食管上段胃黏膜异位与咽喉反流

食管上段胃黏膜异位（heterotopic gastric mucosa in the upper esophagus,HGMUE）在临床工作特别是胃镜检查过程中并不少见,但由于临床医生的关注程度不够且好发部位靠近食管入口处,因此常常被医患所忽视。近年来很多学者发现HGMUE与咽喉反流症状相关,并因此开始对HGMUE加以关注,但是关于其临床症状产生的原因目前尚存争议。针对HGMUE临床症状的研究能够明确该病变与咽喉反流之间的关系,为相关疾病的诊疗提供帮助,本文就近年来有关HGMUE的文献作一综述。     

十二指肠胃食管反流在胃食管反流病中的作用

目的　研究十二指肠胃食管反流 (DGER)在胃食管反流病发病机制中的作用及其对非糜烂性反流病 (NERD)的诊断价值。方法　 95例患者根据内镜检查的结果分为反流性食管炎和NERD组 ,对其均进行 2 4h食管 pH和胆汁联合监测。 结果　反流性食管炎患者DGER的各项指标 :吸光度值 >0 14时间百分比 (% )、总反流次数和反流 >5min的次数分别为 19 0 5± 2 3 4 4、30 5 6±34 0 4和 5 90± 6 37,均显著高于NERD组相应的 7 2 6± 11 0 8、15 6 8± 2 0 92和 2 5 9± 3 5 7(P <0 0 5 ) ,而酸反流差异无显著性 ,随着反流性食管炎的程度加重DGER发生率增高 ;18 2 %的NERD患者存在单纯DGER ,联合胆汁监测可使NERD诊断阳性率由 6 5 9%升高到 84 1%。结论　DGER可以单独发生 ,在引起反流性食管黏膜损伤或症状方面都有作用 ,2 4h食管 pH和胆汁联合监测有助于NERD的诊断。     

胃食管反流与反流性食管炎

胃食管反流(gastroesophageal reflux,GER)主要由于食管下端括约肌(lower esophagealsphincter,LES)松弛,引起胃内容物反流入食管下段。这种现象可属生理性,常于正常人餐后出现,但因反流量不多,时间短暂,反流物即被清除回至胃内,并不致病。当有 LES 功能不良,导致频繁的 GER,量多且较持久时,可损伤食管下段粘膜而形成反流性食管炎,并能产生食管溃     

抗反流黏膜切除术治疗胃食管反流病的临床疗效观察

目的 评价抗反流黏膜切除术治疗胃食管反流病的临床有效性和安全性。 方法 2015年12月至2018年7月,郑州大学第一附属医院消化内科行抗反流黏膜切除术的18例胃食管反流病病例资料纳入回顾性研究,统计治疗效果（治疗后烧心及反流症状改善情况、24 h食管pH监测结果等）以及并发症发生情况。 结果 18例均成功进行了抗反流黏膜切除术,操作成功率为100%,其中8例行ESD、10例行EMR。24 h食管pH监测结果显示,治疗后Demeester评分、pH＜4时间百分比、总反流事件、pH＜4时间长于5 min的反流次数较术前均明显降低[（20.16±9.12）分比（74.16±20.03）分、（2.70±0.88）%比（6.42±1.37）%、（43.78±19.68）次比（156.56±41.22）次、（2.89±1.68）次比（9.89±2.95）次,P均＜0.05]。无术后出血、穿孔、感染病例。随访3～34个月,烧心及反流症状改善总有效率为89%（16/18）。胃镜随访显示18例贲门均较前缩紧,收缩良好;16例反流性食管炎较前明显好转,黏膜糜烂愈合。 结论 抗反流黏膜切除术治疗胃食管反流病安全有效,且简单易行。     

胃食管反流病食管动力学研究进展

胃食管反流病（ＧＥＲＤ）是消化科常见多发病，因其有较高的人群相关症状发生率（西方国家约７％～１５％［１］，我国约为７６８％［２］）和较严重的并发症，而受到广泛的关注．在以往的研究中已经认识到，ＧＥＲＤ是以胃食管动力障碍为主要病理机制的疾病，但由于该...     

