Incidental detection beyond pathological factors as prognostic predictor of renal cell carcinoma

PURPOSE: To evaluate the prognostic significance of different detection modalities of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) in a large cohort of patients who had been previously submitted to surgery in two teaching hospitals in Italy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed the clinical records of 1446 patients who had been submitted to surgical treatment for RCC at the Departments of Urology of Padua (n=747) and Verona (n=699) from 1976 to 2000. Patients were classified into two groups according to the detection mode: symptomatic and incidental. The cancer-specific survival probability was estimated according to the Kaplan-Meier method. In order to compare the survival curves the log rank test was used. The predictive independent value of the variables was examined using the Cox proportional hazards model. RESULTS: Six hundred and thirty patients (43.6%) were treated for incidental RCC and 816 (56.4%) for symptomatic RCC. In the incidental group, the size (p<0.001), the pathological stage (p<0.001) and the nuclear grading (p<0.001) of tumors were lower than those causing symptoms. The 5-year and 10-year cancer-specific survival probability were 84% and 75% in the incidental group, and 66% and 54.5% in the symptomatic group (p<0.0001), respectively. At a multivariate analysis, the mode of detection was an independent predictive variable (H.R. 1.559), as well as pathological stage (H.R. 1.809), nuclear grading (H.R. 1.411), size 相似文献   

Development and internal validation of nomograms for the prediction of postoperative survival of patients with grade 4 renal cell carcinoma (RCC)

BackgroundTo develop successful prognostic models for grade 4 renal cell carcinoma (RCC) following partial nephrectomy and radical nephrectomy.MethodsThe nomograms were established based on a retrospective study of 135 patients who underwent partial and radical nephrectomy for grade 4 RCC at the Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital from January 2013 to October 2018. The predictive performance of the nomograms was assessed by the calibration plot and C-index. The results were validated using bootstrap resampling.ResultsAspartate transaminase (AST), the maximum diameter of tumor (cutoff value =7 cm), lymph node metastasis, and the International Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma Database Consortium (IMDC) risk group were independent factors for determining the overall survival (OS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS) in multivariate analysis. AST, the maximum diameter of the tumor (cutoff value =7 cm), and lymph node metastasis were found to be independent variables for progression-free survival (PFS) in multivariate analysis. These variables were used for the studies to establish nomograms. All calibration plots revealed excellent predictive accuracy of the models. The C-indexes of the nomograms for predicting OS, CSS and PFS were 0.729 (95% CI, 0.659–0.799), 0.725 (95% CI, 0.654–0.796) and 0.702 (95% CI, 0.626–0.778), respectively. Moreover, the recurrence rate was not associated with open or laparoscopic radical nephrectomy in our cohort (P=0.126).ConclusionsWe have developed easy-to-use models that are internally validated to predict postoperative 1-, 3-, and 5-year OS, CSS, and PFS rates of grade 4 RCC patients. The new models could aid in identifying high-risk patients, making postoperative therapeutic and follow-up strategies as well as predicting patients’ survival after externally validated. Besides, our study shows that the recurrence rate is not associated with open or laparoscopic radical nephrectomy.     

A scoring algorithm to predict survival for patients with metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma: a stratification tool for prospective clinical trials

PURPOSE: We developed a clinically useful scoring algorithm to predict cancer specific survival for patients with clear cell metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We studied 727 patients treated with radical nephrectomy for clear cell RCC from 1970 to 2000 who had distant metastases at nephrectomy (285) or in whom metastases subsequently developed (442). A scoring algorithm to predict cancer specific survival was developed using the regression coefficients from a Cox proportional hazards model. RESULTS: There were 606 deaths from clear cell RCC at a median of 1.0 years (range 0 to 14) following metastatic RCC. Constitutional symptoms at nephrectomy (+2), metastases to the bone (+2) or liver (+4), metastases in multiple simultaneous sites (+2), metastases at nephrectomy (+1) or within 2 years of nephrectomy (+3), complete resection of all metastatic sites (-5), tumor thrombus level I to IV (+3), and the primary pathological features of nuclear grade 4 (+3) and histological tumor necrosis (+2) were significantly associated with death from RCC. All patients started with a score of 0 and points were added or subtracted as indicated in parentheses. Cancer specific survival rates at 1 year were 85.1%, 72.1%, 58.8%, 39.0%, and 25.1%, respectively, for patients with scores of -5 to -1, scores of 0 to 2, scores of 3 to 6, scores of 7 or 8, and scores of 9 or more. CONCLUSIONS: This scoring algorithm can be used to predict cancer specific survival for patients with metastatic clear cell RCC.     

