静脉注射毒品人群中HIV、HBV和HCV感染的现况研究

目的了解静脉注射毒品人群中人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）、乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）和丙型肝炎病毒（HCV）的感染情况。方法从四川、湖南、广西和新疆等地静脉注射毒品人群中采集血液样本2025份，应用酶联免疫试剂盒检测抗-HIV、抗-HCV抗体和HBsAg。结果红静脉沣射毒品人群中，抗-HIV、抗-HCV及HBsAg的阳性率分别为14．7％～30．4％、60．7％～85．5％和6．6％～22．4％，其HIV／HBV、HIV/HCV、HCV／HBV和HIV／HCV／HBV合并感染率分别为0％～0．4%、11．6％～27．2％、2．3％～14．3％和1．6％～4．8％。结论静脉注射毒品人群中HIV、HBV和HCV的感染率均高于正常人群，其中HIV与HCV合并感染率最高。     

Sexual behaviour and multiple infections in drug abusers

We have studied the prevalence and the serological profile of HBV, HCV, HDV and HIV infections in 137 Italian subjects addicted to the intravenous use of heroine and correlated the virological findings with sexual behaviour. HBV and HCV viremia were also measured in 114 patients. Anti-HCV was detected in 81% of the addicts, and one or more markers of HBV infection were detected in 62.8% (4.4% were carriers of HBsAg, 58.4% had evidence of past HBV infection and 13.1% of the latter also had HDV markers). Anti-HIV was positive in 23.4%; 26% of those positive for anti-HCV and 4.6% of those positive for HBV markers had no other viral marker: none had only anti-HIV. HBV-DNA was negative in the carriers of HBsAg, and HCV-RNA was not detected in any of the HBsAg carriers who also had circulating anti-HCV Overall, 34% of the anti-HCV positive addicts had HCV-RNA in their blood. The prevalence of the virus infection correlated with the duration of drug addiction but not with sexual behaviour, and sexual behaviour did not influence the acquisition of any virus. HCV infection was most frequent and probably the first infection to occur, but exposure to HBV was also common despite a low rate of HBsAg carriage. The prevalence of HDV infection was high (50%) in the HBsAg carriers, while the overall prevalence of HIV was lower (23%) than expected. Lack of HBV-DNA and HCV-RNA in carriers of HBV with anti-HCV in serum may indicate that HBV and HCV mutually inhibit their own replication.     

Seroprevalence of HIV infection among pregnant women in the Veneto region (north-east Italy)

A heterogeneous population of 4396 consecutive pregnant women (86.6% indigenous, 13.4% immigrants) attending the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of the University of Padua (north-east Italy) were counselled and tested for HIV infection between September 1995 and December 1997. Sociodemographic and sanitary data were collected on each case. Anti-HIV prevalence was 0.57%. Intravenous drug use and foreign birth accounted for 28% and 24%, respectively, of the anti-HIV positive cases; 44% of the HIV-positive subjects reported no risk factors. In the logistic regression HIV positivity proved independently associated with intravenous drug use (adjusted OR 76. 6), sexually transmitted diseases (adjusted OR 13.2), unmarried status (adjusted OR 4.8), birth outside the European Union (EU) (adjusted OR 3.1) and age (adjusted OR 1.1). Heterosexual HIV spread appears to be a major concern. The monitoring of trends in HIV infection among subgroups should be continued in order to control the AIDS epidemic appropriately both by promoting HIV counselling and individual care, and by watching for changes in the social background.     

Differences in Sexual Identity,Risk Practices,and Sex Partners between Bisexual Men and Other Men among a Low-Income Drug-Using Sample