长期胆汁反流对大鼠胃黏膜的影响

目的研究长期胆汁反流对大鼠胃黏膜的影响.方法反流组大鼠91只,于胆总管开口水平以下横断十二指肠,并将前胃与空肠吻合,建立胆汁反流大鼠模型,对照组大鼠12只未手术,1年后予胃部病理检查.结果反流组大鼠13只存活满1年.大鼠前胃鳞状上皮基底细胞增生,黏膜下血管增多、扩张、充血,黏膜基底部和黏膜下中、重度慢性炎症,呈轻度活动性.腺胃胃体小凹增生,泌酸腺底部扩张,黏膜表层轻度慢性炎症,无活动性,黏膜基底部和黏膜下轻度慢性炎症,活动性为轻度.胃窦小凹增生,1只大鼠呈轻度不典型增生,1只有高分化管状腺癌伴黏膜下层骨化生,黏膜基底部和黏膜下轻度慢性炎症,无活动性.结论长期胆汁反流能导致腺胃柱状上皮和前胃鳞状上皮增生,并逐渐加重,终具有致癌作用.     

胃食管反流病

患者：男,58岁。主诉：反酸烧心5年余。 1．病例特点介绍患者诉近5年来间断出现反酸、烧心、胸骨后不适,近期症状加重．故就诊,     

内镜下抗反流黏膜切除术治疗质子泵依赖性胃食管反流病的短期疗效观察

2017年7月—2020年12月间,在南京鼓楼医院行内镜下抗反流黏膜切除术（anti?reflux mucosectomy,ARMS）治疗的26例质子泵抑制剂依赖性胃食管反流病连续病例纳入回顾性分析,主要比较手术前后的反流症状评分（GERD?Q评分）、生活质量评分（RQS评分）、食管动力及24 h测酸检查结果。结果发现：中位随访18.4个月（6～27个月）,23例（88.5%）临床症状得到明显缓解,15例（57.7%）停用质子泵抑制剂,平均GERD?Q评分（6.23分比13.19分,P=0.004）和平均RQS评分（26.67分比10.98分,P<0.001）均较术前明显好转,平均DeMeester评分（10.69分比53.15分,P<0.001）、平均酸反流时间百分比（3.56%比9.92%,P<0.001）、平均酸反流总次数（36.9次比139.9次,P=0.001）均明显低于术前,平均食管下括约肌静息压（25.19 mmHg比13.63 mmHg,P<0.001）和平均远端收缩积分（1 819.15 mmHg·s·cm比1 007.67 mmHg·s·cm,P<0.001）均较术前明显增加。提示ARMS治疗质子泵抑制剂依赖性胃食管反流病短期疗效显著,可有效改善患者的反流症状和生活质量,增加患者的食管下括约肌静息压和食管体部蠕动。     

酸和胆汁反流与胃食管反流症状的关系

目的 分析酸反流及胆汁反流在引起胃食管反流症状中的作用。方法 对56例有典型反流症状的患者进行24小时食管内pH值及BiHtee胆汁同步监测。患者通过症状按键标记典型反流症状，对每一症状事件按症状发生前2分钟内食管最低pH值和最高胆红素光吸收值，分别计算症状与酸反流或胆汁反流事件的相关性，得出每一例患者的酸反流相关症状指数(Sla)及胆汁反流相关症状指数(SIb)。结果 56例患者中共发生典型症状事件357次。其中大部分症状(37．25％)与酸反流有关，仅7．56％的症状与单纯胆汁反流有关。反流性食管炎组(RE)亚组的243次症状事件中，105次(43．21％)事件与酸反流相关，而21次(8．64％)与胆汁反流有关。两种症状相关指数均值比较差异有显著性。结论 胃食管反流症状事件与酸反流的相关性明显高于胆汁反流，胆汁反流在引起典型食管症状方面似乎不起主要作用。     

