Effectiveness of HIV counseling services on knowledge, attitude, behavior and practice (KABP) among pregnant women attending PPTCT program

Counseling services is an important component of National AIDS Control Program which aims at creating awareness and promoting changes in reducing high risk behavior against HIV/AIDS. Pregnant women attending antenatal clinics are being counseled about HIV/AIDS under prevention of parent to child transmission (PPTCT) program. The objective of this study was to assess (KABP) regarding HIV/AIDS among pregnant women attending PPTCT program before and after counseling at Lok Nayak Hospital, New Delhi. A Quasi-experimental study was conducted. Data was collected by interviewing 600 pregnant women attending ANC clinic during May 2006 to May 2007 using a pre-test and post-test interview schedule. About 69.2% of the pregnant women had heard about AIDS before the counseling. Knowledge regarding mother to child transmission of HIV was 53.5%. 38.2% knew that mother to child transmission can be reduced by drugs. The knowledge of pregnant women about AIDS was significantly different in pre-test (mean score = 15.3) and post test (mean score = 35.6) (P < 0.0001). Attitude of study participants towards people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) indicated that individuals with HIV should be allowed to work (79.9%) and all commercial sex workers should compulsorily be tested for HIV (55.1%). There was significant difference between in pre-test and post-test attitude about PLWHA and HIV testing (p < 0.0001). The condom use among the study participants significantly improved after counseling (1.2% in pre-test and 58.6% after counseling) (p < 0.0001). Counseling services were effective in increasing knowledge and changes in attitude and behavior among pregnant women and the efforts needs to be sustained.     

预防艾滋病母婴传播健康教育对孕妇艾滋病知识的干预效果评价

目的评价预防艾滋病母婴传播健康教育对孕妇艾滋病知识知晓率的干预效果,为开展预防艾滋病母婴传播的健康教育提供科学依据。方法选择条件接近的两个地区作为干预地区和对照地区,开展预防艾滋病母婴传播健康教育干预研究。干预措施包括举办讲座和发放预防艾滋病母婴传播宣传资料等。通过干预前及干预后的两次问卷调查,了解孕妇预防艾滋病母婴传播知识及艾滋病一般防治知识知晓率的变化,评价干预效果。结果共完成1 541名孕妇的调查,其中干预组933人,对照组608人。干预前两组对象预防艾滋病母婴传播知识知晓率的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),对照组对艾滋病一般防治知识的知晓率高于干预组。实施干预后,干预组孕妇的预防艾滋病母婴传播知识及艾滋病一般防治的知识知晓率均高于对照组(P<0.001)。结论预防艾滋病母婴传播健康教育干预措施提高了孕妇艾滋病相关知识知晓率,以预防艾滋病母婴传播知识知晓率的提高较为明显,因此,应继续开展综合的预防艾滋病母婴传播健康教育干预活动。     

广西南宁市2009～2011年孕产妇艾滋病流行病学特征分析

目的了解广西南宁市2009～2011年孕产妇艾滋病流行情况和发展趋势,为制定预防和控制艾滋病策略提供参考依据。方法从“预防艾滋病母婴传播管理信息系统”收集南宁市2009～2011年预防艾滋病母婴传播工作报表、HIV阳性孕产妇个案信息表并进行描述性流行病学分析。结果2009～2011年南宁市孕产妇共检出HIV感染者317例,感染率为0．103％,各年感染率分别为0．100％、0．096％和0．112％,差异无统计学意义（X2=1．572,P=0．456）;HIV感染者年龄以20-34岁为主,占总数的86．1％;民族以汉族（156例／49．2％）和壮族（143例／45．1％）为主;职业以无业（106例／33．4％）和农民为主（112例／35．3％）;文化程度以初中及以下为主（239例／75．4％）;性传播227例,2009—2011年艾滋病性传播率分别为0．061％、0．071％、0．087％,各年差异元统计学意义（X2=4．927,P=0．085）;2009～2011年HIV感染孕产妇终止妊娠率分别为4．49％、8．08％、17．83％,差异有统计学意义（x2=10．819,P=0．004）。2009—2011年实施母婴阻断人数为290人,阻断率为91．48％,年度阻断率分别为93．26％、90．91％、90．70％,各年差异无统计学意义（x2=0．504,P=0．777）。结论2009—2011年南宁市孕产妇HIV感染率呈平稳趋势,性传播是艾滋病的主要传播途径,艾滋病母婴阻断效果显著,但防控形势依然严峻,有必要继续采取有效的预防策略及措施控制其流行。     