Hepatitis B vaccination and targeted testing for hepatitis C virus (HCV) are recommended for jails with medical services available. This study estimates hepatitis B virus (HBV) and HCV infection prevalence among jail inmates, since most previous studies have been conducted among prison inmates. Prison and jail populations differ: jails hold a wide spectrum of persons for an average of 10–20 days, including persons awaiting arraignment, trial, conviction, or sentencing, while prisons typically hold convicted criminals for at least 1 year. A stratified random sample of sera obtained during routine syphilis testing of inmates entering jails in Chicago (March–April 2000), Detroit (March–August 1999), and San Francisco (June 1999–December 2000) was tested for serologic markers of HBV and HCV infection. All sera had been previously tested for antibody to HIV (anti-HIV). A total of 1,292 serum samples (12% of new inmates) was tested. Antibody to HCV (anti-HCV) prevalence was 13%. Antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) prevalence was 19%, and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) prevalence was 0.9%; 12% had serologic evidence of hepatitis B vaccination. Hispanics had high rates of chronic HBV infection (3.6% HBsAg positive) along with Asians (4.7% HBsAg positive). Among HIV-infected persons, 38% were anti-HCV positive and 8.2% were HBsAg positive. Anti-HBc positivity was associated with anti-HCV positivity (aOR = 4.58), anti-HIV positivity (aOR = 2.94), syphilis infection (aOR = 2.10), and previous incarceration (aOR = 1.78). Anti-HCV-positivity was associated with anti-HBc positivity (aOR = 4.44), anti-HIV-positivity (aOR = 2.51), and previous incarceration (aOR = 2.90). Jail entrants had high levels of HCV and HBV infection and HIV co-infection; HBV prevalence was comparable to previous prison studies, and HCV prevalence was lower than prison studies. Hispanics had an unexpectedly high rate of chronic hepatitis B infection and had the lowest rate of hepatitis B vaccination. The finding that hepatitis B vaccination coverage among jail entrants is lower than the general population, despite this population’s increased risk for infection, highlights the need to support vaccination in jail settings.     

乌鲁木齐地区无偿献血者HCV感染及合并感染状况研究

目的 了解乌鲁木齐地区无偿献血者HCV感染及合并感染状况及流行病学特点,为减少HCV经血液传播,预防和控制HCV输血风险提供依据。 方法 收集2008年1月1日-2010年12月31日在乌鲁木齐血液中心献血者的一般资料及五项指标ALT、HBsAg、抗-HCV、抗-HIV、抗-TP血液检测结果。 结果 调查自愿无偿献血者共计140 665名,其中男性86 179名(61.27%),女性54 486名(38.73%),年龄范围18~55周岁。在所调查的140 665名无偿献血者中, 5 971名献血者血液检测不合格,不合格检出率为42.45‰,血液五项检测指标不合格率分别为HBsAg(4.55‰)、ALT(26.82‰)、抗-HCV(5.52‰)、抗-HIV(2.34‰)、抗-TP(4.09‰)。抗-HCV阳性率在性别、年度、学历、年龄分布上差异无统计学意义(均P＞0.05)。HCV与ALT、HBV、HIV、TP的合并感染率分别为0.66‰、0.11‰、0.05‰、0.06‰。logistic回归分析显示献血者HCV感染影响因素有职业、性别及重复献血次数等。 结论 在今后献血工作中,要加大对男性、初次以及未婚无偿献血者的筛查力度,建立一支固定、重复的无偿献血者队伍,才能不断提高血液安全。     

Risk factors for hepatitis C virus infection among blood donors in an HIV-epidemic area in Thailand.

OBJECTIVE: The role of sexual transmission in hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection has not yet been completely elucidated. This study aimed to compare the risk factors for HCV and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in an HIV epidemic area of Thailand where HIV is mainly transmitted heterosexually. DESIGN AND SUBJECTS: Sera from 3053 blood donors were collected and tested for HCV and HIV between January and March 1994. Altogether 1756 (57.5%) of the donors were interviewed about demographics and several risk factors. RESULTS: The prevalence rates of HIV and HCV infections determined by antibody assays were 2.3% and 2.2%, respectively. Sexual risk factors were clearly shown among anti-HIV positive donors. These clear associations were not found, however, among anti-HCV positive donors. In contrast, previous histories of injecting drug use and being tattooed were found in some anti-HCV positive donors but less frequently in anti-HIV positive donors. CONCLUSIONS: Sexual transmission may play a relatively minor role in HCV transmission compared with HIV, in this area.     