Single-docking robotic-assisted nephroureterectomy and extravesical bladder cuff excision without intraoperative repositioning: The technique and oncological outcomes

Background/Objective: Currently there are few report of oncologic outcomes following robotic-assisted radical nephroureterectomy (RRNU) based on long-term follow-up. To evaluate the therapeutic effect of RRNU for upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC), a technique of single-docking RRNU was described and its oncological outcomes was evaluated.Patients and methodsThe data of 29 patients underwent RRNU for UTUC of Ta-T3 from July 2013 to June 2016 was analyzed. The data of 131 patients of UTUC underwent laparoscopic radical nephroureterectomy (LRNU) over the same period was analyzed as control. Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox regression were used for prognosis evaluation.ResultsThe median follow-up time was 40.5 and 40.4 months in RRNU cohort and LRNU cohort. No difference in 5-year intravesical recurrence-free survival (IVRFS) (88.0% vs. 85.5%, p = 0.611) or distant metastasis-free survival (93.1% vs.96.7%, p = 0.323) between RRNU cohort and LRNU cohort. The 5-year retroperitoneal recurrence-free survival and cancer-specific survival (CS) were lower in RRNU cohort than in LRNU cohort (77.3% vs. 87.7%, and 71.2% v.s. 84.7%, respectively).ConclusionThe single-docking RRNU is an effective treatment for UTUC, avoiding the re-docking of patient-side cart or the intraoperative reposition of patient, and bringing equivalent 5-year IVRFS compared to LRNU. However, the lower 5-year retroperitoneal recurrence-free survival and CS in RRNU cohort warned the concern of higher chance of local tumor spillage during RRNU. The noninferiority of RRNU to LRNU still needed the confirmation of large sample sized, prospective randomized controlled study.     

Prognostic impact of paraneoplastic syndromes on patients with non-metastatic renal cell carcinoma undergoing surgery: Results from Canadian Kidney Cancer information system

IntroductionThe impact of paraneoplastic syndromes (PNS) on survival in patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is uncertain. This study was conducted to analyze the association of PNS with recurrence and survival of patients with non-metastatic RCC undergoing nephrectomy.MethodsThe Canadian Kidney Cancer information system is a multi-institutional cohort of patients started in January 2011. Patients with nephrectomy for non-metastatic RCC were identified. PNS included anemia, polycythemia, hypercalcemia, and weight loss. Associations between PNS and recurrence or death were assessed using Kaplan-Meier curves and multivariable analysis.ResultsOf 4337 patients, 1314 (30.3%) had evidence of one or more PNS. Patients with PNS were older, had higher comorbidity, and had more advanced clinical and pathological tumor characteristics as compared to patients without PNS (all p<0.05). Kaplan-Meier five-year estimated recurrence-free survival (RFS), cancer-specific survival (CSS), and overall survival (OS) were significantly worse in patients with PNS (63.7%, 84.3%, and 79.6%, respectively, for patients with PNS vs. 73.9%, 90.8%, and 90.1%, respectively, for patients without PNS, all p<0.005). On univariable analysis, presence of PNS increased risk of recurrence (hazard ratio [HR] 1.67, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.48–1.90, p<0.0001) and cancer-related death (HR 1.85, 95% CI 1.34–2.54, p=0.0002). Adjusting for known prognostic factors, PNS was not associated with recurrence or survival.ConclusionsIn non-metastatic RCC patients undergoing surgery, presence of PNS is associated with older age, higher Charlson comorbidity index score, advanced tumor stage, and aggressive tumor histology. Following surgery, baseline PNS is not strongly independently associated with recurrence or death.     

