大骨瓣开颅术与微骨窗开颅术治疗高血压脑出血临床分析

目的 观察大骨瓣开颅和微骨窗开颅血肿清除术治疗高血压脑出血的预后。方法 93例高血压脑出血患者,其中63例采用大骨瓣开颅血肿清除术(大骨窗入路组),30例采用微骨窗开颅血肿清除术(微骨窗入路组)。观察两组患者术后并发症发生率、病死率,并采用日常生活能力(ADL)分级评定患者预后。结果 微骨窗入路组并发症发生率为16.3%、病死率为3.2%,均显著低于大骨瓣入路组的33.6%、8.4%(P<0.05),微骨窗入路组手术总有效率为97.1%,显著高于大骨瓣入路组的65.3%(P<0.05),微骨窗组疗效显著优于大骨瓣入路组(P<0.05)。结论 对未发生脑疝的高血压脑出血患者,微骨窗开颅较大骨瓣开颅手术治疗高血压脑出血创伤小,术后并发症发生率及病死率低。     

高血压脑出血个体化手术治疗120例临床分析

目的比较大骨瓣开颅血肿清除术与小骨窗开颅血肿清除术对高血压脑出血个体化手术治疗的临床疗效。方法选择2010年1月至2011年6月来唐山市人民医院治疗的高血压脑出血患者120例,将其随机分为大骨瓣开颅血肿清除术组与小骨窗开颅血肿清除术组各60例,观察比较两组血肿消除情况、病死率及预后。结果大骨瓣开颅血肿清除术与小骨窗开颅血肿清除术均能有效清除血肿腔内残余血肿量,两组差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.023,P>0.05)。小骨窗开颅血肿清除术组患者病死率为15.00%,大骨瓣开颅血肿清除术组患者病死率为26.67%,两组病死率差异无统计学意义(χ2=1.321,P>0.05)。两组术后均能改善患者预后,小骨窗开颅血肿清除术组GCS评分与大骨瓣开颅血肿清除术组比较,差异有统计学意义(t=4.321,P=0.000)。结论两种手术方式均能有效清除患者残余血肿量,但在改善患者预后方面小骨窗开颅血肿清除术要明显优于大骨瓣开颅血肿清除术,是目前治疗高血压脑出血的有效途径。     

改良小骨窗开颅与大骨瓣开颅血肿清除术治疗高血压脑出血的分析

目的:探讨改良小骨窗开颅与大骨瓣开颅血肿清除术治疗高血压脑出血的临床效果。方法:分析我院收治的70例高血压脑出血患者临床资料,依据手术方式不同分为观察组(改良小骨窗开颅血肿清除术组)50例和对照组(大骨瓣开颅血肿清除术组)20例。结果:观察组高血压脑出血患者手术时间、术中输血量、住院时间、复发率及生存率均优于对照组,P<0.05,差异均有统计学意义。结论:改良小骨窗开颅血肿清除术治疗高血压脑出血创伤小、复发率低、生存率高,值得临床借鉴应用。     

小骨窗开颅血肿清除术和大骨瓣开颅血肿清除术治疗高血压脑出血疗效观察

目的探讨小骨窗开颅血肿清除术和大骨瓣开颅血肿清除术治疗高血压脑出血的临床效果。方法选择龙岩市第二医院2007年9月至2010年9月高血压脑出血患者120例,将上述患者随机分为两组,观察组和对照组。观察组患者实施小骨窗开颅血肿清除术,对照组患者采用常规大骨瓣开颅血肿清除术。观察两组患者血肿清除情况;记录两组患者死亡情况;记录并发症发生情况。结果观察组死亡1例,病死率为1.6%;对照组死亡6例,病死率为10%;两组病死率比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);对照组总有效率为80.0%,观察组总有效率为95.0%,两组总有效率比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论小骨窗开颅血肿清除术能够降低高血压脑出血患者病死率,临床效果显著,优于传统的大骨瓣开颅血肿清除术。     

