鼻内窥镜术上颌窦自然开口的处理

目的探讨内窥镜鼻窦手术治疗慢性鼻窦炎、鼻息肉的上颌窦中鼻道开口的重要性及处理方法。方法配对研究５６例双侧鼻窦炎、鼻息肉患者，比较同一患者术中扩大或不扩大上颌窦自然开口的术后情况。结果窦口的开放率在不扩大和扩大上颌窦自然开口的术侧中分别为９２．９％和８０．４％（随访６个月时）。回顾性观察５１例施ＣａｌｄｗｅｌＬｕｃ术的患者，下鼻道造口的术后开放率仅为４０．６％。分析３８张单侧鼻窦炎或鼻息肉的鼻窦ＣＴ片，测量对照侧与病变侧的上颌窦口膜样部的上下径和前后径，差异无显著性。病变侧上颌窦口周围的中鼻甲气化、增生及钩突偏曲、筛泡骨性增生等解剖结构异常的发生率明显高于对照侧（Ｐ＜０．０５）。结论鼻内窥镜下处理上颌窦自然开口的关键是窦口周围的解剖异常因素。     

鼻内窥镜术上颌窦自然开口的处理

探讨内窥镜鼻窦手术治疗慢性鼻窦炎，鼻息肉的上颌窦中鼻道开口的重要性及处理方法。方法 配对研究５６例双侧鼻窦炎，鼻息肉患者，比较同一患者术中扩大或不扩大上颌窦自然开口的术后情况。结果 窦口的开放率在不扩大和扩大上颌窦自然开口的术侧中分分别为９２．９％和８０．４％。     

经鼻鼻窦内窥镜所见上颌窦异常开口

在进行功能性内窥镜上颌窦手术中确认上颌窦自然开口极为重要。进行鼻道镜检时 ,上颌窦自然开口通常位于筛漏斗钩突外侧。虽然存在副口 (常位于鼻外侧壁 ) ,但自然开口极难直接直视。开窗术中查明自然开口 ,并需切除钩突。本例 ,0°镜所见之左上颌窦自然开口的异常像 ,容易辨于筛泡和畸形钩突之间。因窦口明显可见则不需切除钩突。以球顶 Lusk探头经开口进入左上颌窦并借窦窥镜观察前尖牙窝 ,确认为真正的自然开口。窦内壁中部未见其他开口 ,大部分位于内壁上方。窦口下嵴通常位于自然开口下方。粘液流入该窦口。这种罕见自然开口与钩突内…     

鼻内镜手术中扩大上颌窦自然口的意义

目的：探讨鼻内镜手术中扩大上颌窦自然口对上颌窦炎转归的影响。方法：将慢性上颌窦炎218例随机均分为两组，A组的手术范围是切除钩突、筛泡，开放前、中、后组筛窦，扩大上颌窦自然开口，切除部分肥厚明显的中鼻甲；B组手术范围是切除钩突、筛泡，开放前、中组筛窦，不处理上颌窦自然开口，尽量保留中鼻甲,特别肥厚者也行部分切除。结果：218例均随访1年以上。按海口1997年疗效评定标准，A组治愈100例,治愈率92%，B组治愈99例,治愈率91%；A组好转9例,好转率8%，B组好转10例,好转率9%。结论：鼻内镜手术范围的关键是切除窦口鼻道复合体的解剖变异，是否扩大上颌窦口并不十分重要。     

上颌窦疾病的功能性鼻内镜手术疗效评估

目的：观察鼻内镜上颌窦手术的临床疗效。方法统计41例（64侧）上颌窦疾病患者,术前记Lund-Mackay评分,术中观察是否合并息肉并按统一标准行中鼻道上颌窦口扩大,术后观察窦口开放情况,统计缩窄率及闭锁率。结果①术后症状完全缓解及部分缓解者共37例（90.2%）;②术前CT评分大于等于10分者,术后上颌窦口缩窄率46.4%,术前CT评分小于10分者,术后上颌窦口缩窄率16.7%：（x2检验,差异有统计学意义）;③伴息肉者,术后上颌窦口闭锁率16.7%,不伴息肉者,术后上颌窦口闭锁率0（x2检验,差异有统计学意义）。结论上颌窦疾病的功能性鼻内镜手术疗效满意;多鼻窦病变者,病变范围较重则术后窦口黏膜上皮化程度较差;伴发息肉者术后上颌窦口闭锁率高。     