Histotype predicts the rate of lymph node invasion at nephrectomy in patients with nonmetastatic renal cell carcinoma

BackgroundLymph node invasion (LNI) at nephrectomy is one of the most important predictors of mortality in patients with nonmetastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC). We analyzed the effect of histology on lymph node metastases at nephrectomy and its effect on survival in a contemporary cohort of patients with nonmetastatic RCC.MethodsWithin the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database (2004-2015), we identified 100,060 patients with clear-cell, papillary, chromophobe, sarcomatoid, and collecting duct RCC, who underwent nephrectomy with or without lymph node dissection for nonmetastatic RCC. Logistic regression models, cumulative incidence plots, and competing-risks regression models were performed.ResultsOverall, 10,590 patients underwent lymph node dissection for nonmetastatic RCC. Of these, LNI was recorded in 52 (7.0%), 615 (8.7%), 282 (13.9%), 316 (25.1%), 129 (38.3%), 45 (71.4%) patients with chromophobe, clear-cell, nonotherwise specified RCC, papillary, sarcomatoid, and collecting duct RCC histological subtypes, respectively. In logistic regression models, relative to clear-cell, papillary Odds ratio (OR 3.9), sarcomatoid (OR 6.3), collecting duct (OR 14.6) but not chromophobe RCC (OR 0.9; P = 0.5) independently predicted LNI at surgery. Moreover, in competing-risks regression models, LNI increased the risk of CSM 1.8-fold for sarcomatoid, 3.6-fold for clear-cell, 4.1-fold for papillary, and 6.7-fold for chromophobe histological subtype.ConclusionsHistology is an independent predictor of increased risk of LNI at nephrectomy. Moreover, the effect of pathological nodal stage on survival differs according to different histology.     

Can microRNAs be utilized as tumor markers for recurrence following nephrectomy in renal cell carcinoma patients? A meta-analysis provides the answer

IntroductionRenal cell carcinoma (RCC) is an aggressive tumor. Many studies investigated microRNAs (miRs) as RCC prognostic biomarkers, often reporting inconsistent findings. We present a meta-analysis to identify if tissue-derived miRs can be used as a prognostic factor in patients after nephrectomy.MethodsData were obtained from PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science. The hazard ratio with 95% confidence intervals assessed the prognostic value of microRNAs. Outcomes of interest included the prognosis role of microRNAs in overall survival (OS), recurrence-free survival (RFS), and cancer-specific survival (CSS) in nephrectomy patients.ResultsNine retrospective studies that evaluated microRNAs in 1,541 nephrectomy patients were collected. There were heterogeneities across studies for microRNAs in the 15 studies examining OS, RFS, and CSS (I² = 84.51%; P < 0.01); the random-effect model was calculated (HR = 1.371; (95% CI: 0.831–2.260); P = 0.216).ConclusionOur study indicated that miRNAs cannot be used as a marker for recurrence in RCC patients after nephrectomy, and researchers shouldn't make the mistake that if miRs can be used as a biomarker in RCC, they cannot be used as a marker after nephrectomy in RCC. As all of these findings were from retrospective studies, further studies are needed to verify the role of microRNAs in clinical trials.     

Renal fossa recurrence after radical nephrectomy: Current management,and oncological outcomes