法莫替丁对重危患者胃食管反流和十二指肠胃食管反流的影响

重危患者中的病理性胃十二指肠食管反流 (ＧＤＥＲ)和胃食管反流 (ＧＥＲＤ)导致上消化道出血、支气管痉挛、吸入性肺炎的发生。本研究通过 2 4ｈ监测ｐＨ和胆汁反流 ,观察法莫替丁对ＧＥＲＤ和胃十二指肠食管反流的影响 ;分析胃内潴留量、呼气末正压通气 (ＰＥＥＰ)、急性生理和既往健康状况评分Ⅱ (ＡＰＡＣＨＥⅡ )评分、多器官功能失常综合症 (ＭＯＤＳ)评分与反流的相关性。一、材料和方法1.病例资料 :2 0 0 1年 6月～ 2 0 0 2年 2月在我院ＩＣＵ收治的重危患者 19例 ,平均年龄为 (5 6 .0 5± 11.96 )岁。其中颅脑外伤患者 11例 ,急性…     

Reliability of 24-hour home esophageal ph monitoring in diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux

Twenty-four-hour home esophageal pH monitoring is proposed in order to study gastroesophageal reflux (GER) so that prolonged use of costly hospital equipment and staff can be curtailed and the diagnostic accuracy of the examination improved. Eighty-six patients affected by GER symptoms and 20 healthy volunteers underwent 24-hr home esophageal pH monitoring, x-rays, and endoscopy of the upper gastrointestinal tract to investigate reliability of outpatient recording. Fifteen more patients consecutively underwent out- and inpatient recording to detect possible differences between these methods in the two daily periods. Outpatient monitoring was well tolerated in 94.7% of the patients; 14.3% of them markedly reduced their routine activities. The range of normality of outpatient recording does not differ from that of inpatients. In the 15 patients who consecutively underwent out-and inpatient monitoring, no significant differences were reported. The sensitivity of 24-hr home esophageal pH recording is 0.85, the specificity 1, the accuracy for negative prediction 0.68, and the accuracy for positive prediction 1. The reliability of 24-hr home esophageal pH monitoring is comparable to inpatient recording. It allows hospital cost reduction and is also better tolerated by patients but has not greatly improved the diagnostic accuracy of the gastroesophageal reflux pH monitoring.Supported by the Ministere Pubblica Istruzione, Rome; and Finanziamenti per studi e ricerche 40%, Com. 06, Cat 12-07 imp. 11515, University of Bologna.     

Effect of gluten-free diet on preventing recurrence of gastroesophageal reflux disease-related symptoms in adult celiac patients with nonerosive reflux disease

Background and Aim:  In Celiac Disease (CD) the role of a gluten-free diet (GFD) on gastroesophageal reflux disease–related symptoms (GERD-rs) is unclear. The aim of this study was to establish the recurrence of GERD-rs, in CD patients with nonerosive reflux disease (NERD).
Methods:  From a total of 105 adult CD patients observed, 29 who presented with the NERD form were enrolled in the study. Thirty non-CD patients with NERD were studied as controls. Recurrence of GERD-rs was clinically assessed at 6, 12, 18, and 24 months follow-up (FU) after withdrawal of initial proton-pump inhibitor (PPI) treatment for 8 weeks.
Results:  GERD-rs were resolved in 25 (86.2%) CD patients and in 20 (66.7%) controls after 8 weeks of PPI treatment. In the CD group, recurrence of GERD-rs was found in five cases (20%) at 6 months but in none at 12, 18, and 24 months while in the control group recurrence was found in six of 20 controls (30%), in another six (12/20, 60%), in another three (15/20, 75%), and in another two (17/20, 85%) at 6, 12, 18, and 24 months FU respectively.
Conclusions:  The present study is the first to have evaluated the effect of a GFD in the nonerosive form of GERD in CD patients, by means of clinical long-term follow-up, suggesting that GFD could be a useful approach in reducing GERD symptoms and in the prevention of recurrence.     

