/kg, and was maintained with isoflurane 1% to 3% in 50% oxygen and 50% nitrous oxide and fentanyl as needed. Approximately 20 to 30 minutes before the end of the surgery, the patients randomly received either IV ondansetron 100 μg/kg (group O), IV granisetron 40 μg/kg (group G), or normal saline (group P). Plasma levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were determined preoperatively and 24 hours postoperatively. The patients were observed for 24 hours for PONV and other possible AEs. Postoperative pain intensity was determined using a 10-cm visual analogue scale. Four-point satisfaction scores were determined at 24 hours.Results: Ninety patients (69 women, 21 men) participated in the study. Demographic characteristics and operative data (duration of surgery and anesthesia and amount of intraoperative fentanyl) were similar in the 3 groups. The only AE reported by patients during the 24-hour observation period was nonsevere headache. The number of patients experiencing headache was similar in group P, group O, and group G (10 [33%] patients, 6 [20%], and 10 [33%], respectively). No significant changes were found in presurgical and postsurgical plasma levels of ALT and AST in any group. The mean (SD) satisfaction scores in group O and group G (3.0 [0.4] and 3.0 [0.6], respectively) were significantly higher than those in group P (2.5 [0.5]; both, P < 0.01). Immediately after surgery (period 0), significantly more patients in the placebo group (21 [70%]) experienced PONV compared with those in the ondansetron group (9 [30%]; P < 0.05) and the granisetron group (7 [23%]; P < 0.01). During the 24-hour observation period, a significantly greater number of patients in group P (18 [60%]) required a single dose of a rescue antiemetic drug compared with those in groups O and G (9 [30%] and 6 [20%], respectively; both, P < 0.01).Conclusions: Patients administered ondansetron 100 μg/kg or granisetron 40 μg/kg 20 to 30 minutes before the end of LC had significantly higher PONV control during the 24-hour postoperative observation period than patients receiving placebo. However, there were no significant differences between the active treatment groups in the incidence of PONV, patient satisfaction, or AEs.     

术后恶心和呕吐非药物管理的最佳证据总结

目的 总结术后恶心和呕吐非药物管理的最佳证据,为术后恶心和呕吐患者的临床护理实践提供参考。方法 根据循证护理的方法明确问题,并根据“6S”证据模型,检索有关术后恶心和呕吐的国内外证据,包括指南、共识、临床决策、证据总结类文献,由2名完成循证护理培训的研究员对纳入的文献独立评价,并对符合标准的文献进行证据提取。结果 共纳入证据15篇,包括临床决策1篇,指南4篇,系统评价5篇,证据总结3篇,最佳实践1篇,专家共识1篇。汇总出术后恶心和呕吐非药物管理的最佳证据9个方面共26条。结论 临床管理者需加强对术后恶心和呕吐的风险评估、非药物管理方法进行规范化培训。非药物方法可以从穴位刺激、耳穴压豆、呼吸控制指导、咀嚼口香糖这些方面进行选择形成适合科室的措施,应用于术后恶心和呕吐患者的科学管理。     

The Effects of Acupressure on Nausea,Vomiting, and Vital Signs in Patients Undergoing Gynecologic Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Trial

PurposeThis randomized controlled experimental study was conducted to determine the effect of acupressure on nausea, vomiting, and vital signs in patients undergoing gynecologic surgery.DesignA randomized controlled experimental study.MethodsStudy participants consisted of females aged 18 to 65 years who underwent surgery in the gynecology clinic of the related hospital between October 2016 and March 2017. The sample originally consisted of 111 patients: K-K9 group (n = 39), P6 group (n = 37), and control group (n = 35). The point P6 in both wrists was determined, and the patients in that group wore a wristband 1 hour before the operation. The point K-K9 in both hands was determined, and one Black Pepper Seed was fixed on the point with the help of a plaster almost 1 hour before the operation. Once the wristband and the seed were placed, they remained in place for 24 hours. The control group received routine care, with no application of acupressure devices.FindingsFinal sample number was 103 after six were lost to follow-up. Vital signs of the patients showed a difference between the intervention groups and control group after the surgical procedure. The pulse values varied at statistically significant levels according to groups in the first and second measurements. The respiratory values of the K-K9 and P6 groups were statistically lower than those in the control group in the first, second, fourth, and fifth measurements (P < .05). The first measurement of nausea scores varied statistically according to the groups. The K-K9 group nausea scores were statistically lower than those in the control group (P < .05). At the time of the first measurement, the number of those who retched in the P6 group was statistically higher than those in the K-K9 group (P < .05).ConclusionsWe examined the effect of two types of acupressure in the management of postoperative nausea and vomiting in the first 24 hours after gynecologic surgeries. Although some findings of ours did not show a statistically significant difference, these alternative therapies showed promise.     