Introduction and objectivesKidney cancers represent 2% of cancers worldwide; the most common type is renal clear cell carcinoma (RCC). Surgical treatment remains the only effective therapy for localized renal cell carcinoma. Approximately 20% to 38% of patients undergoing radical nephrectomy (RN) for localized RCC will have subsequent disease progression, with 0.8% to 3.6% of local recurrences within the ipsilateral retroperitoneum (RFR). The main objective of this study is to evaluate prognostic features, oncological outcomes, and current management for renal fossa recurrence in patients with history of RN for RCC.Materials and methodsWe retrospectively analyzed 733 patients who underwent open or laparoscopic RN for unilateral T1-T4 N0 M0 RCC between 2010 and 2016 at the Urology Department of Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires.ResultsDuring the mentioned period, of a total of 733 RNs (open/laparoscopic), 561 patients with RCC were included in the study. After a median follow-up time of 24 months (12–36) (interquartile range), 21 (3.74%) patients out of 561, developed renal fossa recurrence. Of these, 13 (2.31%) patients were diagnosed with isolated local renal fossa recurrence and different treatment approaches were adopted; 11 patients underwent open surgical resection, 1 patient laparoscopic surgical resection, and 1 case was treated with cryoablation.Regarding cancer-specific survival, estimated 4-year cancer-specific survival in patients without RFR, with isolated RFR (iRFR) and not isolated RFR (niRFR) was 82.7% (CI 95% 70.2–95.2), 69.2% (IC 44.2–94.2) and 0%, respectively (log rank test P < 0.0001 being niRFR group different to others. Non isolated RFR was a death risk factor with a HR of 11.4 (4.8–27.2) compared with iRFR or no recurrence. Overall, 51% (IC 26.6–71.2) of patients with any RFR died at 4 years follow-up.ConclusionAlthough RFR is a rare condition, in the absence of distant metastatic disease, aggressive surgical resection should be our aim. High pathological tumoral stage at original nephrectomy and high tumoral grade are independent risk factors for RFR. This group of patients needs closer follow-up to detect earlier recurrences and decide a treatment strategy.     

Compared with radical nephrectomy,nephron-sparing surgery offers a long-term survival advantage in patients between the ages of 20 and 44 years with renal cell carcinomas (≤4 cm): An analysis of the SEER database

PurposeCompared with radical nephrectomy (RN), partial nephrectomy (PN) decreases the risk of developing chronic kidney disease. Although numerous studies have demonstrated the survival advantage of PN in older patients, they have been criticized by selection bias toward the procedure owing to comorbidities. We hypothesized that long-standing effects of renal preservation would manifest in a survival advantage of a younger patient population, where selection bias owing to comorbidities is minimized.Materials and methodsThe Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results 18-registries database was queried for patients aged 20 to 44 years surgically treated between 1993 and 2003 for renal cell carcinoma (RCC)≤4 cm with known grade and histology. Patients with prior RCC, multiple tumors, and metastatic or locally advanced disease were excluded. The final cohorts consisted of 222 and 494 subjects treated with PN and RN, respectively. The chi-square and log-rank analyses compared patient and tumor characteristics and patient survival, respectively.ResultsThere were no differences between the groups in demographics or tumor characteristics. Additionally, there was no difference in cancer-specific survival at 5 or 10 years (P = 0.34 and P = 0.1, respectively). Although there was no difference in 5-year overall survival (P = 0.07), PN offered an advantage in 10-year overall survival (P = 0.025).ConclusionsPresent Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results analyses demonstrate that compared with RN, PN improved overall survival in patients with small, localized RCC. As expected, the survival advantage is observed late and supports the importance of long-term renal functional preservation. Although our study is limited by lack of comorbidities, the results suggest that detrimental effects of RN may have implications on overall survival in younger patients with RCC.     

A meta-analysis for comparison of partial nephrectomy vs. radical nephrectomy in patients with pT3a renal cell carcinoma

