成年大鼠星形细胞经LPS、前炎症因子和免疫调节因子刺激后β-趋化因子的分泌

目的研究在中枢神经系统（ＣＮＳ）的炎症性疾病中,作为构成血脑屏障结构的组成部分之一,可引起白细胞浸润的星形细胞分泌趋化因子的影响因素。方法通过星形细胞体外培养,经不同细胞因子刺激,用原位杂交检测成年大鼠星形细胞β－家系趋化因子的ｍＲＮＡ表达。结果ＩＦＮ－γ可引起ＭＣＰ－１,ＲＡＮＴＥＳ,ＭＩＰ－１α和ＭＩＰ－１β的ｍＲＮＡ表达;ＴＮＦ－α可引起ＲＡＮＴＥＳ和ＭＩＰ－１β的ｍＲＮＡ表达;ＬＰＳ可引起ＭＩＰ－１α和ＭＩＰ－１β的ｍＲＮＡ表达。ＴＧＦ－β和ＩＬ－１０下调由ＬＰＳ引起的ＭＣＰ－１和ＭＩＰ－１α和ＭＩＰ－１βｍＲＮＡ表达。ＴＧＦ－β和ＩＬ－１０可抑制由ＴＮＦ－α引起的ＭＣＰ－１和ＲＡＮＴＥＳ的ｍＲＮＡ表达。ＩＬ－１０还可下调由ＴＮＦ－α引起的ＭＩＰ－１βｍＲＮＡ表达。结论成年大鼠体外试验中的星形细胞可由ＬＰＳ和前炎症因子刺激,产生β－家系趋化因子ｍＲＮＡ的表达。而调节因子如ＴＧＦ－β和ＩＬ－１０可抑制由ＩＦＮ－γ、ＴＮＦ－α和ＬＰＳ引起的β－家系趋化因子的ｍＲＮＡ表达。     

反应性星形胶质化的形成机制及研究进展

脑损伤后修复过程中，小胶质细胞释放出多种多肽，神经元和星形胶质细胞分泌的ｂＦＧＦ以及星形胶质细胞释放的ＧＭＦ均参与和调节星形胶质细胞的激活。与此同时，脑源性抑制因子活性降低。反应性星形胶质化以细胞肥大为主，其ＧＦＡＰ含量增加。ＧＦＡＰ的生成，受到ｇｆａ基因的控制     

大鼠脑针刺损伤后波形蛋白和胶质纤维酸性蛋白表达的动态观察

大鼠脑针刺损伤后波形蛋白和胶质纤维酸性蛋白表达的动态观察叶诸榕，朱建辉，周浩，马国钧大鼠脑损伤后胶质纤维酸性蛋白（ＧＦＡＰ）的动态表达已有报道￣［１］，Ｃａｌｖｏ等￣［２］报告波形蛋白（Ｖｉｍ）和ＧＦＡＰ的同时表达出现于损伤后第５天。本实验拟对Ｖｉｍ...     

α-黑素细胞刺激素体外对星形胶质细胞产生NO和前炎性细胞因子的影响

目的：研究α－黑素细胞刺激素（α－ＭＳＨ）对ＬＰＳ诱导星形胶质细胞产生ＮＯ和前炎性细胞因子的影响。探讨α－ＭＳＨ的抗炎作用机制。方法：分别用ＬＰＳ或α－ＭＳＨ＋ＬＰＳ处理体外培养的大鼠脑星形胶质细胞,用Ｇｒｉｅｓｓ试剂测定ＮＯ,以ＭＴＴ显色法检测ＩＬ－１、ＩＬ－６和ＴＮＦ－α,采用半定量ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ检测ＭＩＦｍＲＮＡ表达。结果：体外培养的星形胶质细胞在ＬＰＳ刺激下产生ＮＯ、ＩＬ－１、ＩＬ－６、ＴＮＦ－α和表达ＭＩＦｍＲＮＡ表达。结果：体外的星形胶质细胞在ＬＰＳ刺激下产生ＮＯ、ＩＬ－１、ＩＬ－６、ＴＮＦ－α和表达ＭＩＦｍＲＮＡ显著增高;若同时给予ＬＰＳ和α－ＭＳＨ,可明显降低ＮＯ、ＩＬ－１、ＩＬ－６和ＴＮＦ－α的产生以及ＭＩＦｍＲＮＡ表达。结论：Ｒ昧α－ＭＳＨ抑制星形胶质细胞产生ＮＯ和前炎性细胞因子与其抑制中枢神     

血小板源生长因子及其受体基因表达在低氧大鼠肺中的变化

本文观察了血小板源生长因子（ＰＤＧＦ）Ａ、Ｂ链及其α、β受体基因表达在低氧大鼠肺中的变化。Ｎｏｒｔｈｅｒｎ印迹杂交显示正常大鼠肺中可表达ＰＤＧＦ－Ａ链、Ｂ链和ＰＤＧＦ－α受体、β受体的ｍＲＮＡ。随着低氧时间的延长，ｍＲＮＡ水平迅速增加。ＰＤＧＦ－Ａ、Ｂ链ｍＲＮＡ均在低氧的第二天达高峰，分别为正常的１．５１倍及１．６９倍，且Ｂ链ｍＲＮＡ基本维持在该水平至第七天。ＰＤＧＦ－α、β受体的ｍＲＮＡ在低氧第     