Intravenous drug addicts: a high risk group for infection with human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis viruses, cytomegalo virus and bacterial infections in Alexandria Egypt

In this work the seroprevalence of HIV, HBV, HCV and CMV were studied among two groups of population; IVDA (intravenous drug addicts) (100) and control group (40). Syphilis and other bacterial infections which may be encountered among IVDA were also investigated. It was found that all serum samples (of both groups) were negative for anti-HIV. Regarding HBV markers, the prevalence of HBc antibodies was significantly higher among IVDA (62%) than the control group (27.5%). Also HBsAg was detected in 16% of IVDA while it was 75% among the control group. Prevalence of anti-HCV was significantly higher among IVDA (63%) than the control group (27.5%). The prevalence of co-infection with HBV and HCV was significantly higher in IVDA (40%) than the control group (15%). Sharing of needles and duration of drug use were positively associated with the presence of both HBV markers and anti-HCV. CMV seroprevalence was high in both groups. Antibodies to Syphilis were found in sera of 3 IVDA and one control using MHA-TP test. Although HIV infection has not yet been sufficiently introduced among IVDA in Alexandria but potentials for its spread among addicts are high as supported by observation that other infections with similar mode of transmission are common among addicts.     

2006年南宁市某社区部分注射吸毒人员HBV、HCV、HIV、梅毒感染情况调查

[目的]了解南宁市社区注射吸毒人员的乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）、丙型肝炎病毒（HCV）、艾滋病病毒（HIV）、梅毒螺旋体（TP）感染情况。[方法]2006年3月，对南宁市某社区内的189名注射吸毒人员进行调查，采血检测HBsAg、抗-HCV、抗-HIV、梅毒抗体。[结果]检测189人，HBsAg阳性率为7．94％，抗-HCV阳性率为91.01％，TP感染率为4.76％，抗-HIV阳性率为19．05％，36名HIV感染者均合并感染HCV。[结论]某社区注射吸毒人员HCV、HIV、TP感染率较高。     

山西有偿献血地区某村HBV、HCV、HIV感染现状分析

目的了解山西省农村有偿献血地区HBV、HCV、HIV感染状况及有偿献血对其分布的影响.方法对某村的946名20～65岁居民进行调查,采用ELISA法分别检测血清中HBsAg、HBsAb、HBeAg、HBeAb、anti-HCV和HIV抗体.结果HIV抗体全为阴性,HBsAg、HBsAb、HBeAg、HBeAb、anti-HCV的阳性率分别为5.3%、54.5%、2.5%、22.5%、1.7%;其中有偿献血人员108名,相应的阳性率分别为0.9%、63.9%、0.9%、18.5%、4.6%,从未有偿献血人员838名,相应的阳性率分别为5.8%、53.3%、2.7%、23.0%、1.3%.与未有偿献血的研究对象相比,曾经有偿献血的研究对象HBsAg、HBsAb和anti-HCV的阳性率差异有显著性.结论该村未发现HIV感染者,HBV、HCV感染与其他地区无明显不同,有偿献血人员HCV感染率较高.     

南宁市社区吸毒人员HBV、HCV、HIV和梅毒感染情况调查

[目的]了解南宁市社区注射吸毒人员乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）、丙型肝炎病毒（HCV）、艾滋病病毒（HIV）及梅毒（TP）感染情况,完善吸毒人群艾滋病防治策略。[方法]2006年和2007年对注射吸毒人员340名进行问卷调查,同时检测HBsAg、抗-HCV、抗-HIV和梅毒抗体。[结果]2006年调查189人,HBsAg阳性率为7.9%,抗-HCV为91.0%,抗-HIV为19.0%和TP为4.8%,36名HIV感染者均合并感染HCV;2007年调查151人,HBsAg阳性率为10.6%,抗-HCV为91.4%,抗-HIV为19.9%,TP为3.3%,30名HIV感染者均合并感染HCV。[结论]注射吸毒人员HCV、HIV、TP感染率较高,应继续加强宣教与干预措施。     