Prevention and Management of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting in Adults

In early 2007, patients at our small community hospital's outpatient surgery center experienced postoperative nausea and postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) at a rate of 27% to 35%. Many record reviews and a written survey of nurses in the postanesthesia care unit and same day surgery center revealed that little or no risk assessment and no consistent prophylaxis or treatment were in use by nurses, physicians, or anesthesia care providers.After a review of the literature and discussions with anesthesia care providers, we developed and put into practice a risk assessment tool and perioperative care path. A formal evaluation to assess the effectiveness of the plan was performed one year after implementation. We found that the rates of PONV had decreased to 16%. AORN J 90 (September 2009) 391-413. © AORN, Inc, 2009.     

麻醉恢复室内术后患者发生恶心呕吐的原因分析及对策

目的探讨术后进入麻醉恢复室(post-anesthesia care unit,PACU)患者发生恶心呕吐(postoperative nausea and vomiting,PONV)的原因及护理对策。方法回顾性分析并总结2015年1-2月北京大学第三医院收治的645例术后进入PACU患者的临床资料。结果 645例术后进入PACU的患者中有134例(20.8%)患者发生PONV,不同性别、手术时间、是否采用腹腔镜手术患者PONV的发生率差异有统计学意义(均P0.05),不同年龄患者发生PONV的发生率差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论护理人员应了解术后进入PACU患者发生PONV的原因,并采取针对性的护理对策,以提高患者安全。     

Preventing Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting After Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: A Prospective, Randomized, Double-Blind Study

Background

Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) are potential complications in patients after laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC). Combination antiemetic therapy often is effective for preventing PONV in patients undergoing LC, and combinations of antiemetics targeting different sites of activity may be more effective than monotherapy.

Objective

The aim of this study was to compare the administration of a subhypnotic dose of propofol combined with dexamethasone with one of propofol combined with metoclopramide to prevent PONV after LC.

Methods

Sixty adult patients scheduled for LC were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatment groups. The patients in group 1 received 0.5 mg/kg propofol plus 8 mg dexamethasone, and those in group 2 received 0.5 mg/kg propofol plus 0.2 mg/kg metoclopramide. The number of patients experiencing nausea and vomiting at 0 to 4, 4 to 12, and 12 to 24 hours postoperatively and as well as additional use of rescue antiemetics were recorded.

Results

The total PONV rates up to 24 hours postanesthesia were 23.3% and 50% for group 1 and group 2, respectively. Comparisons of the data revealed that at 0 to 4 hours, the number of patients experiencing vomiting was 6 (20%) in group 1 and14 (46.7%) in group 2 (P = 0.028). The frequency of vomiting in group 1 was significantly lower than that for group 2 (P = 0.028), and the rate of rescue antiemetic use in group 2 was higher than that in group 1 (20% vs 46.7%; P = 0.028). In the evaluation of PONV based on the nausea and vomiting scale scores, the mean PONV score was 0.4 (0.2) in group 1 compared with 1.0 (0.2) in group 2 (P = 0.017). There were no significant differences between the values at 4 to 12 hours and at 12 to 24 hours. The frequency of adverse reactions (respiratory depression: 1.3%, 1.3%; laryngospasm: 1.3%, 0%; cough: 1.3%, 0%; hiccup: 1.3%, 0%;) was not significantly different in the 2 groups.

Conclusions

Administration of a subhypnotic dose of 0.5 mg/kg propofol plus 8 mg dexamethasone at the end of surgery was more effective than administration of 0.5 mg/kg propofol plus metoclopramide in preventing PONV in the early postoperative period in adult patients undergoing LC.     