Factors Associated with Low Early Uptake of a National Program to Prevent Mother to Child Transmission of HIV (PMTCT): Results of a Survey of Mothers and Providers, Botswana, 2003

In Francistown, Botswana, approximately 40% of pregnant women are HIV positive. PMTCT has been available since 1999, antiretroviral (ARV) therapy since 2001, and 95% of women have antenatal care (ANC) and deliver in hospital. However, in 2002, only 33% of ANC clients were tested for HIV, and not all women with HIV received services. In 2003, we conducted a survey of 504 pregnant and postpartum women to explore reasons for poor program uptake, and interviewed 82 health providers about PMTCT. Most women (95%) believed that all pregnant women should be tested for HIV. In multivariate analysis, factors associated with having an HIV test included being interviewed at an urban site, having a high PMTCT knowledge score, knowing someone receiving PMTCT or ARV therapy, and having a partner who had been tested for HIV. Neither fear of stigma nor resistance from partners were frequent reasons for refusing an HIV test. Providers of HIV services reported discomfort with their knowledge and skills, and 84% believed HIV testing should be routine. Ensuring adequate knowledge about HIV and PMTCT, creating systems whereby HIV-positive women receiving care can educate and support other women, and making HIV testing routine for pregnant women may improve the uptake of HIV testing.     

Effect of exposure to clinic-based health education interventions on behavioural intention to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV infection

HIV and AIDS incidence among infants in South Africa is on the increase. The uptake of prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) interventions is often said to be dependent on the beliefs and educational needs of those requiring PMTCT services. This study therefore sought to examine the effect of clinic-based health education interventions (HEI) on behavioural intention of PMTCT among 300 pregnant women from 4 primary health care clinics in Tshilidzini Hospital catchments area, South Africa. An interview schedule was used to obtain information regarding participants' demographic characteristics, level of exposure to clinic-based HEI, salient beliefs and behavioural intention on PMTCT. The major findings included that approximately 85% of the participants had heard of PMTCT. There was very little association between frequency of antenatal clinic (ANC) visits and level of exposure to PMTCT information. Condom use had the lowest set of salient belief scores. Control belief was the most common belief contributing to behavioural intention. Generally, the association between PMTCT salient beliefs and behavioural intention was weak. Clinic-based HEI had an impact on behavioural intention of HIV testing, normative belief of regular ANC visit and nevirapine use. The vital contribution of alternative PMTCT information sources such as the radio and television was observed. Enhancing initiatives that empower women, and a better coordination of the existing HEI through better implementation of health education strategy may strengthen the prevailing moderate PMTCT intention in the area investigated.     

HIV Disclosure Among Pregnant Women Initiating ART in Cape Town,South Africa: Qualitative Perspectives During the Pregnancy and Postpartum Periods

For women enrolled in prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) programs, non-disclosure of their HIV status can be a significant barrier to sustained HIV care engagement. To explore decision-making surrounding HIV disclosure among HIV-infected pregnant women, we conducted repeated in-depth interviews during pregnancy and postpartum with 20 women recruited from a PMTCT clinic in Cape Town, South Africa. Three domains were examined using thematic analysis: (1) disclosure experiences, (2) challenges associated with partner disclosure, and (3) implications of nondisclosure. All women had disclosed to someone by the time of the baby’s birth, typically limiting their disclosure to trusted individuals. Only half of participants disclosed to the father of the child. Nondisclosure, particularly to partners, was a significant source of worry and stress. Women used pregnancy as an explanation for using medication and attending frequent clinic appointments, and recognized impending challenges in the postpartum period when this excuse would no longer apply. Results suggest that PMTCT programs have a key role to play in helping individuals to make decisions about HIV disclosure, and assisting patients to navigate the disclosure process, especially with partners.     