Occult Hepatitis B Infection in the Immigrant Population of Sicily, Italy

In Italy, about 7 % of the resident population is represented by immigrants originating from geographic regions at high endemicity for hepatitis B virus infection. This study aims to assess the prevalence of occult HBV infection (OBI) including the identification of HBV-genotypes in a population of immigrants serologically negative for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). Between May 2006 and May 2010, 339 immigrants were tested for markers of HBV, hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections. HBV-DNA was tested by using nested-PCR assays on three different genetic region. HBV-DNA was detected in plasma samples of 11/339 (3.2 %) patients. Most of them had no serological markers of HBV infection, 3/58 (5.2 %) were anti-HBc-alone, and 4/13 (30.8 %) were anti-HIV positive. HIV positivity was the only factor independently associated with the higher probability of observing OBI (OR = 16.5, p < 0.001). No HCV co-infected patients were found. Genotype D was detected in 9/11 (81.8 %) OBI cases, while the remaining two (18.2 %) were classified as genotype E. Although OBI was found at lower rate than expected among immigrants from highly endemic countries, anti-HBc alone positivity was confirmed as a sentinel marker of occult HBV infection. Nevertheless, a marked heterogeneity of HBV markers was found among HBV-DNA positive subjects. Our finding evidenced the predominance of HBV-genotype D viral strains among OBI cases, also in those from geographical areas where overt HBV infections are mainly sustained by viral genotypes other than D.     

广州市1324名吸毒人员HIV、HBV、HCV及梅毒感染状况调查

目的了解广州市吸毒人群HIV、HBV、HCV及梅毒感染状况,为制定针对该地区吸毒人群常见传染病的防治措施提供依据。方法于2009年7月—2011年6月,抽取广州市某戒毒所收入的1 324例吸毒人员静脉血,检测HIV、HCV和梅毒抗体以及HBV表面抗原。结果 1 324例吸毒人群中,HIV抗体阳性74例,阳性率4.2%;乙肝表面抗原阳性率12.2%,丙肝抗体阳性率40.5%,梅毒螺旋体明胶颗粒凝集试验(TPPA)阳性率6.1%。21.8%的吸毒人员同时检出2种传染病,2.2%的吸毒者同时检出3种传染病。结论广州市吸毒人群中HCV、HBV、梅毒及HIV仍存在较高的感染率,应继续重视对该人群的监管监测及宣传教育。     

献血人群中HIV,HCV,HBV,梅毒感染血清流行病学调查及相关行为的研究

目的了解献血人群中ＨＩＶ、ＨＣＶ、ＨＢｓＡｇ和梅毒四种传染疾病的实际感染情况,为制定有关预防政策提供依据。方法采用血清流行病学方法和行为问卷对四个地区１６１５名献血员进行调查。结果检出ＨＩＶ、ＨＣＶ、ＨＢｓＡｇ和梅毒抗体阳性率分别为０．２５％、３３．８７％、１４．７４％、０．９３％。结论献血人群中存在有这四种传染病感染,相关行为研究显示ＨＣＶ、ＨＢｓＡｇ感染与性别、参与献血（浆）年限、年供血（浆）和方式有密切关系,ＨＩＶ感染可能为近期感染,梅毒仅发现１５例。     

福州市部分戒毒人员艾滋病、乙肝、丙肝及梅毒感染状况调查

[目的]了解福州市吸毒人群艾滋病病毒(HIV)、乙肝病毒(HBV)、丙肝病毒(HCV)及梅毒螺旋体的感染情况。[方法]2004年用酶联免疫吸附试验对福州市某戒毒劳教所的戒毒人员进行抗-HIV、HBsAg、抗-HCV、TP检测。[结果]检测482名戒毒人员,HBsAg阳性率为17.2%,抗-HCV阳性率为60.6%,TP阳性率为16.0%,抗-HIV阳性率为1.9%;抗-HIV阳性率、抗-HCV阳性率,注射吸毒者高于烫吸毒者;482名戒毒人员中,在HIV、HBV、HCV、梅毒中有1项或多项感染者358人,占74.27%,9名HIV感染者均同时感染HBV、HCV、梅毒。[结论]戒毒人员是HIV、HCV、梅毒感染的高危人群,应加强对此群体的宣传教育和行为干预。     