BackgroundKidney cancer is the most common malignant tumor of the kidney in adults. However, in terms of the treatment for pT3a renal cell carcinoma (RCC), whether partial nephrectomy (PN) can be selected is still controversial. This study was conducted to compare the efficacy of PN and radical nephrectomy (RN) in treatment for patients with pT3a RCC.MethodsThe relative English databases including PubMed and EMBASE were searched for studies comparing PN and RN for pT3a RCC between 2010 and 2020. Stata 13.0 software was used to compare the cancer-specific survival (CSS), overall survival (OS), cancer-specific mortality (CSM), relapse-free survival (RFS), complications and positive surgical margin.ResultsNine articles were included with a total of 3,391 patients, of whom 2,113 received RN and 1,278 received PN. The results showed that there is no statistical difference in CSS, OS, CSM, RFS, complications and positive surgical margin between RN and PN. No heterogeneity was shown in study.ConclusionsThere were no differences in the CSS, OS, CSM, RFS, complications and positive surgical margin of the patients in RN and PN group. For pT3a RCC, RN did not provide a better survival benefit compared to PN. Considering PN can suppress the progression of tumor and reduce the risk of postoperative chronic renal insufficiency, we found PN is a good choice for pT3a RCC. However, further large-sample, studies are still needed in future.     

High preoperative C-reactive protein values predict poor survival in patients on chronic hemodialysis undergoing nephrectomy for renal cancer

ObjectivesPrevious studies have reported that elevated pretreatment C-reactive protein (CRP) levels are associated with poor outcome in various malignancies, including renal cell carcinoma (RCC), in the general population. However, there is no evidence of such an association in dialysis patients. Therefore, the aim of this study is to evaluate the prognostic significance of preoperative serum CRP levels in patients with RCC related to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) requiring hemodialysis (HD).Materials and methodsWe evaluated 315 patients with ESRD requiring HD who underwent nephrectomy for RCC as the first-line treatment at our hospital from 1982 to 2013. Complete patient- and tumor-specific characteristics as well as preoperative CRP levels were assessed. We defined a serum CRP level >0.5 mg/dl as elevated and divided these patients into 2 groups according to their preoperative CRP levels (CRP≤0.5 and >0.5 mg/dl). The median follow-up was 51 months.ResultsPreoperative CRP levels were elevated in 75 patients (23.8%). The Kaplan-Meier 5-year cancer-specific survival rates were 95.2% and 69.9% in patients with CRP levels≤0.5 and>0.5 mg/dl, respectively (P<0.0001). Multivariate analysis identified preoperative CRP level as an independent predictor for cancer-specific survival, along with a pathological TNM stage and tumor grade (CRP>0.5: hazard ratio = 3.47; 95% CI: 1.35–9.18; P = 0.0098). The concordance index of multivariable base models increased after including the preoperative CRP levels.ConclusionsPreoperative serum CRP level might be an independent predictor of postoperative survival in patients with RCC related to ESRD requiring HD. Its routine use, together with the TNM classification and tumor grade, could allow better risk stratification and risk-adjusted follow-up of these patients.     

Commentary on “Racial disparity in renal cell carcinoma patient survival according to demographic and clinical characteristics.” Chow WH,Shuch B,Linehan WM,Devesa SS,Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics,National Cancer Institute,Bethesda, MD.: Cancer 2013; 119(2):388–94. [Epub 2012 Nov 12]. doi: 10.1002/cncr.27690.

BackgroundPatients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) who are black tend to have poorer prognosis than similar patients who are white. This study examined whether the racial disparity in RCC patient survival varies by demographic and clinical characteristics.MethodsNearly 40,000 patients (4359 black and 34,991 white) diagnosed with invasive RCC from 1992 to 2007 were identified from 12 registries in the National Cancer Institute Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program, covering approximately 14% of the US population. Relative survival rates through 2008 were computed using the actuarial method.ResultsProportionally more blacks than whites were diagnosed with RCC under age 50 and with localized cancer. Overall, the 5-year relative survival rates were 72.6% (95% confidence interval 72.0%-73.2%) for white and 68.0% (66.2%-69.8%) for black patients. Survival was higher among women than men and among younger than older patients. Survival decreased with advancing tumor stage and, within each stage, decreased with increasing tumor size. Patients with clear cell RCC, a more common form among whites, had poorer prognosis than patients with papillary or chromophobe subtypes, which are more common among blacks. Survival for patients who received no surgical treatment (10.5% of white patients and 14.5% of black patients) was substantially lower than for patients treated with nephrectomy, with similar survival among whites and blacks. In all other demographic and clinical subgroups of patients, whites consistently had a survival advantage over blacks.ConclusionsPatients with RCC who are white consistently have a survival advantage over those RCC patients who are black, regardless of age, sex, tumor stage or size, histological subtype, or surgical treatment.     