HIV-related knowledge, attitudes, perceived benefits, and risks of HIV testing among pregnant women in rural Southern India

The rising prevalence of HIV among pregnant women in rural India is of great concern. Prenatal voluntary counseling and HIV testing (VCT) is critical to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV (PMTCT). We surveyed 202 pregnant women attending a rural antenatal clinic in Southern India to investigate HIV-related knowledge, attitudes toward infant feeding practices, and perceived benefits and risks of HIV testing. Of the total of 202 women surveyed, 189 women (94%) had heard of HIV/AIDS and 60% of them had relatively good knowledge regarding risk factors for HIV transmission. However, 48% did not know that there are "means to prevent mother-to-child HIV transmission." If women were not to breastfeed her baby, negative attitudes expected from the partner would include 84% thinking that that the mother is harming the baby, 78% thinking she is not a good mother, 74% thinking she has HIV, and 66% thinking she has been unfaithful. Ninety-seven percent of women did not perceive themselves at risk for HIV and only 57% had been tested for HIV. Although, 85% of women expressed their willingness to be tested, most were concerned about confidentiality and disclosing HIV serostatus because of fear of negative reactions from their husbands, parents, and community. Many social and cultural barriers confront pregnant women when they decide to opt for HIV testing. If VCT and PMTCT interventions are to be successful, urgent attention must be focused on education, development of innovative culturally appropriate interventions that empower women to make decisions about HIV testing, involvement of men, and addressing stigma and discriminatory attitudes toward people living with HIV/AIDS.     

Uptake of voluntary counselling and testing for HIV by pregnant women in a prevention-of-mother-to-child-transmission programme at Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital,Nigeria

Mother-to-child transmission is the main mode of HIV infection among children in developing countries. In 2003, as a result of government policy, a prevention-of-mother-to-child-transmission (PMTCT) programme was introduced at Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital in Nigeria. The aim of this study was to determine the pattern of voluntary counselling and testing (VCT) uptake and HIV seroprevalence among pregnant women using the service. VCT has become part of routine antenatal care at the hospital; in addition, antiretroviral prophylaxis/treatment, modification of obstetric practices, and counselling on infant feeding options are provided for HIV-positive pregnant women. Data on clients' socio-demographic characteristics, VCT uptake, and HIV seropositivity for a three-year period (from January 2004 to December 2006) were taken from nationally prepared PMTCT registers kept at the hospital, and prospectively entered into a database. During the period, 6 887 women newly accessed antenatal care (i.e. repeat pregnancies were excluded). All the women were group counselled, and 6 702 (97.3%) agreed to undergo HIV testing. Overall HIV prevalence among these pregnant women for the study period was 5.9% (95% CI 5.2–6.3%). The data have shown a statistically significant trend of rising HIV prevalence in this group: at 4.5%, prevalence was lowest in 2004; rose to 4.9% in 2005; and peaked at 7.6% in 2006 (χ² _trend = 21.9; p < 0.001). Overall HIV seroprevalence was 3.5% among 15- to 19-year-old women, 7% among 25- to 29-year-old women, and 4.5% among women over age 40. There was an inverse relationship between parity (number of children borne) and HIV seroprevalence such that women of low parity had high HIV prevalence, and vice versa (χ² _trend = 13.1; p < 0.01). Respectively, 11.4%, 5.7%, and 5.5% of the pregnant women first using VCT in the first, second, and third trimesters of their pregnancy were found to be HIV-positive. All women testing HIV-positive were informed of their serostatus and the modes of preventing mother-to-child transmission of HIV. There is a relatively high uptake of VCT for PMTCT at this tertiary hospital, while an increasingly higher proportion of HIV-positive pregnant women are being identified and provided with opportunities to prevent HIV transmission to their babies. PMTCT should be universally accessible to women in developing countries.     