Gastroesophageal flap valve is associated with gastroesophageal and gastropharyngeal reflux

Background The endoscopic grade of the gastroesophageal flap valve (GEFV) is suggested to be a good predictor of reflux status. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of the GEFV and gastroesophageal and gastropharyngeal reflux. Methods A total of 364 patients (151 men and 233 women; mean age, 52.2 years) who underwent endoscopy, esophageal manometry, and ambulatory 24-h dual-probe pH monitoring were included. GEFV was graded I through IV using Hill's classification; then, GEFV was classified into two groups: a normal GEFV group (grades I and II) and an abnormal GEFV group (grades III and IV). Findings of endoscopy, esophageal manometry, and ambulatory pH monitoring were compared between the groups. Results Increased GEFV grade was significantly associated with an increased prevalence of both reflux esophagitis and Barrett's epithelium (P < 0.001). Lower esophageal sphincter pressure was significantly lower in the abnormal GEFV group than in the normal GEFV group (P < 0.001). All variables showing gastroesophageal reflux in the distal probe were significantly higher in the abnormal GEFV group than in the normal GEFV group (P < 0.001). In addition, all variables, except the supine time of pH < 4, showing gastropharyngeal reflux in the proximal probe were significantly higher in the abnormal GEFV group than in the normal GEFV group (P < 0.001). The frequency of gastroesophageal reflux disease and of gastropharyngeal reflux disease was significantly higher in the abnormal GEFV group than in the normal GEFV group (P < 0.001). Conclusion Endoscopic grading of the GEFV is easy and provides useful information about the status of gastroesophageal and gastropharyngeal reflux.     

Tolerance to H2 receptor antagonist correlates well with the decline in efficacy against gastroesophageal reflux in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: The attenuated antisecretory activity of H2 receptor antagonists (H2RA) during continuous administration is known as the tolerance phenomenon. The authors recently clarified that presence or absence of Helicobacter pylori infection influences the occurrence of the tolerance phenomenon. The aim of this study was to clarify whether tolerance to H2RA is correlated with attenuation of the inhibitory effect against gastroesophageal acid reflux in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). METHODS: Ten male patients with GERD symptoms and abnormal gastroesophageal reflux were investigated by pH monitoring on days 1 and 15 of continuous oral famotidine administration at 20 mg twice daily, and H. pylori infection was examined using the urea breath test. RESULTS: Intragastric and intraesophageal acidity were significantly decreased on the first day of famotidine administration, but then increased during the 15-day administration period in seven patients who were negative for H. pylori. In contrast, the efficacy of famotidine against gastric acid secretion and gastroesophageal acid reflux was not attenuated in three H. pylori-positive patients. The changes in GERD symptoms were correlated with the change in the degree of gastroesophageal reflux. CONCLUSION: The presence or absence of tolerance to H2RA during 15-day administration is correlated with the efficacy for inhibition of gastroesophageal acid reflux.     

反流性疾病问卷表在军人胃食管反流病中的诊断价值

[目的]探讨反流性疾病问卷表(RDQ)在军人胃食管反流病(GERD)中的诊断价值。[方法]采用多阶段、分层、整群随机抽样的方法对驻闽某部军人进行反流性疾病问卷调查,记录被调查者过去4周内烧心、非心源性胸痛、反酸和反流4种症状出现的频率和程度积分,以RDQ评分≥12分作为GERD的诊断标准,计算军人中GERD的患病率,同时分析经电子胃镜检查证实为反流性食管炎(RE)患者的RDQ评分情况。[结果]研究得出军人GERD的患病率为6.77%,经胃镜检查420例中明确诊断为RE 60例(RE组)和内镜检查正常360例(非RE组)的RDQ评分差异有统计学意义(P0.01),说明评分与发生RE之间有较大关联。[结论]RDQ评分量表可以作为初步诊断军人GERD的一个良好的筛选试验。     

Visceral sensitivity in gastroesophageal reflux

Symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is characterized by a wide spectrum of symptoms. The variance of GERD symptoms may be due to a decreased threshold for symptom elicitation/perception described as visceral sensitivity. In this study GERD symptoms were scored for presence/frequency. The symptom score was weighted for the presence/frequency of typical reflux symptoms: heartburn, retrosternal pain, and regurgitation. The weighted GERD symptom score was used to assess symptom expansion and the hypothesis of GERD visceral sensitivity. One hundred five subjects with heartburn/retrosternal pain underwent esophageal pH studies. Subjects with abnormal esophageal pH studies reported more GERD-related symptoms, occurring more frequently, compared to subjects with normal esophageal pH studies. Symptom scores correlated with the number of reflux episodes but not with the length of time of mucosal exposure to acid. Therefore, aggregation of symptoms in gastroesophageal reflux is associated with frequent alternation between low and normal pH values in the distal esophagus.     