脑星形细胞瘤中bFGF及其受体对血管新生和肿瘤细胞增殖的影响

目的：为探讨碱性纤维母细胞生长因子（ｂＦＧＦ）及其受体（ＦＧＦＲ－２）对人星形细胞瘤的血管新生及细胞增殖的作用。方法：彩和免疫组织化学方法,结果：发现ｂＦＧＦ及其受体,增殖细胞核抗原（ＰＣＮＡ）在瘤细胞及血管内皮细胞中均有表达,高级别星形细胞瘤的表达阳性率高于低级别者,ｂＦＧＦ在瘤细胞中的表达阳性率分别为与ＦＧＦＲ－２及ＰＣＮＡ的表达阳性率呈正相关关系（Ｐ〈０．０１,Ｐ〈０．０５）,ｂＦＧＦ及其受     

小鼠α2—HS糖蛋白基因表达的研究

为了研究α２－ＨＳ糖蛋白（ＡＨＳＧ）基因的发育调节，我们用ＮｏｒｔｈｅｍＢｌｏｔ分析法，以小鼠ＡＨＳＧαｍＲＮＡ进行研究。结果发现（１）在发育的某些阶段，胚鼠的肢牙和脑有ＡＨＳＧｍＲＮＡ存在，（２）１２天胚鼠肝脏ＡＨＳＧｍＲＮＡ浓度最低，宵渐上升至出生后１－３个月达高峰，出生４个月维持在１个月时的５０％的水平。（３）胚鼠和成年鼠的多种组织都有ＡＨＳＧｍＲＮＡ表达，证实了肝外组织也是ＡＨＳＧ的合成场     

星形胶质细胞谱系及星形细胞瘤起源的研究

各种神经胶质细胞中数目最多、分布最广的星形细胞担负了神经胶质细胞的大部分功能。根据对两种神经组织标志物─ＧＦＡＰ、Ａ－２Ｂ－５抗体的反应不同，将星形细胞分为１型（ＧＦＡＰ＋Ａ－２Ｂ－５－）和２型（ＧＦＡＰ＋、Ａ－２Ｂ－５＋）。研究指出两型星细胞来源于不同祖细胞，而存在两个谱系，星形细胞胶质瘤与星形细胞具有同样的谱系源。对小胶质细胞在星形细胞发生和分化中的作用亦予以阐述。     

脑星形细胞瘤中bFGF及其受体对血管新生 和肿瘤细胞增殖的影响

目的：为探讨碱性纤维母细胞生长因子（ｂＦＧＦ）及其受体（ＦＧＦＲ－２）对人星形细胞瘤的血管新生及细胞增殖的作用。方法：彩和免疫组织化学方法,结果：发现ｂＦＧＦ及其受体,增殖细胞核抗原（ＰＣＮＡ）在瘤细胞及血管内皮细胞中均有表达,高级别星形细胞瘤的表达阳性率高于低级别者,ｂＦＧＦ在瘤细胞中的表达阳性率分别为与ＦＧＦＲ－２及ＰＣＮＡ的表达阳性率呈正相关关系（Ｐ〈０．０１,Ｐ〈０．０５）,ｂＦＧＦ及其受     

人脑星形细胞瘤纤溶酶原激活抑制因子1基因表达研究

目的研究人脑星形细胞瘤纤溶酶原激活抑制因子１（ＰＡＩ１）基因表达及其临床意义。方法采用Ｎｏｒｔｈｅｒｎ杂交和免疫组化ＡＢＣ方法检测３６例人脑星形细胞瘤ＰＡＩ１ｍＲＮＡ和蛋白表达，分析其与临床病理因素之间的关系。结果所有星形细胞瘤组织均可表达３．０ｋｂ和２．２ｋｂ的ＰＡＩ１ｍＲＮＡ转录物；高分级星形细胞瘤ＰＡＩ１ｍＲＮＡ表达水平显著高于低分级星形细胞瘤（Ｐ＜００１）；正常脑组织未检测出ＰＡＩ１ｍＲＮＡ表达。ＰＡＩ１ｍＲＮＡ表达水平与星形细胞瘤的坏死（ｒ＝０．５１，Ｐ＜０．０１）、微血管数（ｒ＝０．３３，Ｐ＜０．０１）及脑水肿（ｒ＝０．２７，Ｐ＜０．０１）呈显著正相关，与患者性别、年龄及瘤体大小无显著相关性。免疫组化染色显示，ＰＡＩ１蛋白主要分布在高分级星形细胞瘤的瘤细胞和内皮细胞，尤以血管增殖部位和坏死灶周围较为显著，低分级星形细胞瘤呈低水平表达。结论ＰＡＩ１基因表达与人脑星形细胞瘤的分级、坏死、血管生成及脑水肿密切相关，可作为星形细胞瘤恶性程度的分子标记。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.