Aromatherapy Blend for Postoperative Nausea in Ambulatory Surgery Patients

PurposePostoperative nausea (PON) is one of the most common undesirable outcomes after surgery and increases patient dissatisfaction, hospital costs, and risk for postoperative complications. This quality-improvement project implemented and evaluated the effect of aromatherapy on nausea in adult postoperative patients.DesignQuality improvement project evaluating the inhalation of a blend of essential oils through an individual stick via an aroma stick.MethodsThis quality-improvement project was implemented in a postanesthesia care unit (PACU) in the Northeastern United States that averages 300 adult patients per month. Over the course of 12 weeks in the Fall of 2019, the project sample included all PACU registered nurses and patients with PON without allergies to inhalation agents or nasal surgery.FindingsOne hundred percent of PACU registered nurses (n = 20) were educated and demonstrated competence in the aromatherapy intervention; 70.6% (n = 36) of patients with PON used an aroma stick for PON treatment. Of the patients receiving the aroma stick for PON, 94.4% (n = 34) had improved PON scores.ConclusionsAromatherapy is an effective nonpharmacological treatment in reducing PON score for patients recovering from surgery. These results offer support for nursing practice to use aromatherapy as an additional method to enhance patient experience, improve outcomes, and reduce cost in recovery rooms.     

地塞米松不同给药途径对吗啡硬膜外镇痛术后恶心呕吐的影响

目的 :研究地塞米松静脉给药与硬膜外给药对降低术后吗啡硬膜外镇痛恶心呕吐 (PONV)的作用是否存在不同。方法 :选择 15 0例硬膜外麻醉的妇科手术病例 ,随机分为 3组 ,手术结束前A组硬膜外腔注射 10mg地塞米松 ,B组静脉给予 10mg地塞米松 ,而C组不用地塞米松 (对照组 )。术毕所有病例均行吗啡联合小剂量氟哌利多硬膜外镇痛。观察 4 8h内恶心呕吐的发生率和严重程度 ,随访伤口感染或延迟愈合等情况。结果 :PONV发生率A组为 16 % ,B组为 8% ,两组无显著差异 (P >0 .0 5 ) ,均明显低于C组 (4 8% ) ,两组与C组相比均有显著差异 (P <0 .0 1)。未发生伤口感染或延迟愈合的病例。结论 :地塞米松10mg无论静脉给药还是硬膜外给药均能显著降低妇科手术后吗啡镇痛患者PONV的发生率 ,且单次给药无明显的不良反应     

托烷司琼预防术后静脉自控镇痛致恶心呕吐疗效观察

目的观察托烷司琼抑制患者术后静脉自控镇痛（patient controlled intrarenous analgesia,PCIA）所致恶心呕吐的效果。方法选择择期手术需行全身麻醉ASAI-Ⅱ级患者120例,所有患者术前均无明显胃肠道功能异常和恶心呕吐症状,无心、肺、肝、肾功能不全;术前24h未给任何止吐药。术毕将120例患者随机分为3组：①Ⅰ组（生理盐水组,n=40）,术毕静脉注射生理盐水2mL,患者PCIA配方为芬太尼0.6～0.8mg,用生理盐水稀释至100mL。②Ⅱ组（托烷司琼组,n=40）,术毕静脉注射托烷司琼2mg;在Ⅰ组PCIA配方中加托烷司琼4mg。③Ⅲ组（氟哌利多组,n=40）术毕静脉注射氟哌利多2.5mg,在Ⅰ组PCIA配方中加氟哌利多2.5mg。术后连续观察48h,记录术后0、4、8、16、24、32、48h视觉模拟评分（VAS）、舒适评分（BCS）及恶心呕吐等不良反应。结果所有患者术后镇痛及舒适评分均达基本满意水平,各组相比,差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。防治恶心、呕吐效果,Ⅱ组效果最好,Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组与Ⅰ组相比差异均有显著性（均P〈0.05）;Ⅱ组与Ⅲ组相比差异无显著性（P〉0.05）。Ⅲ组出现了3例锥体外系症状及5例嗜睡症状,Ⅱ组有3例出现一过性轻微头痛。结论托烷司琼及氟哌利多均能抑制PCIA所致恶心、呕吐,但托烷司琼不良反应少且轻微。