Prevalence and clinical picture of gastroesophageal prolapse in gastroesophageal reflux disease

The prevalence of gastroesophageal (GE) mucosal prolapse in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) was investigated as well as the clinical profile and treatment outcome of these patients. Of the patients who were referred to our service between 1980 and 2008, those patients who received a complete diagnostic work-up, and were successively treated and followed up at our center with interviews, radiology studies, endoscopy, and, when indicated, esophageal manometry and pH recording were selected. The prevalence of GE prolapse in GERD patients was 13.5% (70/516) (40 males and 30 females with a median age of 48, interquartile range 38-57). All patients had dysphagia and reflux symptoms, and 98% (69/70) had epigastric or retrosternal pain. Belching decreased the intensity or resolved the pain in 70% (49/70) of the cases, gross esophagitis was documented in 90% (63/70) of the cases, and hiatus hernias were observed in 62% (43/70) of the cases. GE prolapse in GERD patients was accompanied by more severe pain (P < 0.05) usually associated with belching, more severe esophagitis, and dysphagia (P < 0.05). A fundoplication was offered to 100% of the patients and was accepted by 56% (39/70) (median follow up 60 months, interquartile range 54-72), which included two Collis-Nissen techniques for true short esophagus. Patients who did not accept surgery were medically treated (median follow up 60 months, interquartile range 21-72). Persistent pain was reported in 98% (30/31) of medical cases, belching was reported in 45% (14/31), and GERD symptoms and esophagitis were reported in 81% (25/31). After surgery, pain was resolved in 98% (38/39) of the operative cases, and 79% (31/39) of them were free of GERD symptoms and esophagitis. GE prolapse has a relatively low prevalence in GERD patients. It is characterized by epigastric or retrosternal pain, and the need to belch to attenuate or resolve the pain. The pain is allegedly a result of the mechanical consequences of prolapse of the gastric mucosa into the esophagus.     

Effect of severe gastroesophageal reflux on sleep stage in patients with aperistaltic esophagus

Polysomnography and esophageal pH studies were conducted in 13 patients with an aperistaltic esophagus; seven of these had scleroderma and six were patients treated for achalasia. The percentage total time of pH <4.0 when recumbent exceeded 30% for both groups. There was a total of 51 reflux events for both groups. There were 22 reflux events recorded for both groups that were less than 5 min in length and 29 events greater than 5 min. In 26 of 32 (81%) instances, patients either began awake and went to sleep during a reflux event or did not awake during a reflux event. Only six of 32 (19%) reflux events caused sleep disruption. We conclude that even the severe reflux demonstrated in this subset of patients does not always disrupt sleep. Patients may have severe prolonged reflux and not arouse.This paper was presented in part at the AGA meeting, San Diego, California, 1995.     

Multichannel intraluminal impedance and pH monitoring in gastroesophageal reflux disease

The role of acid is very well established in the pathogenesis of gastroesophageal reflux disease and acid suppression constitutes the main approach to its medical treatment. With the current frequent use of proton pump inhibitors, we are seeing increasing numbers of patients in whom symptoms persist despite pharmacological acid suppression. Reflux monitoring has been traditionally performed through esophageal pH measurement to detect acid reflux (i.e., drops in esophageal pH to below 4.0). Multichannel intraluminal impedance and pH measurement constitutes an important development in reflux monitoring because, in addition to detecting acid reflux, it enables measurement of nonacid reflux (i.e., with a pH > 4.0, also known as ‘weakly acidic’ for pH > 4 but < 7, or ‘weakly alkaline’ if pH > 7), which may be responsible for symptoms in some patients who are being treated with proton pump inhibitors. This review describes the approach to measuring nonacid reflux, the possible mechanisms responsible for symptoms due to this type of reflux, the clinical importance of this phenomenon and available treatment options; and the role of multichannel intraluminal impedance and pH monitoring in the evaluation of refractory gastroesophageal reflux disease.