Depression,retention in care,and uptake of PMTCT service in Kinshasa,the Democratic Republic of Congo: a prospective cohort

There is a clear need for effective strategies to address the factors that affect retention, or lost-to-follow-up (LTFU) and adherence to HIV care and treatment. Depression in particular may play an important role in the high rates of LTFU along the prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission (PMTCT) cascade in sub-Saharan Africa. This study assessed the association between prenatal depression and (1) LTFU or (2) uptake of PMTCT services. As part of a randomized control trial to evaluate the effect of conditional cash transfers on retention in and uptake of PMTCT services, newly diagnosed HIV-infected women, ≤32 weeks pregnant, registering for antenatal care (ANC), in 85 clinics in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), were recruited and followed-up until LTFU, death, transfer out, or six weeks postpartum. Participants were interviewed at enrollment using a questionnaire which included the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). Depression was defined as a PHQ-9 score of ≥15. Among 433 women enrolled, 51 (11.8%) had a PHQ-9 score ≥15 including 15 (3.5%) with a score ≥20. At six weeks postpartum, 67 (15.5%) were LFTU and 331 (76.4%) were in care and had accepted all available PTMCT services. Of participants with depression at enrollment, 17.7% (9/51) were LTFU at six weeks postpartum compared to 15.2% (58/382) among those without, but the association was not statistically significant. On the other hand, 78.4% (40/51) of participants with prenatal depression were in care at six weeks postpartum and had attended all their scheduled visits and accepted available services compared to 76.2% (291/382) among those without depression. In this cohort of newly diagnosed HIV-infected pregnant women, prenatal depression assessed with a PHQ-9 score ≥15 was not a strong predictor of LTFU among newly diagnosed HIV-infected women in Kinshasa, DRC.     

Predictors of postpartum HIV care engagement for women enrolled in prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) programs in Tanzania

Prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV (PMTCT) is a foundational component of a comprehensive HIV treatment program. In addition to preventing vertical transmission to children, PMTCT is an important catch-point for universal test-and-treat strategies that can reduce community viral load and slow the epidemic. However, systematic reviews suggest that care engagement in PMTCT programs is sub-optimal. This study enrolled a cohort of 200 women initiating PMTCT in Kilimanjaro, Tanzania, and followed them to assess HIV care engagement and associated factors. Six months after delivery, 42/200 (21%) of participants were identified as having poor care engagement, defined as HIV RNA >200?copies/mL or, if viral load was unavailable, being lost-to-follow-up in the clinical records or self-reporting being out of care. In a multivariable risk factor analysis, younger women were more likely to have poor postpartum care engagement; with each year of age, women were 7% less likely to have poor care engagement (aRR: 0.93; 95% CI: 0.89, 0.98). Additionally, women who had told at least one person about their HIV status were 47% less likely to have poor care engagement (aRR: .53; 95% CI: 0.29, 0.97). Among women who entered antenatal care with an established HIV diagnosis, those who were pregnant for the first time had increased risk of poor care engagement (aRR 4.16; 95% CI 1.53, 11.28). The findings suggest that care engagement remains a concern in PMTCT programs, and must be addressed to realize the goals of PMTCT. Comprehensive counseling on HIV disclosure, along with community-based stigma reduction programs to provide a supportive environment for people living with HIV, are crucial to address barriers to care engagement and support long-term treatment. Women presenting to antenatal care with an established HIV status require support for care engagement during the crucial period surrounding childbirth, particularly those pregnant for the first time.     

Use of routine data collected by the prevention of mother-to-child transmission program for HIV surveillance among pregnant women in Rwanda: opportunities and limitations