慢性上颌窦炎的内窥镜手术

作者总结66例慢性上颌窦炎病例经鼻94次内窥镜手术的效果。随访4～12个月。手术在表麻加局麻下进行。用Hophins硬管4mm直径内窥镜,以0°、30°、70°三种不同角度,用镰状刀作钩状突切开及漏斗切除术,确定上颌窦的中鼻道开口,扩大窦口到前后径为15～20mm,垂直径以8～10mm为宜。必要时处理筛窦病变。鼻腔不做填塞,术后用抗生素一周。每周随访一次,以清理窦口和窦腔分泌     

鼻内窥镜下微波辅助治疗上颌窦息肉及囊肿

目的：探讨鼻内镜下利用微波热凝治疗上颌窦息肉及囊肿的疗效。方法：对67例上颌窦息肉及囊肿患者行鼻内镜下微波辅助鼻窦手术，在30°、70°鼻内窥镜引导下，利用微波辐射器可随意弯曲的特点，将微波探头经扩大的上颌窦口伸入窦内热凝窦内息肉和囊肿，彻底清除病变。需扩大上颌窦口者同时用微波行中鼻道上颌窦造口术。结果：术后随访6～12个月（平均9个月），治愈58例，好转8例，无效1例。总有效率98.5％，治愈率86.6％。结论：此法可彻底清除上颌窦内病灶，降低术后复发率，弥补了经鼻内窥镜鼻窦手术在处理上颌窦病变时的局限性。     

上颌窦自然开口开放方式对上颌窦纤毛传输途径的影响

目的 对比全面开放和保留上颌窦下缘两种上颌窦自然开口开放方式对手术后上颌窦纤毛传输途径的影响,探讨内镜鼻窦手术(endoscopic sinus surgery,ESS)中开放上颌窦自然开口的恰当位置.方法设立3个观察组,观察示踪剂从上颌窦内向鼻腔的传出途径的差别.①正常对照组30例;②实验A组30例:ESS手术中全面开放和扩大上颌窦自然开口;③实验B组30例:ESS手术中采用上颌窦自然开口前缘和(或)后缘扩大、完整保留下缘.两个实验组均为慢性鼻-鼻窦炎经鼻内镜手术后12个月以上、窦口开放良好的病例.结果 ①正常对照组上颌窦内示踪剂均从自然开口下缘引流出,并直接进入中鼻道,其中下缘后份是核心区域;②全面扩大上颌窦自然开口组(实验A组)30例中,从下缘引流者4例(13.3%),从后缘和(或)上缘弥散进入筛窦者17例(56.7%),示踪剂堆积于上颌窦内和(或)在窦内呈旋转性传输运动,但不能引流出上颌窦者9例(30.0%);③保留上领窦自然开口下缘组(实验B组),全部通过下缘直接进入中鼻道(30/30,100%),无改变引流途径的病例.结论 ①上颌窦自然开口下缘是上颌窦纤毛传输的主要途径;②保留下缘的上颌窦自然开口扩大术后,上颌窦纤毛传输途径与正常人无差别;③全面开放上颌窦自然开口后,上颌窦纤毛传输途径发生改变,只有少数从自然开口下缘直接进入中鼻道,多数从上缘和(或)后缘弥散进入筛窦,部分积滞于上颌窦内难以排出.     

塑料管扩张上颌窦口在鼻内窥镜术后的应用

目的：探讨鼻内窥镜术后用塑料管扩张上颌窦口避免上颌窦口闭塞及术腔黏连的临床效果。方法：为106例、190侧慢性鼻窦炎、鼻息肉患者在鼻内窥镜术后应用塑料管扩张上颌窦口。结果：随访12个月以上,根据内窥镜鼻窦手术疗效评定标准（1997,海口）,治愈率为87．9％（167／190）,好转率为12．1％（32／190）。无1例术腔黏连及上颌窦口闭塞。结论：鼻内窥镜术后用塑料管扩张上颌窦口方法简便,效果满意,可作为常规方法应用。     

真菌性鼻窦炎的内窥镜治疗

目的 探讨经鼻内窥镜治疗真菌性鼻窦炎的手术方法、疗效及适应症。方法 对我科近年经鼻内窥镜治疗或同时施行Caldwell-Luc手术的21例真菌性鼻窦炎进行总结分析。结果 21例原症状手术后均消失，术后2－3个月鼻内窥镜检查，窦腔内上皮化，窦口引流通畅，随访6个月－5年，21例均治愈，无一例复发。结论 经鼻内窥镜处理窦口鼻道复合体病变，保持窦口引流通畅是预防复发的重要因素之一，在处理筛窦、蝶窦病变时，内窥镜具有无可比拟的优势，严重上颌窦真菌病仍不能替代Caldwell-Luc手术，术后鼻内窥镜下清理术腔，可巩固疗效，促使早日痊愈。     