三种不同术式治疗高血压脑出血的临床研究

目的对比分析大骨瓣开颅术、小骨窗血肿清除术及定向软通道吸引术治疗高血压脑出血的效果。方法将90例高血压脑出血患者随机分为大骨瓣开颅术组(A组)、小骨窗血肿清除术组(B组)、定向软通道吸引术组(C组)各30例。比较各组手术时间、住院时间、再出血情况、术后神经功能改善情况及死亡率。结果临床疗效比较,A、B组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),但C组优于A、B组(P<0.01),C组在手术时间、住院时间、术后神经功能恢复及死亡率方面均优于A组、B组(P<0.05或P<0.01)。术后再出血情况各组无显著差异。结论定向软通道吸引术的手术时间及住院时间短,术中出血少,术后再出血发生率较低,术后神经功能恢复均优于去骨瓣开颅术及小骨窗血肿清除术,死亡率低,值得临床推广使用。     

高血压性脑出血不同手术方式的临床研究

目的:探讨比较不同手术方式治疗高血压脑出血的疗效。方法:高血压性脑出血患者36例,随机分为骨瓣开颅血肿清除手术和小骨窗开颅血肿清除显微手术两组各18例,分析两组患者近期疗效、两组患者并发症和死亡率。结果:观察组总有效率为83.3%,对照组总有效率为66.7%,两组比较有显著性差异P<0.05。观察组并发症发生总数及死亡率明显低于对照组,两组比较有显著性差异P<0.05。结论:小骨窗开颅血肿清除显微手术治疗高血压性脑出血疗效好,创伤小,并发症少,是目前治疗高血压脑出血可行方法。     

小骨窗开颅血肿清除术与传统大骨瓣开颅血肿清除术对高血压脑出血的效果比较分析

目的:探讨高血压脑出血患者实施小骨窗开颅血肿清除术与传统大骨瓣开颅血肿清除术的效果差异性。方法:选取本科室2016年1月～2017年12月间80例高血压脑出血患者,采用随机数表法分为传统组和干预组各40例。传统组进行传统大骨瓣开颅血肿清除术治疗,干预组进行小骨窗开颅血肿清除术治疗,对比不同方案的远近期疗效。结果:干预组患者术中输血量、手术时间、术后住院时间及术后6个月NIHSS、ADL评分均明显优于传统组(P<0.05)。结论:高血压脑出血患者实施小骨窗开颅血肿清除术远近期疗效均优于传统大骨瓣开颅血肿清除术。     

小骨窗颅内血肿清除术治疗高血压性脑出血的临床分析

目的分析小骨窗颅内血肿清除术治疗高血压性脑出血的临床疗效。方法 75例高血压性脑出血患者按照术式分为观察组40例(小骨窗颅内血肿清除术)及对照组35例(大骨瓣开颅血肿清除术),对比两组患者手术治疗效果。结果观察组总有效率85.0%高于对照组68.6%,观察组日常生活能力明显高于对照组,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组并发症发生率5.0%低于对照组8.6%,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论小骨窗颅内血肿清除术治疗高血压性脑出血的临床疗效值得肯定,操作简单,并发症少,可作为治疗高血压性脑出血的首选术式。     

小骨窗血肿清除术治疗高血压脑出血的疗效分析

目的:探讨小骨窗开颅血肿清除术治疗高血压脑出血的临床效果.方法:18例幕上高血压脑出血病例行小骨窗(4 cm×5 cm)开颅血肿清除术.结果:18例中1例术毕再次大出血死亡,1例术后15天因多器官功能衰竭死亡,其余16例全部存活,优良生存率75%.结论:高血压脑出血小骨窗开颅血肿清除术具有视野清楚、便于止血、血肿清除彻底、减压快等优势,死亡率低,优良生存率高.     

小骨窗脑血肿清除术治疗高血压脑出血患者的效果

目的探讨小骨窗脑血肿清除术治疗高血压脑出血患者的效果。方法选取我院收治的90例高血压性脑出血患者,对照组采用大骨瓣开颅术,试验组采用小骨窗脑血肿清除术,观察两组高血压脑出血患者的临床效果。结果 1试验组高血压性脑出血患者的疗效总有效率(86.7%)明显高于对照组的疗效总有效率(75.6%)(t=2.826,P=0.038<0.05);2试验组治疗后的血肿量以及血肿吸收率明显优于对照组患者治疗后的血肿量以及血肿吸收率。结论小骨窗开颅术治疗高血压性脑出血患者的临床疗效明显好于大骨瓣开颅术,有利于减少患者的痛苦,提高患者的生活质量。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.