To compare HIV prevalence measured by antenatal clinics (ANC) sentinel surveillance and by the prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) program in Rwanda. We compared HIV prevalence from anonymous testing performed under ANC surveillance, and that measured from voluntary counselling and testing performed under the PMTCT program, in a random sample of the same population of pregnant women attending for their first antenatal visit at 29 ANC surveillance sites with a PMTCT program in 2007 in Rwanda. All of the 13,318 pregnant women recruited in the ANC surveillance accepted to participate in the PMTCT program. HIV prevalence measured by sentinel surveillance was 4.35% whereas that measured for 1873 pregnant women (out of the total sentinel population) by the PMTCT program was 3.49% (p=0.07). For 3% of the PMTCT population, HIV test results were missing from the counselling logbook versus 0.3% in the ANC laboratory logbooks. For 10 pregnant women, HIV test results were divergent between the PMTCT and the ANC laboratory logbooks. After missing data and errors were corrected, HIV prevalence results from PMTCT was 3.27% (significantly different from ANC surveillance: p =0.03). High uptake of PMTCT program among pregnant women was observed in Rwanda in 2007. HIV prevalence measured by the ANC surveillance and PMTCT program were significantly different. Poor performance in HIV testing practices and PMTCT/laboratories data management could explain this difference. Improvement in HIV testing practices and in PMTCT/laboratory data management are needed in order to use PMTCT data for HIV surveillance and to ensure good performance of all the package of care provided by the PMTCT program.     

Reducing the risk of HIV infection during pregnancy among South African women: A randomized controlled trial

Mpumalanga Province, South Africa has one of the highest HIV/AIDS diagnosis rates among pregnant women (~29.4%). This study sought to enhance male involvement in pregnancy to increase HIV disclosure, sexual communication, HIV knowledge and reduce unprotected sex. Participants attending Antenatal Clinics (ANC) completed HIV counseling and testing and were enrolled with male partners (n=239 couples, 478 individuals). Twelve ANCs were randomly assigned to provide a prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) intervention or the standard of care, health education sessions plus PMTCT. Participants were assessed at baseline and post-intervention (approximately 6–8 weeks post-baseline) on demographics, sexual behavior, HIV-related knowledge, and conflict resolution strategies. Experimental participants increased HIV knowledge, use of negotiation, and decreased intimate partner violence. Additionally, they were more likely to have increased condom use from baseline to post-intervention (OR=5.1, 95% CI=[2.0, 13.3]). Seroconversions in the control condition exceeded experimental (6 vs. 0). HIV serostatus disclosure to partner did not increase over time for men or women within the experimental or control condition. Male involvement in pregnancy may be an important strategy to reduce sexual risk behavior and HIV transmission. Results support the utility of group interventions to enhance communication and HIV knowledge among pregnant couples.     

Family planning among HIV positive and negative prevention of mother to child transmission (PMTCT) clients in a resource poor setting in South Africa

The purpose of this study was to investigate family planning needs, knowledge of HIV transmission and HIV disclosure in a cohort sample that had undergone PMTCT in a resource poor setting. Five public clinics implementing PMTCT from Qaukeni Local Service Area, O.R. Tambo District in the Eastern Cape. The sample at postnatal care consisted of 758 women with known HIV status. From 116 HIV positive women 76.3% and from 642 HIV negative women 85.2% got counseling on safe sex during pregnancy but only 65.8% and 62.3% of the women respectively practiced safe sex during pregnancy, which did not differ by HIV status. Postnatally, almost all women received counseling on family planning, yet use of contraceptives and condoms were low. Among HIV positive women PMTCT knowledge and younger age of the mother were associated with pregnancy desire, and among HIV negative women HIV disclosure to the partner, younger age of the mother and having a lower number of children were associated with pregnancy desire. High pregnancy desires (yet lower than for HIV negative women); low contraceptive and condom use were found among HIV positive women. HIV prevention and family planning must acknowledge the reproductive desires of HIV positive women and men.     