Human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus infections among patients attending sexually transmitted disease clinics, Regional 2, Thailand

A cross-sectional study of 400 patients attending sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinics at The Venereal Diseases and AIDS Centers, Regional 2, Thailand, was conducted from January to December 1996 in order to investigate the antibody prevalence to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) and to describe some epidemiological characteristics among HIV and HCV co-infected individuals. The studied patients were interviewed and their blood specimens were collected for determining anti-HIV and anti-HCV antibodies. The results revealed that the prevalence of anti-HIV among studied patients was 25%, while 7.5% were positive for anti-HCV. The positivity of both antibodies present in the same individuals was 3.3% (13/400 cases). The highest prevalences of anti-HIV, anti-HCV and both antibodies were found in studied patients aged 20 years or less. Patients with primary education, or lower, had relatively higher prevalence of anti-HIV and/or anti-HCV than those with higher level education. A relatively higher prevalence was found among commercial sex workers and labourers. Among 13 HIV and HCV co-infected individuals, there were four cases who had histories of sexual contact without condom use, but no history of parenteral contact. The rest (9/13) had histories of both parenteral contact and sexual contact without condom use.     

HIV感染流行区静脉吸毒人群的HCV和HBV感染的流行病学研究

本次调查为评估瑞丽悬ＨＩＶ感染流行的静脉吸毒人群中ＨＢＶ、ＨＣＶ的感染状况，血清学调查结果证实了该人群有极ＨＣＶ感染率（８１％），明显高于非静脉吸毒人群（１４％），ＨＩＶ抗体阳性者中９２％为ＨＣＶ抗体阳性，提示两者在同一人群中存在密切联系，而这种联系很可能与该人群静脉吸毒行为有关。ＨＢＶ的感染指标在静脉吸毒人群中为６８％，尽管我省有ＨＢＶ高感感染流行的背景，但仍显示出该人群静脉吸毒行为有关。     

Seroepidemiological survey of hepatitis C virus among commercial sex workers and pregnant women in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo

BACKGROUND: Studies conducted mainly in industrialized countries have shown that the transmission of hepatitis C virus (HCV) is mainly parenteral, and have emphasized the role of nosocomial transmission. In Equatorial Africa, the respective contributions of parenteral and non-parenteral routes of transmission are unknown. The potential role of sexual transmission in this area of high HCV endemicity, where sexually transmitted infections (STI) are frequent, is suggested by the fact that HCV infection is rare in infants and young adolescents, but increases thereafter with age. The present study, conducted in Democratic Republic of Congo, was designed to determine the prevalence of HCV infection and associated sexual risk factors in two female populations with different sexual behaviour. METHODS: Cross-sectional studies conducted among commercial sex workers (CSW; n = 1144) and pregnant women (n = 1092) in the late 1980s in Kinshasa showed a high frequency of at-risk sexual behaviour, STI and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, particularly among CSW. We screened samples collected during these epidemiological studies for antibodies to HCV using a second-generation ELISA with confirmation by a third-generation LIA. We also assessed sociodemographic variables, medical history, STI markers and sexual behaviour, and their potential association with HCV infection. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of anti-HCV was 6.6% (95% CI : 5.2-8.2) among CSW and 4.3% (95% CI : 3.2-5.7) among pregnant women (age-adjusted OR = 1.5, 95% CI : 1.0-2.1, P = 0.05). Multivariate analysis showed that the presence of anti-HCV among CSW was independently associated with a previous history of blood transfusion (P < 0.001), age >30 years (P < 0.001) and the presence of at least one biological marker of STI (P < 0.03). No such links were found among pregnant women (although the history of blood transfusions was not investigated in this group). Anti-HCV was not associated with sociodemographic variables or sexual behaviour in either group, or with individual markers of STI. Despite the high-risk sexual behaviour and the higher prevalence of STI in CSW, the difference in HCV seroprevalence between CSW and pregnant women (6.6% versus 4.3%) was small, particularly when compared with the difference in the seroprevalence of HIV (34.1% versus 2.8%). CONCLUSION: The role of sexual transmission in the spread of HCV seems to be limited. Parenteral transmission (including blood transfusion and injections), possibly related to the treatment of STI, probably plays a major role.     