New Research on Kidney Cancer: Highlights from Urologic and Oncologic Congresses in 2006

ObjectivesThis paper communicates the major new findings on renal cell cancer (RCC) that were presented at the 2006 annual meetings of the European Association of Urology (EAU), American Urological Association (AUA), and American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO), and discussed during a closed meeting in September 2006.MethodsThe most relevant new findings were selected by urologic experts in the field of RCC.ResultsOne basic research study suggested that there might be pathways other than the von Hippel-Lindau/hypoxia-inducible factor-α pathway involved in RCC tumour angiogenesis. Partial nephrectomy is still relatively uncommon compared with radical nephrectomy, even in small tumours. Overall and cancer-specific 5-yr survival for laparascopic cryoablation was high, suggesting that it might be suitable for small renal masses. Radiofrequency ablation appears feasible and safe in healthy American Society of Anesthesiologists I and II patients. There were major contributions on angiogenesis inhibitors for metastatic RCC. Sorafenib significantly prolonged progression-free survival (PFS) compared with placebo in patients who failed prior systemic therapy. Sunitinib significantly prolonged PFS compared with interferon (IFN)-α as first-line treatment of low- and intermediate-risk patients. Temsirolimus significantly increased overall survival compared with IFN-α as first-line treatment in poor-risk patients.ConclusionsRelevant new data on partial nephrectomy, cryoablation, and radiofrequency ablation are discussed in this paper. New standards are emerging for the treatment of metastatic RCC, which is now based on antiangiogenic drugs.     

5种淋巴结转移分期标准预测肝门部胆管癌预后的应用价值

目的:探讨美国癌症联合会（AJCC）第8版肿瘤TNM分期系统N分期、阳性淋巴结数目（pLN）、阴性淋巴结数目（nLN）、淋巴结转移率（LNR）和阳性淋巴结对数比（LODDS）5种淋巴结转移分期标准预测肝门部胆管癌（PHCC）预后的应用价值。方法:采用回顾性队列研究方法。收集2004―2015年美国监测、流行病学和最终结...     

Comparisons of outcome and prognostic features among histologic subtypes of renal cell carcinoma

Our objective was to compare cancer-specific survival and to examine associations with outcome among the histologic subtypes of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). We studied 2385 patients whose first surgery between 1970 and 2000 was a radical nephrectomy for sporadic, unilateral RCC. All RCC tumors were classified following the 1997 Union Internationale Contre le Cancer and American Joint Committee on Cancer guidelines. There were 1985 (83.2%) patients with clear cell, 270 (11.3%) with papillary, 102 (4.3%) with chromophobe, 6 (0.3%) with collecting duct, 5 (0.3%) with purely sarcomatoid RCC and no underlying histologic subtype, and 17 (0.7%) with RCC, not otherwise specified. Cancer-specific survival rates at 5 years for patients with clear cell, papillary, and chromophobe RCC were 68.9%, 87.4%, and 86.7%, respectively. Patients with clear cell RCC had a poorer prognosis compared with patients with papillary and chromophobe RCC (p <0.001). This difference in outcome was observed even after stratifying by 1997 tumor stage and nuclear grade. There was no significant difference in cancer-specific survival between patients with papillary and chromophobe RCC (p = 0.918). The 1997 TNM stage, tumor size, presence of a sarcomatoid component, and nuclear grade were significantly associated with death from clear cell, papillary, and chromophobe RCC. Histologic tumor necrosis was significantly associated with death from clear cell and chromophobe RCC, but not with death from papillary RCC. Our results demonstrate that there are significant differences in outcome and associations with outcome for the different histologic subtypes of RCC, highlighting the need for accurate subtyping.     

Is there a role for partial nephrectomy in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma?