The infant feeding choices and experiences of women living with HIV in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo

HIV transmission through breastfeeding is a significant public health challenge. While breastfeeding provides important nutrition, and results in reduced morbidity and mortality, there is a risk of HIV transmission through breastfeeding. International prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) guidelines recommend exclusive breastfeeding for six months among HIV-infected women on antiretroviral therapy. Promoting exclusive feeding has proved difficult in settings where mixed feeding is a cultural norm. Understanding the factors that influence HIV infected women's infant feeding choices and practices is critical to promoting adherence to PMTCT guidelines. We conducted in-depth interviews with 40 HIV+ pregnant and post-partum women in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo to understand their infant feeding experiences. Interviews were conducted in Lingala, and transcribed and translated into French for analysis. Deductive and inductive codes were applied, and matrices were created to facilitate cross-case analysis. Women had limited understanding of the specific mechanisms through which their infant feeding practices influenced HIV transmission risk. Clinical staff was the primary source of women's knowledge of HIV mother-to-child-transmission. Among the 24 post-partum women in the sample, seven women adhered to exclusive breastfeeding and two women to exclusive formula feeding for at least six months. Women's beliefs and awareness about HIV transmission through breastfeeding, as well as the information and support from clinical staff and other members of their support networks positively influenced their exclusive feeding. Common barriers to exclusive feeding included financial constraints, breast health problems, misinformation about HIV transmission, local norms, and prior feeding experiences. Health care workers play a key role in providing correct information on PMTCT and supporting women's infant feeding choices to adhere to guidelines of exclusive infant feeding. Optimizing provider-patient communication and creating a supportive environment surrounding infant feeding is critical.     

2010-2012年重庆市万州区三类人群艾滋病哨点监测结果分析

目的了解重庆市万州区三类人群的行为特征、艾滋病知识水平及艾滋病病毒（HIV）感染情况,为预防和控制艾滋病的流行提供科学依据。方法根据全国哨点监测方案的统一要求,以重复横断面调查方法,对性病门诊男性就诊者、暗娼、孕（产）妇进行监测。结果重庆市万州区2010—2012年共监测性病门诊男性就诊者1200人,19．5％发生过非婚性行为,19．92％与临时性伴发生过性行为,16．42％被诊断患过性病,艾滋病知识知晓率为83．25％,HIV阳性率为0．58％。监测暗娼l200人,最近一个月内与客人发生性关系时30．42％每次使用安全套,2．17％吸毒,3．08％被诊断患过性病,艾滋病知识知晓率为45．58％,未检出HIV阳性者。监测孕（产）妇1201人,3．16％注射过毒品,3．16％有丈夫以外的其他性伙伴,1．33％患过性病,艾滋病知识知晓率为69．53％,HIV阳性率为0．25％。结论万州区艾滋病高危人群高危行为普遍存在,急需加强预防控制措施,控制艾滋病的流行。     

广州市41例HIV感染孕产妇干预情况分析

目的了解广州市孕产妇艾滋病病毒（HIV）感染的特征及母婴阻断情况,为进一步做好艾滋病母婴阻断提供依据。方法 2009年10月至2010年9月,对接受婚检、产检及助产服务的孕产妇进行HIV筛查,阳性个案进行确诊试验。对HIV感染孕产妇及其新生儿的一般情况、干预效果进行分析。结果广州市全人口孕产妇HIV抗体阳性检出率为0.02%（41/178 029）。HIV感染孕产妇平均年龄27岁,绝大多数为汉族,受教育程度偏低,大部分无业或农民;最可能的感染途径是性传播。76.9%（30/39,2例失访）的孕产妇顺利分娩;分娩产妇中母亲用药率为56.7%（17/30）,婴儿用药率为60.0%（18/30）;46.7%（14/30）的婴儿成功随访至结案,未检出HIV感染个案。结论母婴阻断效果明显。在母婴阻断干预过程中,HIV感染孕产妇及其婴儿的随访工作难度较大,要根据孕产妇人群的特点有针对性地开展工作。     

河南省2005-2007年孕产妇HIV检测情况分析

目的了解河南省孕产妇艾滋病病毒（HIV）感染状况,为开展预防艾滋病母婴传播工作提供决策依据。方法对2005年1月-2007年5月,河南省艾滋病疫情相对集中的31个县（区）孕产妇的HIV检测结果进行分析。结果共对31个艾滋病重点县720605名孕妇和产妇检测HIV抗体,检测率93.11%;检测出HIV抗体阳性541例,阳性率0.08%。其中364例为阳性孕妇,223例自愿终止妊娠（占61.27%）,5例失访（1.37%）,136例选择继续妊娠待分娩（占37.36%）。3年间选择继续妊娠的HIV阳性孕妇,分别为31.51%（46/146）、36.31%（57/157）、54.10%（33/61）,呈逐年上升趋势。284例分娩阳性产妇中,250例（88%）采取了母婴阻断预防措施。结论加强孕产妇HIV检测和阳性育龄妇女的孕检工作,早期发现、早期管理HIV阳性孕妇,可以进一步提高HIV阳性产妇的药物阻断率。     