Prevalence and risk factors of hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, and human immunodeficiency virus infections among drug addicts in Bangladesh

This cross-sectional study investigated the prevalence and risk factors of hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections among 266 drug users attending a drug-addiction treatment centre in Dhaka, Bangladesh, from November 1996 to April 1997. Of the 266 addicts, 129 were injectable drug users (IDUs), and 137 were non-injectable drug users (non-IDUs). The seroprevalences of hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg), anti-HBc, anti-HBs, and anti-HCV antibodies among the IDUs were 8 (6.2%), 41 (31.8%), 15 (11.6%), and 32 (24.8%), and among the non-IDUs were 6 (4.4%), 33 (24.1%), 9 (6.6%), and 8 (5.8%) respectively. None of the drug users were positive for anti-HIV antibody. Although the prevalence of HBV infection did not significantly differ between the IDUs and the non-IDUs, the prevalence of HCV infection was significantly higher among the IDUs. Among the IDUs, the prevalence of both HBV and HCV infections was associated with sharing of needles and longer duration of injectable drugs used. The seroprevalence of HBV infection in both IDUs and non-IDUs was significantly higher among those who had a history of extramarital and premarital sex. The prevalence of HCV infection was not associated with sexual promiscuity. There was no association between the seroprevalence of HBV and HCV infections and age. Active preventive programmes focusing on educational campaigns among the youths against substance abuse should be undertaken.     

海南省吸毒人群艾滋病干预效果评价

目的：了解吸毒人群的艾滋病知识及HIV、HBV、HCV、梅毒的感染状况，通过健康教育降低艾滋病的发病水平。方法：利用调查表对戒毒所吸毒人员进行艾滋病知识、态度，行为等基线资料调查，采用发放宣传材料，讲课，放录像等方法进行教育干预。结果：戒毒人员中未婚占72．96％，待业人员占65．36％，年龄主要分布在15－30岁，平均毒龄2．98年，静脉吸毒占33．85％，其中24．70％有共用注射器行为。抗－HIV,-HCV,HBsAg，梅毒阳性率分别为0．20％，29．69％，22．85％和7．03％。通过健康教育，戒毒人员的艾滋病知识提高了1．34－24．16百分点。结论：应在吸毒人群中开展广泛的艾滋病知识及毒品危害的健康教育，遏制艾滋病在吸毒人群中的蔓延。     

武汉市HIV/AIDS病人合并乙肝、丙肝感染情况分析

目的 了解武汉市HIV/AIDS病人合并乙肝、丙肝感染情况及其相关因素。方法 在2010 - 2018年武汉市报告的确证HIV/AIDS病人中,选取其一般人口学特征、感染途径、HBsAg、AntiHCV检测结果等信息进行整理分析,采用多元logistic回归分析合并感染相关因素。结果 2010 - 2018年武汉市共报告HIV/AIDS病人5 128人,男4 630人（90.3%）,女498人（9.7%）。年龄范围14～89岁,年龄中位数33（25～48）岁。其中,HBsAg阳性率为9.4%（443人）,AntiHCV阳性率为3.3%（152人）,合并HIV、HBV、HCV三重感染率为0.3%（12人）。在HIV/AIDS病人中,本省人群感染乙肝的可能性是本市人群的1.317倍,已婚/同居以及离异/分居/丧偶者感染乙肝的可能性分别是未婚者的2.044、1.892倍（P＜0.05）。与2018年相比,2011 - 2013以及2015年报告的HIV/AIDS病人感染丙肝的可能性更高,经输血和静脉吸毒途径感染的HIV/AIDS病人感染丙肝的可能性分别是经性行为传播者的18.942倍、63.537倍（P＜0.05）。结论 武汉市HIV/AIDS病人合并乙肝、丙肝感染情况不容忽视,其感染乙肝、丙肝的相关因素并不相同,需积极进行评估。