ObjectivesThe incidence of metastatic disease in patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) correlates with tumor size. We sought to determine the incidence of metastatic disease by tumor size, and the utilization and impact of nephron-sparing surgery on survival in those with metastatic disease.Materials and methodsUtilizing the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database, we identified 56,011 patients between 1988 and 2005 diagnosed with RCC. Patients were initially separated into two groups—those with and without metastatic disease—and stratified by tumor size. Cox proportional hazard modeling and Kaplan-Meier analyses were then utilized to evaluate the role of gender, age, grade, histology, tumor size, and type of surgery (radical vs. partial nephrectomy) on overall- and cancer-specific survival in patients with metastatic disease.ResultsEight thousand four hundred ninety-eight patients (15%) had metastatic disease. Four percent of patients with tumors less than 2 cm and 5% of patients with tumors between 2 and 3 cm presented with metastatic disease. Two thousand nine hundred fifty patients (35%) with metastatic disease underwent surgery (radical or partial nephrectomy). Seventy patients (2% of those undergoing surgery) had a partial nephrectomy. Those who underwent partial nephrectomy were 0.49 times less likely to die of RCC than those who underwent radical nephrectomy (95% CI 0.35–0.69, P < 0.001).ConclusionsAlbeit small, the risk of metastases in patients with small kidney tumors is distinct and should be considered in management discussions. Partial nephrectomy, when able to be done, should be utilized in the setting of metastatic disease.     

Oncological outcome of minimum incision endoscopic radical nephrectomy for pathologically organ confined renal cell carcinoma

Objective:   To date, follow-up after minimum incision endoscopic radical nephrectomy (MIES radical nephrectomy) for renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has not been reported. Minimum incision indicates an incision that narrowly permits the extraction of the specimen. To evaluate the oncological outcome of the patients with pathologically organ confined (pT1-2N0M0) RCC treated with this operation, the results in those patients were analyzed.
Methods:   From 1998 to 2006, 154 consecutive patients underwent MIES radical nephrectomy under diagnosis of clinical T1-2N0M0 RCC in our hospital. Of the patients, 127 patients with pathologically confirmed organ confined (pT1-2N0M0) RCC constituted the current study population. Overall, the recurrence-free and cancer-specific survival rates of the patients treated with MIES radical nephrectomy were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared with those of the patients treated with open radical nephrectomy using the log rank test.
Results:   The median follow-up period was 34 months (range: 3–98 months). Of the 127 pT1-2N0M0 patients treated with MIES radical nephrectomy, the disease recurred in nine patients and four patients died of the cancer during follow-up. The five-year overall, recurrence-free and cancer-specific survival rates were 95.0%, 90.8% and 95.8%, respectively. Overall, the recurrence-free and cancer-specific survival rates were not different from those of patients treated with open radical nephrectomy.
Conclusion:   MIES radical nephrectomy has the validity in adequate cancer control and is one of the recommendable options as a minimally invasive surgery for patients with organ confined RCC.     

A population-based competing-risks analysis of survival after nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma

ObjectivesVariability in survival after surgical treatment is observed in patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC), thereby affirming the heterogeneity of the disease. The aim of our study was to provide a clinically relevant and detailed assessment of survival following surgical excision in patients with RCC of all stages according to age, stage, and grade.Materials and methodsA retrospective population-based analysis of 42,090 patients in the United States who were treated with partial nephrectomy (PN) or radical nephrectomy (RN) for RCC of all stages between the years 1988 and 2008 was performed. Competing-risks Poisson regression analyses focusing on cancer-specific mortality (CSM) or other-cause mortality (OCM) were executed. Stratification was performed according to age groups (≤59, 60–69, 70–79, and ≥80 y), the American Joint Committee on Cancer stage (I, II, III, and IV), and the Fuhrman grade (I–II and III–IV).ResultsIncreasing stage was associated with higher CSM rates (from 2%–9% to 54%–79% for stage I and IV), regardless of age. Similarly, high tumor grade was associated with higher CSM rates (from 2%–64% to 6%–79% for low and high grade). However, OCM was nonnegligible amongst persons aged 70 to 79 years (11%–24%) and ≥80 years (17%–44%), regardless of stage and grade. In subanalyses focusing on stage I RCC, CSM (3%–10%) rates were slightly higher for RN-treated patients, regardless of age and grade. However, in individuals aged 70 to 79 years with high-grade RCC, OCM rates were slightly higher for PN relative to RN (25.5% vs. 23.5%). In those aged ≥80 years, OCM rates were higher for PN compared with RN, both for low-grade (39.4% vs. 32.7%) and high-grade disease (52.0% vs. 42.8%).ConclusionsTumor grade and American Joint Committee on Cancer stage represent important prognostic factors for the prediction of CSM, despite adjustment for patient age. However, OCM rates were nonnegligible in elderly individuals (≥70 y) with low-grade and stage I to III RCC.     