Increasing HIV testing among pregnant women in Nigeria: evaluating the traditional birth attendant and primary health center integration (TAP-In) model

Engaging Traditional Birth Attendants (TBAs) may be critical to preventing mother-to-child transmission of HIV (PMTCT) in Nigeria. We integrated TBAs into Primary Health Centers (PHCs) and provided the TBAs with HIV counseling and testing (HCT) training for PMTCT (TAP-In). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of TAP-In on HCT uptake among pregnant women. A quasi-experimental design was used for this study. Twenty PHCs were assigned to the intervention group that integrated TAP-In and 20 were assigned to the control group. Data were collected six months prior to the initiation of TAP-In and six months post, using antenatal clinic registries. Intervention PHCs more than doubled the number of pregnant women who received HCT in their catchment area post TAP-In while control PHCs had no significant change. After initiating TAP-In, intervention PHCs provided almost three times more HCT than the control PHCs (p?相似文献   

Pregnant women's experiences of male partner involvement in the context of prevention of mother-to-child transmission in Khayelitsha,South Africa

Male partner involvement (MPI) has been identified as a priority intervention in programmes for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV, but rates of MPI remain low worldwide. This study used a quantitative survey (n = 170) and two focus group discussions (FGDs) with 16 HIV-positive pregnant women attending a public sector antenatal care service in Khayelitsha, South Africa, to examine the determinants of high levels of involvement and generate a broader understanding of women's experiences of MPI during pregnancy. Among survey participants, 74% had disclosed their status to their partner, and most reported high levels of communication around HIV testing and preventing partner transmission, as well as high levels of MPI. High MPI was significantly more likely among women who were cohabiting with their partner; who had reportedly disclosed their HIV status to their partner; and who reported higher levels of HIV-related communication with their partner. FGD participants discussed a range of ways in which partners can be supportive during pregnancy, not limited to male attendance of antenatal care. MPI appears to be a feasible intervention in this context, and MPI interventions should aim to encourage male partner attendance of antenatal care as well as greater involvement in pregnancy more generally. Interventions that target communication are needed to facilitate HIV-related communication and disclosure within couples. MPI should remain a priority intervention in PMTCT programmes, and increased efforts should be made to promote MPI in PMTCT.     

艾滋病高发地区预防HIV母婴传播项目实施效果分析

目的了解艾滋病高流行的4省（自治区）的6个县（市、区）,预防艾滋病病毒（HIV）母婴传播项目的实施效果。方法通过全国预防艾滋病母婴传播信息管理系统,收集2007年1月至2010年9月研究地区艾滋病病毒（HIV）感染孕产妇个案卡及其所生儿童的随访登记卡,分析预防HIV母婴传播干预措施落实情况及效果。结果2007-2010年,研究地区HIV感染孕产妇抗病毒药物应用比例和孕期抗病毒药物应用比例,分别从78.4%和27.8%增加至93.7%和78.8%（趋势χ2=17.636,P〈0.01;趋势χ2=76.835,P〈0.01）;HIV感染孕产妇应用三联抗病毒药物方案的比例自19.8%增加至89.9%（趋势χ2=161.757,P〈0.01）。满18月龄艾滋病感染孕产妇所生儿童接受HIV抗体检测比例为84.8%（318/375）,13例儿童抗体检测阳性,艾滋病母婴传播水平为4.1%（95%可信区间：2.98%-5.20%）。结论研究地区预防HIV母婴传播干预措施落实指标逐年提高,HIV母婴传播水平显著下降,孕产妇及早抗病毒用药以及儿童随访检测仍为工作中的薄弱环节。