The influence of the size of the maxillary sinus ostium on the nasal and sinus nitric oxide levels

BACKGROUND: Nitric oxide (NO) is produced in significant quantities in the nasal sinuses and is thought to have a beneficial effect on the mucociliary transport of the sinuses and nose and to have significant antibacterial properties that contribute to the health of the sinuses. Recently, the concept of "mini-functional endoscopic sinus surgery" has been introduced where the uncinate is removed without enlargement of the maxillary ostium. Although no scientific evidence has been published, enlargement of the ostium is thought to possibly disrupt the mucociliary pathway and decrease the concentration of NO in the nose and sinuses. The aim of this study was to establish the effect of enlargement of the maxillary ostium on sinus and nasal NO. METHODS: Twenty-nine patients who were post-endoscopic sinus surgery were included with 52 who were maxillary sinus ostia cannulated. There were 22 large maxillary sinus ostia and 30 small ostia. Smoking, allergy status, and topical steroid use were recorded. NO levels were measured in the nose and maxillary sinus after decongestion with patients mouth breathing and breath holding. RESULTS: This study shows that enlargement of the maxillary sinus ostium above its normal size (20 mm2) produces a significant decrease in both the maxillary sinus and the nasal cavity NO levels. In addition, the size of the ostium showed a significant correlation to the sinus NO level. Use of topical nasal steroid sprays and topical decongestants were shown to effect NO levels in the sinuses and nasal cavity. The lowered levels of NO were found irrespective of the technique of measurement of the NO. CONCLUSIONS: The effect of this lowered NO level on the susceptibility of the maxillary sinuses to recurrent infection is yet to be determined.     

鼻内镜术后上颌窦异常引流与黏膜炎症状态

目的观察上颌窦自然引流状态及引流的关键部位，探讨鼻内镜术后上颌窦的引流与窦腔炎症的关系，为鼻内镜手术上颌窦自然窦口的处理提供参考。方法用美蓝作为示踪剂，观察15例上颌窦无明显炎症或炎症较轻受检者上颌窦自然引流状态及引流的关键部位。另选择89例慢性鼻窦炎不伴鼻息肉患者鼻内镜术后6个月，且上颌窦黏膜恢复良好的患者，观察其上颌窦引流状态及方式，并继续随访至12个月，内镜下评估黏膜的炎症情况，分析鼻内镜术后上颌窦引流方式与黏膜炎症状态的关系。结果上颌窦自然窦口引流的关键部位在自然窦口的后下，近钩突尾端的附着处。引流物出上颌窦向后下走行，最终流向鼻咽部。传统鼻内镜手术后，引流方式相对正常者15例，占16．9％；74例（83．1％）患者上颌窦的引流状态及引流方式发生了明显改变。其中包括反向引流6例、多相引流31例、引流不能20例、“蓄水池”样改变9例以及黏膜失用8例。术后12个月33．7％的患者再次发生炎症反应，以黏膜失用炎症的发生率（100％）最高，其次是引流不能及反向引流（各占50％）。结论上颌窦自然窦口的后下近钩突尾端附着处是上颌窦引流的关键部位；鼻内镜术后，上颌窦自然引流关键部位的损伤甚至瘢痕形成，可以导致上颌窦的异常引流，过度开放上颌窦窦口，有可能加重上颌窦黏膜的损伤；上颌窦的异常引流状态及方式与黏膜炎症的发生率密切相关。     

Topical steroid drops for the treatment of sinus ostia stenosis in the postoperative period

BACKGROUND: Chronic oral steroid use causes significant morbidity, including osteoporosis, immunosuppression, and adrenal insufficiency. Refractory chronic rhinosinusitis patients often take repeated oral steroid courses to treat polypoid disease or sinus ostia stenosis. This study evaluated topical steroid drop efficacy in treating recurrent sinus ostia stenosis in the postoperative period. METHODS: The 5-year single institution experience with topical steroid drop use after endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) was evaluated by retrospective review. Patients were included if they began topical dexamethasone ophthalmic, prednisolone ophthalmic, or ciprofloxacin/ dexamethasone otic intranasally (used off-label) within 3 months after ESS. Outcomes (i.e., ostia patency, oral steroid use, revision surgery, and complications) were assessed for a 6-month period after steroid drop initiation. RESULTS: Thirty-six patients met inclusion criteria. Forty-four surgeries were performed during the study period; 67 sides were treated postoperatively with topical steroid drops. In 86.6% of cases, steroid drops were used to treat frontal ostium stenosis or frontal recess edema; 93.2% of surgeries were revision procedures. Sixty-four percent of sinuses were treated successfully with topical steroid drops, 14.9% remained stable, and 20.9% failed. Reasons for failure included persistent/worsening edema, scarring, or noncompliance. Ten patients (27.8%) required oral steroids and 4 patients (6%) underwent revision surgery during the study period. One case of adrenal suppression occurred. CONCLUSION: Topical steroid drops are beneficial in preventing sinus ostia stenosis in the postoperative period and may decrease the propensity toward repeated oral steroid therapy. This is particularly noteworthy in this challenging cohort, largely composed of revision frontal sinus surgery patients.     