Prognostic factors of renal cell carcinoma with extension into inferior vena cava

Objective:   To evaluate the prognosis of our series of patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and tumor thrombus involving inferior vena cava (IVC) treated with nephrectomy and thrombectomy.
Methods:   In 46 patients with unilateral RCC extending into IVC who underwent nephrectomy and thrombectomy (T3b in 38 patients, T3c in 6, T4 in 2, N+ in 15, M1 in 21), overall and cancer-specific survival rates were estimated, and the univariable and multivariable analysis were carried out to determine the prognostic factors among age, gender, performance status, fever, inflammatory laboratory parameters, nodal and distant metastasis, tumor thrombus level, pathological parameters and postoperative interferon-α administration.
Results:   The median age was 66.5 (range 35–79) years. The median follow-up was 18.0 (mean 36.7 ± 38.7) months. The overall and cancer-specific 5-year survival rates were 32.9% and 40.0%, respectively. The univariate analysis revealed that fever (hazard ratio: HR 4.03), C-reactive protein (HR 4.89), grade of tumor cell (HR 3.83), and lymph node metastasis (HR 5.99) were independent prognostic factors of cause-specific survival in all patients. The multivariate analysis demonstrated that lymph node metastasis (HR 4.13) was the only independent prognostic factor of cause-specific survival. The extension level or postoperative interferon-α administration did not influence the prognosis of patients with tumor thrombus involving IVC.
Conclusions:   Aggressive surgery should be considered first in RCC patients with any levels of tumor thrombus. However, patients with both IVC involvement and nodal metastasis showed significantly poor prognosis, and development of novel intensive multidisciplinary therapies will be needed.     

Simple Enucleation Versus Radical Nephrectomy in the Treatment of pT1a and pT1b Renal Cell Carcinoma

Background

Simple tumor enucleation (TE) showed excellent oncologic results in large retrospective series. No study has compared oncologic outcomes after TE and radical nephrectomy (RN) for the treatment of pT1 renal cell carcinoma (RCC). The aim of the present study is to compare the oncologic outcomes after TE and RN in pT1 RCCs.

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed 475 patients who underwent TE or RN for pT1 RCC, N0, M0, between 1995 and 2007. TE was performed in 332 patients and RN in 143. Local recurrence, progression-free survival (PFS), and cancer-specific survival (CSS) were the main outcomes of this study. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to calculate survival functions, and differences were assessed with the log rank statistic. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression models were also used.

Results

The 5- and 10-year PFS estimates were 91.3 and 88.7% after RN and 95.3 and 92.8% after TE (P?=?NS), respectively. The 5- and 10-year CSS estimates were 92.1 and 89.4% after RN and 94.4% (5- and 10-year CSS) after TE (P?=?NS), respectively. No statistically significant differences between RN and TE were found after adjusting CSS probabilities according to age at surgery, grade, stage, or clear cell subtype. Surgical treatment was not a predictor of PFS or CSS by both univariate and multivariate analyses. The potential limitation of this study is that the data originate from a retrospective review.

Conclusions

TE can achieve oncologic results similar to those of RN for the treatment of pT1 RCCs, provided tumors are carefully selected on the basis of their safe and complete removal.