Computed tomography findings after endoscopic sinus surgery with preserving or enlarging maxillary sinus ostium surgery

Endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) is the main surgical approach in the treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) after failure of medical treatment. ESS is based on the theory that obstruction of the maxillary sinus ostium is mainly behind the pathogenesis of CRS. Controversy remains concerning the enlargement of the natural maxillary sinus ostium. The aim of this study was to compare computed tomography (CT) findings after preservation or enlargement of the maxillary sinus ostium. Thirty patients with non-polypous CRS underwent randomized endoscopic sinus surgery with uncinectomy on one side and additional middle meatal antrostomy on the other side. Lund-Mackay (LM) scores and the ostium diameters were analysed from CT scans taken preoperatively and nine months postoperatively, and were used for comparison of the two operative techniques. In addition, the correlation between CT findings and subjective outcomes was studied. Comparison of the preoperative and postoperative CT scans revealed that significant reduction of LM score was achieved on both sides, regardless of the type of procedure performed. The postoperative area of the ostium remained significantly larger on the antrostomy side compared to the uncinectomy side. A large maxillary sinus ostium size seems to associate with lower postoperative LM score, but does not seem to provide superior symptom relief.     

Pressure measurements in the normal and occluded rabbit maxillary sinus

Occlusion of the maxillary ostium is considered to be a key factor in the pathogenesis of maxillary sinusitis. In this study, the authors determined the effect of ostial occlusion on pressure in the rabbit maxillary sinus which, like most humans, has only one ostium. We compared pressures in the normal and occluded maxillary sinus and the nasal cavity during spontaneous breathing in anesthetized adult animals. Serial pressure measurements were obtained from sinuses with patent ostia in nasal-breathing rabbits and with occluded ostia in both nasal-breathing and tracheotomized animals. Sinuses with patent ostia showed pressure curves synchronous with the respiratory cycle. Inspiratory and expiratory pressures in the nasal cavity and the sinus were isobaric. Sinuses with occluded ostia initially developed a positive pressure followed by a negative pressure that reached a subatmospheric plateau of-28.2 ± 7.3 mm H₂O (mean ± standard deviation [SD]) within 20 to 50 minutes. This is the first quantitative study of sinus pressures using the rabbit as an animal model. The findings may contribute to a better understanding of the role of ostial occlusion in the pathogenesis of maxillary sinusitis in humans.     

Mucus circulation between accessory ostium and natural ostium of maxillary sinus

We report a case of one asymptomatic 28-year-old male with mucus circulation between the natural ostium and the accessory ostium of the maxillary sinus. Computerized tomography (CT) revealed a recirculating mucus ring between the two ostia of the maxillary sinus.     

Mucociliary activity and ultrastructural abnormalities of regenerated sinus mucosa in rabbits

The purpose of this study was to observe histologic findings in the regenerated maxillary sinus mucosa and restoration of ciliary activity by measuring the speed of mucociliary transport after complete surgical removal of the maxillary sinus mucosa. The maxillary sinuses of 32 rabbits were opened anteriorly and one side of the sinus mucosa of each animal was completely removed. In 16 animals, the natural ostia were widened, and, in another 16 animals, the natural ostia were left undisturbed. The contralateral, sham-operated sinus was used as a control for each animal. The animals of each group were reanesthetized and the maxillary sinuses were reopened at planned intervals. The speed of mucociliary transport toward the maxillary ostium, determined by India ink particle movement, was reduced to 6.4 mm/min, whereas it was 10.8 mm/min in the control side. Beating cilia were observed in 16% by dark-field microscopy, in contrast to 66% in the control sinus. Pseudostratified columnar epithelia without cilia were present in 12%, with the remaining consisting of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelia (88%). Light microscopic examination showed increase in submucosal fibrotic proliferation, decrease in submucosal glands, and infiltration of inflammatory cells. Under transmission electron microscopy, abnormal cilia such as compound cilia or edematous cilia were frequently found in the regenerated specimens. These observations suggest that mucociliary clearance of the regenerated sinus mucosa may be significantly diminished compared with that of the original mucosa.